Maastricht Ⅱ treatment scheme and efficacy of different proton pump inhibitors in eradicating Helicobacter pylori

AIM:The Maastricht Ⅱ criteria suggest the use of amoxicillinand darithromycin in addition to a proton pump inhibitor over7-10 d as a first line therapy in the eradication of Helicobacterpylori(Hpylori).For each proton pump inhibitor,various ratesof eradication have been reported.The present study was tocompare the efficacy of different proton pump inhibitors likeomeprazole,lansoprazole and pantoprazole in combinationwith amoxicillin and clarithromycin in the first line eradicationof Hpy/onand to investigate the success of Hpyloneradicationin our district.METHODS:A total of 139 patients were included having aHeelicobacter pylori( ) gastroduodenal disorders diagnosedby means of histology and urease test.Besides amoxicillin(1000mg twice a day) and clarithromycin (500mg twicea day),they were randomized to take omeprazole (20mgtwice a day),or lansoprazole (30mg twice a day),orpantoprozole (40mg twice a day) for 14 d,Four weeksafter the therapy,the eradication was assessed by meansof histology and urease test.It was evaluated as eradicatedif the H pylori was found negative in both.The complaints(pain in epigastrium,nocturnal pain,pyrosis and bloating)were graded in accordance with the Licert scale.Thecompliance of the patients was recorded.RESULTS:The eradication was found to be 40.8% in theomeprazole group,43.5% in the lansoprazole group and47.4% in the pantoprazole group.Sixty-three out of 139patients (45%) had eradication.No statistically significantdifference was observed between the groups.Significantimprovements were seen in terms of the impact on thesymptom scores in each group.CONCLUSION:There was no difference betweenomeprazole,lansoprazole and pantoprazole in H pylorieradication,and the rate of eradication was as low as 45%.Symptoms were improved independent of the eradication ineach treatment group.The low eradication rates suggestthat the antibiotic resistance or the genetic differences ofthe microorganism might be in effect.Further studies arerequired to verify these suggestions.     

Gene distribution of cagⅡ in Helicobacter pylori-infected patients of Zhejiang Province

AIM: To determine the prevalence of genotypes of cagⅡ in Helicobacter pylori( H pylon)-infected patients in Zhejiang Province and investigate the relationship between these genotypes and the types of gastroduodenal diseases.METHODS: One hundred and seventy one clinical isolates were collected from 70 chronic superficial gastritis, 31 chronic atrophic gastritis, 41 gastric ulcer, 21 duodenal ulcer, 3 gastric and duodenal ulcer, and 5 gastric adenocarcinoma patients. Polymerase chain reaction assays were performed for analysis of cagT, ORF13 and ORF10 genes in the cagⅡ region.RESULTS: Of 171 Hpyloriisolates from Zhejiang patients,159(93.0%) were positive for all the three loci. One isolate (0.6%) was negative for all the three loci, and 11(6.4%) were partially deleted in cagⅡ. The positive rates of cagT,ORF13 and ORF10 genes were 97.1%, 94.7% and 99.4%,respectively. In the strains isolated from the patients with diseases including chronic superficial gastritis, chronic atrophic gastritis, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer, the sitive rates of cagT were 95.7%, 100.0%, 95.1% and 100.0%, respectively. The positive rates of ORF13 were 94.3%, 93.5%, 95.1% and 100.0%, respectively. The sitive rates of ORF10 were 98.6%,100.0%,100.0% and 100.0%, respectively. The three genes were all positive in the three H pylori strains isolated from the patients with both gastric and duodenal ulcer. In the five strains isolated from the patients with gastric adenocarcinoma,only one isolate was negative for ORF13. There were no significant differences of the cagT, ORF13 and ORF10 genes among the different gastroduodenal diseases including chronic superficial gastritis, chronic atrophic gastritis,gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, both gastric and duodenal ulcer and gastric adenocarcinoma (χ^2=3.098, P＞0.05 for cagT;χ^2=3.935, P＞0.05 for ORF13 and χ^2=6.328,P＞0.05 for ORF10).CONCLUSION: The cagⅡ is not a uniform and conserved entity. Although the genes in cagⅡ are highly associated with the gastroduodenal diseases, the clinical outcome of Hpyloriinfection is not reliably predicted by the three genes in cagⅡ in patients from Zhejiang Province.     

