西安市2001～2003年医院内微生物污染监测分析

目的 了解西安市2001～2003年医院消毒工作现状，为进一步提高消毒质量提供依据。方法对该市各级医院室内空气、物体表面、医护人员手、使用中消毒液等进行了微生物污染的检测。结果 3a室内空气合格率平均为56．57％，物体表面合格率为84．38％，医护人员手合格率为64．83％，压力蒸汽灭菌器合格率为92．59％，使用中消毒液合格率为92．56％，医疗器械合格率为79．73％，氧气瓶湿化水合格率为21．31％。结论 各级医院室内空气、医护人员手、氧气瓶湿化水微生物检测合格率很差。应加强对西安市各级医院消毒工作的管理。     

NICU消毒质量监测与分析

目的 了解新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)环境细菌学状况,控制医院感染发生率.方法 分别对NICU消毒前后的室内空气、物体表面、医护人员手以及消毒液进行采样检测,并采用法国生物梅里埃公司ATB系统对细菌菌种进行鉴定.结果 消毒前合格率室内空气为62.4％、物体表面为51.0％、医护人员手为46.9％、消毒液为100.0％,检测到大肠埃希菌、表皮葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、酿脓链球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌等;消毒后合格率室内空气为87.2％、物体表面为90.2％、医护人员手为84.4％,检测到大肠埃希菌、表皮葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、酿脓链球菌等条件致病菌;消毒前、后质量监测合格率,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 医疗机构应加强NICU的消毒质量监测,及时发现存在问题,采取有效措施,预防医院感染的发生.     

西安市2001～2003年医院内微生物污染监测分折

目的了解西安市2001～2003年医院消毒工作现状,为进一步提高消毒质量提供依据.方法对该市各级医院室内空气、物体表面、医护人员手、使用中消毒液等进行了微生物污染的检测.结果3 a室内空气合格率平均为56.57%,物体表面合格率为84.38%,医护人员手合格率为64.83%,压力蒸汽灭菌器合格率为92.59%,使用中消毒液合格率为92.56%,医疗器械合格率为79.73%,氧气瓶湿化水合格率为21.31%.结论各级医院室内空气、医护人员手、氧气瓶湿化水微生物检测合格率很差.应加强对西安市各级医院消毒工作的管理.     

廊坊市医疗机构污染菌监测分析

目的 了解廊坊市医疗机构环境中主要污染菌群,进一步指导医疗机构消毒灭菌,降低医院感染率.方法 将医疗机构环境分为空气、物体表面、医护人员手、使用中消毒液及医疗器械等5组进行讨论研究.结果 空气、物体表面、使用中消毒液、医疗器械污染细菌以G+球菌为主,医护人员手污染细菌G-杆菌略高于G+球菌,以表皮葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、不动杆菌属为主;使用中消毒液监测合格率最高为98.89%,有6份样本不合格,空气监测合格率最低为58.22%.结论 未发现难以杀灭的细菌芽胞,各类环境中样本不合格大多源于工作人员消毒灭菌意识薄弱,工作态度不认真.     

重症监护病房鲍氏不动杆菌感染病例的调查分析

目的了解医院重症监护病房(ICU)鲍氏不动杆菌感染的流行病学资料,为预防与控制医院感染暴发流行提供参考依据。方法对重症监护病房鲍氏不动杆菌感染病例进行回顾性分析;环境卫生学监测采样方法参照卫生部《消毒技术规范标准》。结果 6例患者平均年龄为70岁,入住ICU时间均>10 d,原发基础疾病重;在74份物体表面标本中共分离出大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种芽胞、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌4种细菌,合格率为94.59%;23份医护人员手卫生标本中分离出肺炎克雷伯菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和日沟维肠杆菌,菌落计数未超标,均未检出致病菌。结论鲍氏不动杆菌感染在ICU有上升的趋势,应引起医护人员的高度警惕,及时采取防控措施以避免医院感染的暴发流行。     

