2型糖尿病患者肾小球滤过率的动态变化和影响因素分析

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者肾小球滤过率（GFR）的动态改变及相关临床因素的关系。方法1994～2008年进行过两次核素测定GFR的2型糖尿病住院患者309例,初次测定的GFR为基线值,根据末次测定GFR时的糖尿病病程分为3组;Ⅰ组：病程≤10年,76例,年龄（56．9±13．0）岁;Ⅱ组：病程〉10～20年,139例,年龄（65．1±9．1）岁;Ⅲ组：病程〉20年,94例,年龄（71．0±9．8）岁。各组之间末次GFR及同期测定的相关临床因素进行比较,计算GFR年下降率。结果随着年龄与糖尿病病程的增加,Ⅲ组的基线GFR、末次GFR均明显低于Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组,基线GFRI组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组分别为（73．5±26．8）ml／min、（71．6±22．0）rot／min、（63．0±21．3）ml／min;末次GFRI组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组分别为（67．5±27．7）ml／min、（61．6±24．8）ml／min、（47．O±23．4）ml／min（P〈O．01）。Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组的GFR年下降率分别为（3．6±10．4）ml／min,（2．7±7．8）ml／min,（4．6±7．4）ml／min（P〉0．05）。合并高血压的糖尿病患者较未合并高血压的糖尿病的基线GFR、末次GFR均明显降低,未合并高血压的糖尿病基线GFRI组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组分别为（87．9士18．5）ml／min、（80．2±19．1）ml／min、（79．3±19．0）ml／min;末次GFRI组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组分别为（85．0±22．5）ml／min、（75．0±18．7）ml／min、（68．6±17．0）ml／min。合并高血压的糖尿病基线GFRI组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组分别为（66．0±18．0）ml／min、（68．1±22．2）ml／min、（59．2±20．1）ml／min;末次GFRI组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组分别为（58．4±25．9）ml／min、（56．2±25．O）ml／min、（41．9±21．8）ml／min（P〈O．01）。结论年龄、病程是糖尿病肾病重要的独立危险因素,病程在20年以上的糖尿病患者GFR下降更为显著。合并高血压糖尿病患者的GFR以更快的速率下降。     

血清铁调素-25水平与2型糖尿病肾病中肾功能不良进展的相关性研究

目的分析血清铁调素-25与2型糖尿病肾病中肾功能不良进展之间是否具有相关性。方法该研究试验设计为巢式病例对照设计,220例患者资料来源于2015年4月至2019年6月在徐州市中心医院住院的2型糖尿病肾病患者。血清铁调素-25水平采用ELISA法检测,以肾功能不良进展(肾替代疗法或血清肌酐加倍)作为结局指标。采用多因素Cox回归分析为主要的分析方法,配合以肾小球滤过率(GFR)为分层因素的分层分析。结果Cox分析显示血清铁调素-25水平与2型糖尿病所致的慢性肾病患者的肾功能不良进展之间不具有相关性(HR=1.18,95%CI:0.97~1.45)。分层分析显示GFR是以上关系的效应修饰因素:GFR低[<51.8 mL/(min·1.73 m 2)]时,血清铁调素-25水平与2型糖尿病肾病不良进展之间呈正相关(HR=2.56,95%CI:1.50~4.40),而GFR高的时候,血清铁调素-25水平与2型糖尿病肾病不良进展之间呈负相关(HR=0.00,95%CI:0.00~0.21)。结论血清铁调素-25水平在部分人群中对2型糖尿病肾病不良进展具有预测作用。     

利拉鲁肽对2型糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的探讨利拉鲁肽联合二甲双胍与单纯使用二甲双胍对2型糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法收集30例2型糖尿病患者(使用利拉鲁肽联合二甲双胍治疗)为试验组,收集30例2型糖尿病患者(单纯使用二甲双胍治疗)为对照组,比较两组治疗前及治疗后3个月糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、血清脂联素、一氧化氮(NO)、内皮素(ET)水平变化情况。结果试验组HbA1c、HOMA-IR、NO、ET水平下降程度,以及血清脂联素水平上升程度均较对照组明显,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论利拉鲁肽较二甲双胍对2型糖尿病患者改善胰岛素抵抗的效果更为明显。     

