肺炎患儿肺炎支原体感染血清调查分析

目的调查小儿肺炎支原体(MP)感染发病率与季节、年龄以及性别的关系.方法应用肺炎支原体IgM抗体快速检测卡法进行血清MP特异性IgM检测.结果3年共检测957例患儿样本,其中阳性样本数共386例,阳性率为40.3%.男、女性肺炎患儿MP-IgM阳性率分别为34.5%、51.7%,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001).0～1岁婴儿期MP感染率为14.4%;2～3岁组幼儿MP感染率为40.6%;4～6岁学龄前期MP感染发病率为45.9%;7～14学龄期MP感染率为52.2%.0～1岁组MP-IgM阳性率低于其他年龄组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001).发病时间分布上,全年皆有不同程度MP感染病例发生,秋冬季节MP感染率比春夏季节高.从2002～2004年,MP阳性人数呈逐年增加的趋势.结论MP感染的好发年龄为学龄前和学龄期儿童,女性儿童感染机会高于男性儿童,易发季节为秋冬季.     

2009-2011年宁波鄞州区肺炎支原体感染流行病学分析

目的 总结宁波市鄞州地区儿童肺炎支原体(MP)感染的流行病学特征,为MP感染的防治提供依据.方法 使用肺炎支原体抗体检测试剂对4681例呼吸道感染患儿进行血清肺炎支原体抗体(MP-IgM)检测,对不同年度、季节、性别及年龄MP感染的情况进行统计分析.结果 MP-IgM阳性患儿1826例,阳性率39.01％;MP感染有季节性差异,冬季感染率最高,在年龄差异上,4～6岁年龄组感染率最高,为58.03％,明显高于其他年龄组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);女性患儿感染率较男性高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);下呼吸道感染的MP阳性率41.14％,明显高于上呼吸道感染的37.67％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);2009年总体感染率明显高于2010、2011年,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 MP感染是儿童呼吸道感染的一个主要病因,且发病率有增高趋势,鄞州区2009年为流行年份,临床加强MP感染防治相当重要.     

婴幼儿肺炎支原体感染流行病学调查

目的:调查婴幼儿肺炎支原体(MP)感染发病率、性别、发病季节及发病年龄分布。方法:应用SERODIAMYCOⅡ颗粒凝集方法对2010年1月~2012年12月在广州医科大学附属第二医院住院及门诊治疗的呼吸道感染婴幼儿进行血清肺炎支原体抗体(MP-IgM)检测。结果:共检测肺炎婴幼儿4 684例,其中男性患儿2 774例,女性患儿1 910例。共检测阳性1 586例,阳性率为33.86%;男性患儿阳性率(28.70%,796/2 774)低于女性患儿阳性率(41.36%,790/1 910),差异有统计学意义(χ2=81.03,P<0.05)。第4季度MP-IgM阳性率最高,为38.81%(484/1 247),第1季度为36.07%(373/1034),不同季度MP-IgM阳性率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。经χ2检验,7个年龄组患儿MP-IgM阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);MP-IgM阳性率0~0.5岁组最低(3.75%),5~6岁组最高(54.29%),3~6岁组较高,约40%~50%,可见婴幼儿MP-IgM阳性率随着年龄的增长而增长。2010~2012年MP-IgM阳性率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),提示MP-IgM阳性率呈逐年下降趋势。结论:女性MP-IgM阳性率高于男性,MP-IgM感染的高峰期为第1季度和第4季度,MPIgM感染的高发年龄段为1~6岁,2010~2012年MP-IgM阳性率呈逐年下降趋势,临床上应加强对肺炎支原体肺炎的检测和防治。     

肺炎支原体感染与患儿性别、年龄和季节的相关性分析

目的 了解肺炎支原体（MP）感染与患儿性别、年龄和季节的关系,为MP的流行病学特点提供相应补充.方法 采用酶联免疫吸附试验法对782例呼吸道感染患儿进行MP-IgM检测.结果 782例呼吸道感染患儿中,MP-IgM阳性者221例,阳性率为28.3％（221/782）,男女阳性率比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.各个年龄段均有发病,其中＜1岁患儿阳性率最低为9.6％（19/198）,3～5岁患儿阳性率最高为50.0％（78/156）,与其他年龄段比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;6岁以下患儿总阳性率为32.4％（193/595）,高于6～ 14岁患儿的15.0％（28/187）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.MP感染全年均有散发,其中冬季最高为42.6％（107/251）,春、夏、秋季阳性率分别为27.4％（57/208）、10.8％（19/176）和25.9％（38/147）,冬季阳性率明显高于其他季节,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 MP感染具有一定的年龄分布特征及很强的季节性.在浙江省诸暨市,6岁以下儿童容易发生MP感染,MP感染无男女性别差异,冬季是浙江省诸暨市MP感染的流行季节.     