Head-to-head comparison of H2-receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors in the treatment of erosive esophagitis： A meta-analysis

AIM: To systematically evaluate the efficacy of H2-receptor antagonists (H2RAs) and proton pump inhibitors in healing erosive esophagitis (EE). METHODS: A meta-analysis was performed. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases to include randomized controlled head-to-head comparative trials evaluating the efficacy of H2RAs or proton pump inhibitors in healing EE. Relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated under a random-effects model. RESULTS: RRs of cumulative healing rates for each comparison at 8 wk were: high dose vs standard dose H2RAs, 1.17 (95%CI, 1.02-1.33); standard dose proton pump inhibitors vs standard dose H2RAs, 1.59 (95%CI, 1.44-1.75); standard dose other proton pump inhibitors vs standard dose omeprazole, 1.06 (95%CI, 0.98-1.06). Proton pump inhibitors produced consistently greater healing rates than H2RAs of all doses across all grades of esophagitis, including patients refractory to H2RAs. Healing rates achieved with standard dose omeprazole were similar to those with other proton pump inhibitors in all grades of esophagitis. CONCLUSION: H2RAs are less effective for treating patients with erosive esophagitis, especially in those with severe forms of esophagitis. Standard dose proton pump inhibitors are significantly more effective than H2RAs in healing esophagitis of all grades. Proton pump inhibitors given at the recommended dose are equally effective for healing esophagitis.     

Prominent role of γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase on the growth of Helicobacter pylori

AIM: γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) has been reported as a virulence and colonizing factor of Helicobacter pylori (Hpylori). This study examined the effect of GGT on thegrowth of H pylori. METHODS: Standard H pylori strain NCTC 11637 and 4 dinical isolates with different levels of GGT activity as measured by an enzymatic assay were used in this study. Growth inhibilJon and stimulation studies were carried out by culturing H pyloriin brain heart infusion broth supplemented with specific GGT inhibitor (L-serine sodium borate complex, SBC) or enhancer (glutathione together with glycyl-glycine), respectively. The growth profiles of Hpyloriwere determined based on viable bacterial count at time interval. RESULTS: Growth was more profuse for Hpyloriisolates with higher GGT activity than those present with lower GGT activity. However, in the presence of SBC, growth of Hpylori was retarded in a dose dependent manner (P = 0.034). In contrast, higher growth rate was observed when GGT activity was enhanced in the presence of glutathione and glycyl-glycine. CONCLUSION: Higher GGT activity provides an advantage to the growth of Hpy/oriin vitro. Inhibition of GGT activity by SBC resulted in growth retardation. The study shows that GGT plays an important role on the growth of Hpy/ori.     

cagA and vacA genotype of Helicobacter pylori associated with gastric diseases in Xi＇an area

AIM: To establish stock of clinical Helicobacter pylori (H.pylon) isolates, to perform cagA and vacA typing of these isolates, to evaluate the relationship between genotypes of cagA and vacA and upper gastrointestinal diseases and to assess the association of vacA genotypes with presence of the pathogenicity marker-cagA.METHODS: Clinical H.pylori strains were isolated from the antrum of 259 patients in Clumbia agar. The isolated H.pylori strains were identified by histology, and16SrRNA PCR.CagA genotypes were detected by colony hybridization, the probe was derived from the cloned plasmid PcagA, and digested by EcoRI-HindⅢ and the isolated PcagA DNA fragment was radioactively labelled by the random priming method. vacA genes types (s,m)and subtypes (s1a, s1b,s2) were typed by PCR. Vacuolating toxin was detected with neutral red absorb test. The results were treated statistically by χ2test, ttest, and rank sum test.RESULTS: A total of 192 clinical H. pylori strains were isolated and the stock of Helicobacter pylori was established. The total positive rate of cagA was 87 % in all gastric diseases,and 95 % in gastric cancer group. There was a difference between gastric cancer group and the other groups (P＜0.05)except duodenal ulcer group. The expression of type s1 of vacA was more than type s2 (P＜0.05), and, the expression of type m1 was equal to type m2. In gastric cancer group,there was a difference between s1a and s1b (P＜0.05), and s1a was more than s1b. Vacuolating toxins were more in Xi′an area isolates.CONCLUSION: The cagA+ vacA type s1 clinical isolates are more in Xi′an area, but this can not serve as an index to predict gastric cancer.     

Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide： Biological activities in vitro and in vivo, pathological correlation to human chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer

AIM: To determine the biological activity of Helicobacter pylori(H pylori) lipopolysaccharide (H-LPS) and understand pathological correlation between H-LPS and human chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer.METHODS: H-LPS of a clinical Hpylori strain and LPS of Escherichia coli strain O55:B5(E-LPS) were extracted by phenol-water method. Biological activities of H-LPS and E-LPS were detected by limulus lysate assay, pyrogen assay,blood pressure test and PBMC induction test in rabbits, cytotoxicity test in NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells and lethality test in NIH mice. By using self-prepared rabbit anti-H-LPS serum as the first antibody and commercial HRP-labeled sheep anti-rabbit sera as the second antibody, H-LPS in biopsy specimens from 126 patients with chronic gastritis (68 cases) or gastric ulcer (58 cases) were examined by immunohistochemistry.RESULTS: Fibroblast cytotoxicity and mouse lethality of H-LPS were weaker than those of E-LPS. But the ability of coagulating limulus lysate of the two LPSs was similar (+/0.5 ng/mL).At 0.5 h after H-LPS injection, the blood pressures of the 3 rabbits rapidly declined. At 1.0 h after H-LPS injection, the blood pressures in 2 of the 3 rabbits fell to zero causing death of the 2 animals. For the other one rabbit in the same group, its blood pressure gradually elevated. At 0.5 h after E-LPS injection, the blood pressures of the three rabbits also quickly declined and then maintained at low level for approximately 1.0 h. At 0.5 hafter injection with H-LPS or E-LPS, PBMC numbers of the rabbits showed a remarkable increase. The total positivity rate of H-LPS from 126 biopsy specimens was 60.3%(76/126). H-LPS positivity rate in the biopsy specimens from chronic gastritis (50/68, 73.5%) was significantly higher than that from gastric ulcer (26/58, 44.8%) (χ^2=10.77,P＜0.01). H-LPS positivity rates in biopsy specimens from chronic superficial gastritis (38/48, 79.2%) and chronicactive gastritis (9/10, 90.0%) were significantly higher than that of the patients with atrophic gastritis (3/10, 30.0%)(χ^2=7.50-9.66,P＜0.01). CONCLUSION: The biological activities of H-LPS were weaker than those of E-LPS, the activities of H-LPS of lowering rabbit blood pressure and inducing rabbit PBMC were relatively stronger. H-LPS may play a critical role in inducing inflammatory reaction in human gastritis.     

Causal role of Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric cancer： An Asian enigma

Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) has been etiologically linked to gastric cancer. H pylori infection is more frequent in less developed Asian countries like India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Thailand and is acquired at early age than in more developed Asian countries like Japan and China. Frequency of gastric cancer, however, is very low in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Thailand compared to that in Japan and China. Similar enigma has been reported from Africa as compared to the West. Seroprevalence of H pylori infection in adult populations of India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Thailand varies from 55% to 92%. In contrast, seroprevalence of H pylori in Chinese and Japanese adults is 44% and 55%, respectively. Annual incidence rate of gastric cancer in India, Bangladesh, and Thailand is 10.6, 1.3, 7.1 per 100 000 populations, respectively; in contrast, that in China and Japan is 32-59 and 80-115 per 100 000 populations, respectively. Several studies from India failed to show higher frequency of H pylori infection in patients with gastric cancer than controls. Available evidences did not support difference in H pylori strains as an explanation for this enigma. Despite established etiological role of H pylori, situation is somewhat enigmatic in Asian countries because in countries with higher frequency of infection, there is lower rate of gastric cancer. Host's genetic makeup and dietary and environmental factors might explain this enigma. Studies are urgently needed to solve this issue.     