光抑素C与血肌酐对2型糖尿病患者肾小球滤过功能评价比较

目的 比较光抑素C(Cystatin C)和血清肌酐及8小时肌酐清除率，评价其对2型糖尿病患者肾小球滤过率(GFR)的判断价值。方法 选择80例2型糖尿病患者，检测其血肌酐、肌酐清除率、尿微量白蛋白排泌率(UAER)及Cystatin C水平，同时通过^99mTc-DTPA排泌率，应用Gates法计算GFR。结果 Cystatin C水平随GFR下降逐渐升高。相关性分析示Cystatin C与GFR呈相关性(r=-0．663，p=0．000)，明显高于肌酐(r=-0．444，P=0．009)及8小时肌酐清除率(r=0．300，P=0．000)。ROC曲线分析示Cystatin C具有更大的曲线下面积(AUC)，敏感性(82％)、特异性(96％)均好，而肌酐特异性好(98％)、敏感性差(20％)，8小时肌酐清除率敏感性(68％)、特异性(79％)均不理想。Cystatin C诊断精确性(80％)明显高于肌酐(63％)。结论 Cystatin C是反映GFR的更敏感指标，可更早、更准确地反映2型糖尿病患者GFR的变化。     

Serum carbohydrate antigen 153 and renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective

The aim of our study was to investigate the correlation between serum carbohydrate antigen 153 (CA153) and renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods

A total of 184 patients with T2DM were included, and renal function was assessed by the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) formula adjusted coefficient of the Chinese people.

Results

Serum CA153 concentrations were positively correlated with blood glucose (BG) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (r = .204, P = .005; r = .165, P = .025) in patients with T2DM. There was a negative correlation between serum CA153 and estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (r = −.229, P = .002) in whole patients with T2DM; similarly, the correlations were observed in both women and men (r = −.228, P = .028 for women, r = −.231, P = .028 for men). Multiple linear regression analysis suggested that serum CA153 was still significantly correlated with estimated GFR (beta = −0.286, P < .001).

Conclusions

Serum CA153 is negatively correlated with estimated GFR in patients with T2DM, and serum CA153 may be a potentially useful clinical biomarker to assess renal function in the study population.

     

尿清蛋白检测性能评价及尿清蛋白/肌酐比值联合肾小球滤过率对2型糖尿病患者肾损伤的诊断价值

目的评价免疫透射比浊法检测尿清蛋白(Alb)的性能,探讨尿Alb/肌酐(Cr)比值(ACR)联合估算肾小球滤过率(e GFR)在2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者肾损伤评价中的诊断价值。方法对免疫透射比浊法检测尿Alb的精密度、正确度、分析测量范围(AMR)、检测限、参考区间进行验证,并分析其与免疫散射比浊法的相关性和偏差。选取220例T2DM住院患者,检测尿Alb、尿Cr、血Cr,计算ACR和e GFR并进行分析。结果尿Alb在11.11~298.76 mg/L范围内批内、批间不精密度均小于厂家声明的标准。正确度验证显示两种诊断系统尿Alb校准品测定结果符合验证要求;CAP室间质评物(U-A、U-B)、校准验证/线性评价物(LN20-B)结果符合CAP校准验证/线性评价误差界限所规定的标准,相对偏倚小于基于生物学变异设定质量规范中的适当允许偏倚(<16.4%)。AMR验证显示尿Alb在5.08~347.93 mg/L范围内线性良好。方法学比对显示透射比浊法与散射比浊法检测尿Alb结果相关性较好,平均绝对偏差为8.6 mg/L,平均相对偏差为14.52%,在医学决定水平处的预期偏差在可接受范围内。220例T2DM患者按照正常Alb、微量Alb、大量Alb尿分组,分别有10.9%、45.7%、66.7%的患者e GFR<60m L·min-1·1.73 m-2;在e GFR≥90 m L·min-1·1.73 m-2的患者中,15.7%有微量Alb尿,7.1%有大量Alb尿。结论免疫透射比浊法检测尿Alb的各项性能指标基本满足实验室要求,联合应用ACR和e GFR有助于评估T2DM患者肾脏损伤状况。     