水杯加湿法在婴儿暖箱中的应用及细菌学监测

目的比较采用水杯和储水槽加无菌注射用水对婴儿培养箱的湿化效果,以及暖箱内细菌培养情况。方法将某院新生儿科10台暖箱随机分为观察组和对照组(各5台),观察组采用一次性水杯加无菌注射用水对暖箱进行湿化,对照组采用储水槽内加灭菌注射用水对暖箱进行湿化,比较更换湿化液24 h后湿化液、暖箱内空气和物体表面的细菌培养情况。结果两组暖箱内湿度均能达到＞50%的要求。观察组湿化液细菌培养合格率（91.00%）显著高于对照组（74.00%）（χ2=10.009,P=0.002）;湿化液细菌计数为(26.85±16.67) CFU/mL,显著低于对照组的(37.20±15.28)CFU/mL（t=4.577,P＜0.001）。观察组暖箱内空气和物体表面细菌检测合格率分别为94.00%、98.00%,明显高于对照组的85.00%和68.00%（均P＜0.05)。结论水杯加灭菌注射用水放置于婴儿暖箱中进行空气湿化,能达到湿化要求,可减少细菌生长繁殖,有助于防止医院感染的发生。     

对妇产科环境卫生学常规监测实施意义的探讨

[目的]1992年5月～2006年4月我院对妇产科环境卫生学常规监测实施意义进行探讨.[方法]采用细菌培养的方法观察产房、母婴室、新生儿病房环境(空气、物体表面、医护人员手)细菌总数、种类、及动态变化.[结果]14年间医院专职人员对空气、各种物体表面和医护人员手监测合格率分别为78.16%、86.82%、95.70%共监测出致病菌6次,分别从洗手肥皂检出铜绿假单胞菌5次(其中,母婴病房护士办公室1次)、新生儿浴室扑粉瓶捡出金黄色葡萄球菌1次.兼职人员对本科室空气、物体表面和医护人员手14年的常规监测,合格率分别为100%、99.93%、99.70%.[结论]环境卫生学监测合格率的高低,关键取决于医院环境的洁净度,确切地说,只要保证医院环境清洁、干燥,就一定会提高卫生学监测合格率,而不是依靠对环境卫生学进行常规性监测.     

上城区2010-2012年医院消毒监测结果

目的：通过对杭州市上城区医院消毒效果监测,了解医院消毒工作质量。方法2010-2012年采用现场随机采样方法,对省、市、区级医院室内空气、物体表面、医务人员手以及紫外线灯的消毒效果进行监测。结果共采集样品1436份,合格1295份,合格率为90.18％;其中省级医院样品合格率为94.52％;市级医院样品合格率为92.29％;区级医院样品合格率为85.57％。空气、物体表面、医护人员手、使用中消毒产品和紫外线灯采集样品合格率分别为82.93％、87.41％、94.83％、98.14％和84.44％。结论上城区医院消毒效果监测合格率较高。     

ICU物体表面的消毒效果监测

目的了解ICU医护人员手频繁接触物体表面的消毒质量,提高管理者对ICU物体表面消毒重要性的认识,为加强医院感染的预防与控制提供科学依据。方法 2013年3-8月对重症医学科、急诊和神经外科重症监护病房医务人员手频繁接触物体表面的消毒效果进行目标性监测,数据分析应用SPSS 19.0软件处理。结果共采集各类标本468份,合格393份,合格率84.0%,其中消毒后2h304份,合格249份,合格率81.9%;消毒后8h164份,合格144份,合格率87.8%,二者之间消毒效果差异无统计学意义;目标性病原菌监测结果显示,以多药耐药菌为主,共检出病原菌80株,检出率较高的病原菌为鲍氏不动杆菌39株、金黄色葡萄球菌29株,分别占48.8%、36.3%,其中泛耐药鲍氏不动杆菌34株、MRSA 28株,分别占87.2%、96.6%,肺炎克雷伯菌9株占11.2%。结论 ICU医护人员手频繁接触物体表面的日常清洁消毒质量有待提高,应强化医务人员手卫生管理,制定医务人员手频繁接触物体表面清洁与消毒的标准化操作规程,并加强规范的落实与监管。     

2011年重庆市涪陵区不同级别医疗机构消毒检测结果

目的了解重庆市涪陵区医疗机构消毒效果,为提高医疗机构消毒灭菌质量,有效预防和控制医院感染提供科学依据。方法对重庆市涪陵区211所医疗机构的室内空气、物体表面、医护人员手、使用中消毒剂、医疗用品进行采样检测。结果共采样品2136份,合格1600份,平均总合格率74．91％。室内空气合格率54．69％,物体表面合格率76．16％,医护人员手表面合格率64．03％,消毒剂合格率83．15％,医疗用品合格率95．02％。结论涪陵区医疗机构消毒质量总体合格率不高,室内空气和医护人员手表面合格率低,空气合格率最低。区直医院的消毒效果状况较好,但镇级医院、卫生站和个体诊所的消毒状况较差,应加强监督管理。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.