Is a 7-day Helicobater pylori treatment enough for eradication and inactivation of gastric inflammatory activity？

AIM： To compare the efficacy of a 7-d vs 10-d triple therapy regarding H pylori eradication, endoscopic findings and histological gastric inflammatory inactivation in the Ecuadorian population.
METHODS： 136 patients with dyspepsia and H pylori infection were randomized in 2 groups （68 per group）： group 1, 7-d therapy; group 2, 10-d therapy. Both groups received the same medication and daily dosage： omeprazole 20 mg bid, clarithromycin 500 mg bid and amoxicillin 1 g bid. Endoscopy was performed for histological assessment and H pylori infection status before and 8 wk after treatment.
RESULTS： H pylori was eradicated in 68% of group 1 vs 83.8% of group 2 for the intention-to-treat analysis （ITT） （P = 0.03; OR = 2.48; 95% CI, 1.1-5.8）, and 68% in group 1 vs 88% in group 2 for the per-protocol analysis （PP） （P = 0.008; OR = 3.66; 95% CI, 1.4-10）. Endoscopic gastric mucosa normalization was observed in 56.9% in group 1 vs 61.2% in group 2 for ITT, with similar results for the PP, the difference being statistically not significant. The rate of inflammatory inactivation was 69% in group 1 vs 88.7% in group 2 for ITT （P = 0.007; OR = 3.00; 95% CI, 1.2-7.5）, and 69% in group 1 vs96% in group 2 for PP （P = 0.0002; OR = 7.25; 95% CI, 2-26）.
CONCLUSION： In this Ecuadorian population, the 10-d therapy was more effective than the 7-d therapy for H pylori eradication as well as for gastric mucosa inflammatory inactivation.     

Maastricht Ⅱ treatment scheme and efficacy of different proton pump inhibitors in eradicating Helicobacter pylori

AIM: The Maastricht Ⅱ criteria suggest the use of amoxicillin and clarithromycin in addition to a proton pump inhibitor over 7-10 d as a first line therapy in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori(H pylori). For each proton pump inhibitor, various rates of eradication have been reported. The present study was to compare the efficacy of different proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole in combination with amoxicillin and clarithromycin in the first line eradication of H pylori and to investigate the success of H pylori eradication in our district.METHODS: A total of 139 patients were included having a Helicobacter pylori(+) gastroduodenal disorders diagnosed by means of histology and urease test. Besides amoxicillin (1 000 mg twice a day) and clarithromycin (500 mg twice a day), they were randomized to take omeprazole (20 mg twice a day), or lansoprazole (30 mg twice a day), or pantoprozole (40 mg twice a day) for 14 d. Four weeks after the therapy, the eradication was assessed by means of histology and urease test. It was evaluated as eradicated if the H pylori was found negative in both. The complaints (pain in epigastrium, nocturnal pain, pyrosis and bloating)were graded in accordance with the Licert scale. The compliance of the patients was recorded.RESULTS: The eradication was found to be 40.8% in the omeprazole group, 43.5% in the lansoprazole group and 47.4% in the pantoprazole group. Sixty-three out of 139patients (45%) had eradication. No statistically significant difference was observed between the groups. Significant improvements were seen in terms of the impact on the symptom scores in each group.CONCLUSION: There was no difference between omeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole in H pylori eradication, and the rate of eradication was as low as 45%.Symptoms were improved independent of the eradication in each treatment group. The iow eradication rates suggest that the antibiotic resistance or the genetic differences of the microorganism might be in effect. Further studies are required to verify these suggestions.     

嗜酸乳杆菌联合三联方案根除幽门螺杆菌的效果分析

目的通过嗜酸乳杆菌联合标准三联方案5周疗法,探讨嗜酸乳杆菌对提高三联方案幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,H.pylori)根除率的作用。方法分析我院消化内科门诊H.pylori阳性初治患者134例临床资料。将134例患者分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组采用嗜酸乳杆菌+标准三联方案5周疗法,对照组采用标准三联方案1周疗法。结果所有患者均按时完成治疗,完成随访的117例患者中,治疗组61例,治愈53例,治愈率86.9%;对照组56例,治愈40例,治愈率71.4%;两组比较有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论嗜酸乳杆菌能提高三联方案H.pylori根除率,患者服药副作用小,依从性好,具有应用价值。     