Serum cystatin C level for better assessment of glomerular filtration rate in cystic fibrosis patients treated by amikacin

Background and objective: Monitoring of renal function in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is essential. The dosage regimen of amikacin is regularly modified according to the patient’s glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The aim of the study was to evaluate the use of cystatin C (CyC) for monitoring amikacin therapy along with other markers of renal tubular and glomerular function, and damage [N‐acetyl‐β‐ d glucosaminidase (NAG), creatinine level and creatinine clearance]. Methods: We compared the GFR, estimated from the serum concentrations of creatinine (Cockcroft–Gault formula) and CyC (Grubb’s formula). Seventy‐one patients (mean age 12 years; range 4–28 years) with CF were treated by intermittent intravenous infusion of amikacin. Tubular nephrotoxicity was investigated by measurement of urine NAG/urine creatinine ratio (U‐NAG/U‐creatinine). Concentrations of all markers were measured before starting amikacin therapy and at days 3, 5, 7, 10 and 12. Fluorescence polarization analysis, turbidimetry, enzymatic phototometric creatinine deaminase method and fluorimetry were used for determination of serum amikacin, serum CyC, creatinine and urine NAG activity. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to assess the influence of GFR estimated from serum creatinine and serum CyC for the prediction of amikacin clearance during aminoglycoside therapy. Results: Significant differences in the rate of U‐NAG/U‐creatinine were noted before and after treatment with amikacin (P < 0·001). Serum creatinine levels and creatinine clearance at the end of amikacin therapy (12th day) did not show any significant differences in comparison with the levels measured before the start of therapy (0th day). At days 5, 7, 10 and 12, serum CyC levels showed a significant elevation (P < 0·001), and CyC clearance showed a significant decrease (P < 0·001) in comparison with the levels measured at day 0. The ratio of amikacin clearance/creatinine clearance decreased with therapy whereas the amikacin clearance/CyC and amikacin clearance/CyC clearance increased. Conclusion: We showed that the rate of U‐NAG/U‐creatinine is a suitable marker for monitoring tubular nephrotoxicity in CF patients. Serum creatinine and estimated creatinine clearance are modest predictors of GFR in CF patients. CyC appears to be a better marker of GFR than serum creatinine concentration or creatinine clearance in our study. Serum CyC levels and CyC clearance showed greater ability to predict amikacin clearance during therapy than creatinine clearance.     

Anti-albuminuric effect of losartan versus amlodipine in hypertensive Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A prospective, open-label, randomized, comparative study

Abstract

Background

The antiproteinuric effect of the angiotensin II receptor-antagonist losartan has been observed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Proteinuria is considered to be a predictor of the progression of kidney disease.

Objective

The aims of the present study were to compare and examine the ability of losartan and amlodipine to ameliorate albuminuria in hypertensive Japanese patients (systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg) with T2DM and whether the change in albuminuria was associated with a change in glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Methods

This prospective, open-label, randomized, comparative study was conducted over 3 months at the Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan. Hypertensive patients with T2DM were enrolled and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 study groups receiving either losartan (25–100 mg/d) or the calcium channel-blocker amlodipine (2.5–5 mg/d). Urinary albumin excretion (UAE), creatinine clearance, and GFR were recorded at study initiation (baseline) and study end (month 3). The GFR was measured from the fractional renal accumulation of ^99mTc-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid. Adverse events (AEs) were monitored by a clinical research nurse during the examination.

Results

Fifty patients were asked to enroll and 38 returned the informed written consent. Thirty-five Japanese patients were included in the final study analysis. Seventeen patients were assigned to the losartan group (male sex, 10 [58.8%]; mean [SD] age, 58.1 [8.2] years) and 18 were assigned to the amlodipine group (male sex, 10 [55.6%]; mean [SD] age, 57.4 [8.9] years); no significant between-group difference in demographics was observed. A significant decrease from baseline to month 3 of mean (SD) UAE was observed in the losartan group (352.5 [556.6] mg/d vs 275.7 [466.1] mg/d; P = 0.048). No significant difference in mean (SD) UAE was observed in the amlodipine group for the same time period (298.2 [416.6] mg/d vs 322.7 [415.4] mg/d). There was a statistically significant difference found in the mean (SD) percent change of UAE from baseline to month 3 in the losartan group compared with the amlodipine group (−23.52 [28.42] vs +27.90 [63.51]; P = 0.004). Neither group was associated with a significant change in GFR during the course of the study. No patient discontinued the study due to AEs that were considered, by the investigator, to be possibly or probably associated with study treatment.

Conclusions

Treatment with losartan, but not amlodipine, was associated with a reduction in albuminuria in these hypertensive Japanese patients with T2DM within a period as short as 3 months. Neither drug was associated with a significant change in GFR. Therefore, the reduction of UAE was independent of a change in the GFR.Key Words: albuminuria, hypertension, glomerular filtration rate, losartan, amlodipine     

Determinants of visfatin in type 2 diabetes patients with diabetic kidney disease: Relationship to inflammation,adiposity and undercarboxylated osteocalcin

Background Visfatin is a proinflammatory molecule with possible actions on glucose metabolism. Interactions to bone metabolism and undercarboxylated osteocalcin (uOC) in diabetic patients (T2DP) with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) have not been reported. Materials and methods We included 51 incident T2DP with DKD. History, laboratory evaluation, anthropometry, visfatin, uOC were obtained. Fifteen T2DP without DKD were used as controls. Results Visfatin was similar in DKD patients and controls: 1.56(0.97–3.03) versus 2.04(1.08–3.21) ng/mL, p?=?0.51. In controls, visfatin positively correlated with diabetes duration (r?=?0.63, p?=?0.01) and negatively with uOC (r?=??0.57, p?=?0.03). In multivariate regression, diabetes duration remained significant (p?=?0.01). In patients with DKD, visfatin was positively linked to C reactive protein (r?=?0.27, p?=?0.05), tricipital skin fold (TSF) (r?=?0.41, p?=?0.004) and leukocytes (r?=?0.37, p?=?0.01); the latter two parameters predicted visfatin in multivariate model (p?=?0.001). In normoalbuminuric patients, visfatin was linked to body mass index (r?=?0.32, p?=?0.04), waist circumference (r?=?0.42, p?r?=?0.33, p?=?0.03), serum glucose (r?=?0.36, p?=?0.03) and glycated hemoglobin (r?=?0.41, p?=?0.007); there was a trend towards negative correlation to uOC (r?=??0.28, p?=?0.07); only glycaemia remained significant in multivariate analysis (p?=?0.04). Albuminuric patients displayed a positive correlation of visfatin to waist to hip ratio (r?=?0.41, p?=?0.04) and leukocytes (r?=?0.56, p?=?0.04); the latter remained significant in multivariate regression (p?=?0.005). Conclusion The main determinant of visfatin in T2D patients with DKD is inflammation; in normoalbuminuric patients, a positive link to adiposity and altered glycemic control and a trend towards a negative correlation to uOC was observable; the latter relationship was evident in patients without DKD.     