应用质子泵抑制剂 铋剂 呋喃唑酮 左氧氟沙星四联方案根除幽门螺杆菌的临床研究

目的观察质子泵抑制剂(PPI)+铋剂+呋喃唑酮+左氧氟沙星四联方案在治疗幽门螺杆菌(Hp)相关胃十二指肠疾病中的Hp根除率及安全性。方法将临床确诊的142例Hp相关胃十二指肠疾病患者随机分为治疗组(72例)和对照组(70例),治疗组予四联方案治疗,对照组予标准三联方案(PPI+阿莫西林+克拉霉素)治疗。疗程10 d。完成疗程1个月后复查Hp。结果 Hp根除率治疗组(91.67%)显著优于对照组(71.43%)(P0.05)。结论 PPI+铋剂+呋喃唑酮+左氧氟沙星四联方案治疗Hp相关性胃十二指肠疾病,Hp根除率明显高于标准三联组,且副作用较小,值得临床应用。     

Evaluation of three different proton pump inhibitors with amoxicillin and metronidazole in retreatment for Helicobacter pylori infection

GOALS: We compared the eradication results of retreatment of eradication with proton pump inhibitor (PPI) plus amoxicillin and metronidazole for patients with Helicobacter pylori infection not eradicated by initial treatment with PPI plus amoxicillin and clarithromycin. BACKGROUND: In Japan, the guideline proposes that the use of metronidazole in a triple therapy containing PPI, PPI plus amoxicillin and metronidazole is desirable in retreatment. However, there are no reports comparing various retreatment using different PPIs. METHODS: After initial treatment failure with a PPI plus amoxicillin and clarithromycin, 169 patients were randomized to a PPI (rabeprazole, lansoprazole, or omeprazole) plus amoxicillin and metronidazole given b.i.d. for 7 days. RESULTS: Pretreatment susceptibility testing showed a high level of clarithromycin resistance (78%). The over all eradication rates were similar with the 3 PPIs, 91.1% range 90.1 to 91.4 with intention-to-treat analysis. The presence of metronidazole resistance reduced the eradication rate by approximately 40% (from 96.6% to 57.1%, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In Japan, the combination of a PPI plus amoxicillin and metronidazole provide excellent eradication rates after initial treatment failure with a PPI plus amoxicillin and clarithromycin. The results with metronidazole resistant strains are less satisfactory and pretreatment susceptibility testing may become needed if the prevalence of metronidazole resistant H. pylori increase.     

Optimizing proton pump inhibitors in Helicobacter pylori treatment:Old and new tricks to improve effectiveness

The survival and replication cycle of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)is strictly dependant on intragastric pH,since H.pylori enters replicative phase at an almost neutral pH(6-7),while at acid pH(3-6)it turns into its coccoid form,which is resistant to antibiotics.On these bases,it is crucial to increase intragastric pH by proton pump inhibitors(PPIs)when an antibiotic-based eradicating therapy needs to be administered.Therefore,several tricks need to be used to optimize eradication rate of different regimens.The administration of the highest dose as possible of PPI,by doubling or increasing the number of pills/day,has shown to be able to improve therapeutic outcome and has often proposed in rescue therapies,even if specific trials have not been performed.A pre-treatment with PPI before starting antibiotics does not seem to be effective,therefore it is discouraged.However,the choice of PPI molecule could have a certain weight,since second-generation substances(esomeprazole,rabeprazole)are likely more effective than those of first generation(omeprazole,lansoprazole).A possible explanation is due to their metabolism,which has been proven to be less dependent on cytochrome P450(CYP)2C19 genetic variables.Finally,vonoprazan,a competitive inhibitor of H+/K+-ATPase present on luminal membrane of gastric parietal cells has shown the highest efficacy,due to both its highest acid inhibition power and rapid pharmacologic effect.However current data come only from Eastern Asia,therefore its strong power needs to be confirmed outside this geographic area in Western countries as well as related to the local different antibiotic resistance rates.     

Comparative study: Vonoprazan and proton pump inhibitors in Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy

AIM To compare the effectiveness and safety of vonoprazan-based therapy with proton pump inhibitor(PPI)-based therapies to treat Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori).METHODS We retrospectively analysed data from first-line(vonoprazan or PPI with 200 mg clarithromycin and 750 mg amoxicillin twice daily for 7 d)(n = 1353) and second-line(vonoprazan or PPI with 250 mg metronidazole and 750 mg amoxicillin twice daily for 7 d)(n = 261) eradication treatments for H. pylori- positive patients with associated gastrointestinal diseases from April 2014 to December 2015 at Hattori Clinic, Japan. The primary endpoint was the eradication rate, which was assessed with a full analysis set. The secondary endpoints were adverse events and related factors.RESULTS After the first-line treatments, the eradication rates for vonoprazan, esomeprazol, rabeprazole, and lansoprazole were 87.9%(95%CI: 84.9%-90.5%), 71.6%(95%CI: 67.5%-75.5%), 62.9%(95%CI: 52.0%-72.9%), and 57.3%(95%CI: 50.4%-64.1%), respectively. The vonoprazan eradication rate was significantly higher than that of the PPIs(P 0.01). Interestingly, smoking did not affect the H. pylori eradication rate in the vonoprazan group(P = 0.34), whereas it decreased the rates in the PPI groups(P = 0.013). The incidence of adverse events in the vonop-razan group was not different from the PPI group(P = 0.054), although the vonoprazan group exhibited a wider range of adverse events. Vonoprazan-based triple therapy was highly effective as a second-line treatment, with an eradication rate similar to that of PPI-based therapy.CONCLUSION Vonoprazan might be superior to PPIs in first-line H. pylori therapy, particularly for smokers. However, caution is required due to possible adverse events.     

Omeprazole enhances efficacy of triple therapy in eradicating Helicobacter pylori.

Triple therapy has been recommended as the most effective treatment for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Despite achieving a comparatively high eradication result, however, around 10% of patients still fail to be cured. Omeprazole can enhance efficacy of single and double antibiotic protocols and is particularly effective when combined with clarithromycin and a nitroimidazole. This study examined the effect of combining triple therapy with omeprazole. A prospective, randomised, unblinded, single centre trial was carried out on consecutive patients with symptoms of dyspepsia and H pylori infection confirmed by rapid urease test, microbiological culture, and histological assessment. Patients were given a five times/day, 12 day course of colloidal bismuth subcitrate chewable tablets (108 mg), tetracycline HCl (250 mg), and metronidazole (200 mg) with either 20 mg omeprazole twice daily (triple therapy+omeprazole) or 40 mg famotidine (triple therapy+famotidine) at night. Compliance and side effects were determined using a standard questionnaire form. One hundred and twenty five of 165 triple therapy+omeprazole patients and 124 of 171 triple therapy+famotidine patients returned for rebiopsy four weeks after completion of treatment. Significantly more triple therapy+omeprazole patients achieved eradication 122 of 125 (97.6%) as assessed by negative urease test, culture, and histological assessment, when compared with 110 of 124 (89%) triple therapy+famotidine patients (p = 0.006; chi 2). There were 30 triple therapy+omeprazole (24%) and 26 triple therapy+famotidine (21%) patients with de novo metronidazole resistant H pylori included in the study. Side effects were mild and infrequent and were comparable in both groups, although pain in duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, and oesophagitis patients seemed to subside earlier in those taking omeprazole. Compliance (>95% of drugs taken) was achieved by 98% of patients of both groups. A 12 days regimen of triple therapy with omeprazole is more effective in achieving H pylori eradication than is triple therapy plus famotidine. Use of 20 mg omeprazole twice daily rather than 40 mg famotidine with a 12 day, low dose triple therapy enhances eradication to over 97% whether the H pylori is metronidazole sensitive or resistant.     

Influence of various proton pump inhibitors on intestinal metaplasia in noneradicated Helicobacter pylori patients

AM: Intestinal metaplasia (IM) is more often found in patients with Helicobacterpylori(Hpylori) infection, while eradication of H pylori results in significant reduction in the severity and activity of chronic gastritis. We aimed to determine in patients with unsuccessful eradication of Hpylori the role of various proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) having different mechanisms in the resolution of IM. METHODS: We confirmed endoscopically and pathohistologically (Sydney classification) the IM in 335 patients with gastritis before and after medication for eradication of H pylori (Maastricht Protocol 2002). H pylori infection was determined by using histology, urease test and culture. Control endoscopy and histology were done after 30 d and thereafter (within 1 year). Unsuccessful eradication was considered if only one of the three tests (histology, urease and culture) was negative after therapy protocol. We used omeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole in therapy protocols (in combination with two antibiotics). RESULTS: We found no significant difference in resolution of IM by using different PPI between the groups of eradicated and noneradicated patients (P<0.4821 and P<0.4388, respectively). CONCLUSION: There is no significant difference in resolution of intestinal metaplasia by different proton pump inhibitors.