初诊2型糖尿病患者前列环素与胰岛素抵抗的相关分析

目的分析初诊2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血浆前列环素(PGI2)水平变化及其与胰岛素抵抗(IR)的相关性。方法选择初诊T2DM患者60例及健康对照组60例,测定体质量、身高、血脂、空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2h血糖(2hPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、餐后2h胰岛素(2hINS),计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),测定血浆PGI2的稳定代谢产物6-酮-前列腺素F1α(6-keto-PGF1α)浓度,并作相关性分析。结果 T2DM组体质量指数(BMI)、三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、FPG、2hPG、FINS、2hINS、HOMA-IR均高于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);T2DM组血浆6-keto-PGF1α水平较健康对照组明显下降(P0.01);血浆6-keto-PGF1α水平与HOMA-IR呈负相关(r=-0.82,P0.01)。结论 T2DM患者存在IR,血浆PGI2的代谢终末产物6-keto-PGF1α水平与IR密切相关。     

Associations of resistin with inflammation and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective. Resistin has been linked to obesity, type 2 diabetes, inflammation and atherosclerosis but the results of animal and human studies have been at variance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential roles of resistin in patients with type 2 diabetes and to evaluate the correlation between resistin and markers of obesity, inflammation, insulin resistance, metabolic parameters, diabetes control and complications. Material and methods. Fasting resistin, leptin, insulin, glucose, HbA1c, full lipid profile, C‐reactive protein (CRP) (high sensitivity assay) and complete blood count were determined in 135 patients with type 2 diabetes. Univariate regression and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to relate resistin with indices of obesity, inflammation, insulin resistance (homeostasis model, HOMA), insulin sensitivity, diabetic control, coronary heart disease (CHD) and degree of microalbuminuria. Results. Resistin showed significant (p<0.05) correlations with body mass index (BMI) "(Spearman r = 0.67), waist circumference (r = 0.54), fasting insulin (0.51), insulin sensitivity (r = ?0.29), HOMA (r = 0.30), leptin (r = 0.39), CRP (r = 0.29), white cell count (r = 0.25) and lipid parameters but showed no significant correlation with glucose and HbA1c. Partial correlation analysis, with correction for BMI, abolished the correlation of resistin with insulin sensitivity and HOMA but not with the white cell count. When confounding factors were fixed using multiple logistic regression, resistin was not independently associated with CHD (odds ratio = 1.05, p = 0.08) and degree of microalbuminuria (odds ratio = 1.06, p = 0.24). Conclusions. Resistin showed significant BMI‐dependent associations with insulin resistance and factors linked with obesity and inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes. Resistin may represent a link between obesity and insulin resistance via pro‐inflammatory pathways.     

2型糖尿病患者血清小而密低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平与脂类代谢异常及胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者血清小而密低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（sdLDL-C）水平与脂类代谢异常及胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法 193例2型糖尿病患者按胰岛素抵抗情况分为胰岛素抵抗组144例与非胰岛素抵抗组49例。采用奥林巴斯AU2700全自动生化仪检测血清小而密低密度脂蛋白（sdLDL-C）、三酰甘油（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、空腹血糖（FBG）等,采用化学发光法检测空腹胰岛素（FIN）、C肽,并计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）等。结果 2型糖尿病患者中,与非胰岛素抵抗组相比,胰岛素抵抗组TG、TG/高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、TC/HDL、sdLDL-C水平显著升高（P〈0.05）,而HDL、载脂蛋白A（apo AⅠ）、脂蛋白（Lpa）水平显著降低（P〈0.05）;对2型糖尿病患者sdLDL-C、胰岛素抵抗指数进行多元逐步回归分析,sdLDL-C与TG（Log）、LDL-C/HDLC及TG/HDL-C（Log）呈正相比关性（r=0.638、0.601、0.290,P〈0.01）,与TG/HDL（Log）和LDL-C/apoB呈负相关关系（r=-0.589、-0.342,P〈0.01）;HOMA-IR与TG/HDL和sdLDL-C呈正相关关系（r=0.281、0.250,P〈0.01）,而与TC呈负相关（r=-0.233,P〈0.01）。结论 SdLDL-C能较好地反映2型糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗对脂类代谢的影响,TG/HDL-C、LDL-C/HDL-C等提供的重要临床信息应在以后的临床应用中得到进一步认识和重视。     

Clinical benefits of using inulin clearance and cystatin C for determining glomerular filtration rate in HIV-1-infected individuals treated with dolutegravir

Introduction

Dolutegravir may inhibit creatinine transporters in renal tubules and elevate serum creatinine levels. We investigated the usefulness of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measured using inulin clearance (Cin), creatinine clearance (Ccr), and estimated GFR based on both serum creatinine (eGFRcre) and serum cystatin C (eGFRcys).

Smoking is associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients

BACKGROUND: Smoking and cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction are associated with high mortality in type 2 diabetic patients. This study tested the hypothesis that smoking is associated with insulin resistance/hyperinsulinaemia and cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients who are not treated with insulin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study patients were 22 current smokers with type 2 diabetes mellitus (age: 57 +/- 5 years, mean +/- SD) and 30 age-matched never-smoked patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (control group, 57 +/- 8 years). The quality of blood glucose was assessed by fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting immunoreactive insulin (F-IRI), homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). The severity of smoking status was expressed by the Brinkman index, which is calculated as number of cigarettes per day multiplied by years of smoking. Cardiovascular autonomic function was assessed by baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), heart-rate variability, plasma norepinephrine concentration and cardiac (123)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphic findings. RESULTS: Baroreflex sensitivity was lower in the current smokers group than in the never-smoked group (P < 0.05). Early and delayed (123)I-MIBG myocardial uptake values were lower (P < 0.05, and P < 0.01, respectively) and the percentage washout-rate of (123)I-MIBG was higher (P < 0.0001) in the current smokers group than in the never-smoked group. Fasting immunoreactive insulin (F-IRI) concentration (P < 0.0001) and the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index (P < 0.0001) were higher in the current smokers group than the never-smoked group. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that smoking was independently predicted by F-IRI and the percentage washout-rate of (123)I-MIBG. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study suggested that smoking was associated with cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction and hyperinsulinaemia and that F-IRI and the percentage washout-rate of (123)I-MIBG were independent predictors of smoking in these Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.     

Nephrotoxicity of cyclosporin A in humans: effects on glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption rates

The contention that cyclosporin A (CyA) nephrotoxicity may be due to renal afferent arteriolar constriction was inferred from rat studies showing CyA to increase renal vascular resistance, to reduce glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and delivery of tubular fluid from the end of the proximal tubule to the loop of Henle (Vprox), and to increase proximal fractional reabsorption. In order to test whether the mechanism of human CyA nephrotoxicity is similar to its rat analogue, and whether CyA treatment causes prolonged renal malfunction after drug withdrawal, renal function was investigated with clearance techniques including lithium clearance (CLi) as a measure of Vprox. The subjects were patients (n = 11) with previously normal renal function, given CyA in the treatment of ocular manifestation of extrarenal disease, or bone-marrow transplant recipients. Nine out of these eleven patients were investigated before and during CyA treatment: GFR (P less than 0.05) and Vprox (P less than 0.005) decreased while proximal fractional reabsorption increased (P less than 0.01). In six patients investigated before CyA was given, and re-examined a mean of 273 days (range 84-384 days) after CyA withdrawal, CLi was reduced (P less than 0.05) while mean GFR was not significantly lowered (0.5 greater than P greater than 0.2). In one of these six patients GFR was reduced to a subnormal value of 26 ml min-1 (1.73 m2 body surface)-1. In conclusion, human and rat CyA nephrotoxicity have the same pattern of renal functional deterioration. Cyclosporin A nephrotoxicity was evident in patients investigated a mean of 9 months after CyA withdrawal.     

中国人群2型糖尿病血清脂联素水平及胰岛素抵抗相关性的Meta分析

目的探讨中国人2型糖尿病血清中脂联素水平与胰岛素抵抗的相关性。方法对国内2000~2010年关于脂联素与2型糖尿病的前瞻性及横断面研究进行检索。数据分析采用Cochrane协作网提供的Rev-Man 5.0软件进行Meta分析。危险度分析采用比值比作为效应量表示结果,连续性变量采用加权均数差值分析。两者均以95%可信区间(CI)表示。应用固定效应模型分析结果。结果 (1)在血清脂联素水平中,2型糖尿病组与健康组(P<0.01)有明显差异,呈负相关性。(2)胰岛素抵抗性中,2型糖尿病组与健康组(P<0.01)有明显差异,呈正相关性。结论中国人2型糖尿病血清中脂联素水平及胰岛素抵抗具有明显关联性。     

2型糖尿病早期肾损伤的实验室指标及其评价

目的探讨尿微量清蛋白(MA)、α1微球蛋白(α1M)、转铁蛋白(TRf)、免疫球蛋白G(IGU)以及血中肌酐(SCr)和胱抑素C(SCysC)对糖尿病早期肾损伤的诊断价值。方法使用全自动生化分析仪和IMMAEG测定已确诊的226例2型糖尿病患者尿中MA、α1M、TRf、IGU以及血中SCr和SCysC,对按尿MA含量分成5个组的结果进行统计分析并与对照组比较。结果尿MA19mg/L组,尿α1M含量均值(13.3mg/L)和异常率(22%)高于对照组,SCysC异常率(11%)高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01);MA21～55mg/L组中MA、α1M、TRf的含量均值高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),异常率从大到小分别为MA(100%)α1M(72%)SCysC(55%)TRf(26%)IGU(18%)SCr(0%),除SCr外均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);MA69～150mg/L组MA、α1M、SCysC的异常率均达到100%,高于SCr异常率(24%),差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论尿MA、α1M、TRf、IGU以及血中SCr和SCysC均可反映出不同进程的肾损伤。糖尿病早期肾损伤时,部分患者肾小管损伤要早于肾小球损伤。尿MA、α1M、SCysC分别是糖尿病患者发生肾小球、肾小管损伤和肾小球滤过率下降的早期指标。     

2型糖尿病患者血清胆红素水平与糖尿病肾病关系的研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病（type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM）患者血清胆红素水平与糖尿病肾病（diabetic kidney disease,DKD）之间的关系。方法 789例T2DM患者,按照24小时尿白蛋白定量分为正常尿白蛋白组（尿白蛋白〈30 mg）、微量尿白蛋白组（尿白蛋白30～300 mg）和临床尿白蛋白组（尿白蛋白〉300 mg）,并以168例正常成人作为对照组,观察各组之间血清胆红素的差异,探讨血清胆红素水平与DKD的关系。结果 T2DM患者血清总胆红素、直接胆红素和间接胆红素水平均低于正常对照组（P〈0.01或〈0.05）。微量尿白蛋白组的总胆红素和间接胆红素均较正常尿白蛋白组下降（P〈0.01或〈0.05）,而直接胆红素差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;临床尿白蛋白组的总胆红素、直接胆红素以及间接胆红素均低于其他两组（P〈0.01）。将尿白蛋白与血清胆红素水平作相关性分析,结果显示尿白蛋白与总胆红素、直接胆红素、间接胆红素的相关系数分别为r=-0.108,P〈0.01;r=-0.068,P〉0.05;r=-0.106,P〈0.05。3组患者的肾小球滤过率与总胆红素、直接胆红素、间接胆红素的相关性分别为r=0.196,P〈0.01;r=0.074,P〉0.05;r=0.12,P〈0.05。结论胆红素可能是T2DM患者肾脏的保护性因子。糖尿病早期采取积极的抗氧化治疗对防止DKD的发生发展有重要意义。