遵义地区儿童肺炎支原体流行病学调查分析

目的:观察遵义地区2011年9月1日~2013年9月30日儿童肺炎支原体(MP)感染流行病学特征。方法:收集2011年9月1日~2013年9月30日在遵义市第一人民医院住院的急性下呼吸道感染患儿2 520例,采用血清MP被动凝集法检测MP-IgM,回顾性分析不同性别、年龄及季节的MP感染情况。结果:MP感染总阳性率为30.47%,其中男性患儿为24.85%、女性患儿为37.82%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);<1岁组、1~3岁组、3~6岁组和6~13岁组MP感染阳性率分别为8.33%、26.32%、30.41%和40.57%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。春季、夏季、秋季和冬季MP感染阳性率分别为28.74%、26.46%、30.69%和36.93%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:遵义地区MP感染全年均可发生,冬季感染率最高;婴儿感染率较低,学龄儿童感染率最高;女性患儿感染率高于男性。研究初步揭示了遵义地区MP感染的流行病学特征,为临床治疗提供依据。     

莱芜市儿童社区获得性肺炎中肺炎支原体感染情况调查

目的调查分析莱芜市儿童社区获得性肺炎(community acquired pneumonia,CAP)中肺炎支原体(mycoplasma pneumoniae,MP)的感染情况,为临床防治提供依据。方法选择2010年1月—2012年12月确诊为CAP的患儿2 926例,利用被动凝集法测定患儿血清中的MP-IgM,MP-IgM测定阳性者诊断为肺炎支原体肺炎(mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia,MPP)。同时详细记录患儿的性别、发病年龄、生活环境、发病时间及肺部X线表现等情况。计数资料采用χ2检验,P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果 CAP患儿中MP感染率以2012年感染率(35.1%)最高,与2010、2011年比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。MP感染一年四季均可发生,2010年及2011年感染率较高的季节为第一、第四季度,而2012年各季度感染率均高于2010年度及2011年度,其中以第二季度感染率最高。综合2010—2012年平均以第一季度发感染率(30.5%)最高。4~6岁、7~9岁的MP感染率(46.6%、45.4%)明显高于其他年龄段,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。男性的MP感染率为24.2%,女性的MP感染率为26.2%,差别无统计学意义(P0.05)。大叶性肺炎患儿中288例MP-IgM检测结果阳性,阳性率最高,为62.9%,与间质性肺炎、支气管肺炎比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。居住地在城市的患儿MP-IgM阳性率(32.3%)明显高于居住地在农村的患儿(21.0%),比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论儿童MP感染率随流行年份及季节不同而不同,高发年龄阶段是4~6岁和7~9岁,肺部X线表现为大叶性肺炎者一半以上由MP感染所致,城市患儿中MP感染率高于农村患儿。了解本地区MP感染流行特点,在病程初期即可给予经验性诊断及治疗,以缩短病程及减少用药,提高疗效。     

儿童急性呼吸道感染肺炎支原体抗体检测结果分析

目的 研究肺炎支原体(MP)感染发病率与季节、患儿年龄和性别的关系,了解MP流行趋势和致病特点,为临床诊断MP感染提供依据.方法 用被动凝集法检测呼吸道感染患儿血清中MP抗体(MP-Ab),并对2011年急性呼吸道感染患儿MP-Ab检测结果进行分析.结果 送检的5271份标本中有1603份检出阳性,阳性率为30.41％,其中MP-Ab检测滴度1:80的患儿所占比例最高为27.63％,滴度≥1:1280较少,占6.68％;MP感染的季节性明显,春季和冬季的检出率最高;在不同年龄组中,1～3岁组阳性率最高,为34.20％,其次是3～6岁组为31.25％,≥6岁组的阳性率最低为24.13％,各年龄组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);男、女性患儿阳性率分别为30.96％、29.42％,差异无统计学意义.结论 MP感染症状较轻,大多患儿预后良好;全年均可发病,其中以冬春季高发;1～6岁儿童为高危人群;男、女患儿感染机会相当.     

呼吸道感染患儿肺炎支原体的检出率分析

目的 对呼吸道感染者进行肺炎支原体(MP)抗体检测,调查该地区肺炎支原体感染与患儿性别、年龄和季节的关系.方法 采用MP抗体检测试剂,对2010年3月-2011年2月在医院就诊的2139例呼吸道感染者进行肺炎支原体IgM抗体的检测.结果 在2139例患儿中,检出MP抗体阳性637例,阳性率为29.78％;男性阳性率为27.46％,女性为34.52％,全年均可发病,但以春夏季节为高,4个季节阳性率依次为40.21％、37.54％、21.45％、14.94％;各年龄组间,以＜1岁组最低,为5.52％,1～3岁和4～6岁组最高,分别为40.65％和43.14％;对呼吸道感染者进行MP抗体检测,支气管炎MP感染阳性率最高,达35.24％,肺炎MP感染阳性率其次,占28.35％.结论 该地区呼吸道感染患者中MP感染率较高,性别间阳性率差异有统计学意义;各年龄组均有感染,以1～3岁和4～6岁组感染率最高;季节以春夏季感染率最高;支气管炎MP感染阳性率最高.     

36例患儿变异性哮喘与肺炎支原体感染的分析

目的 观察分析患儿变异性哮喘(CVA)与肺炎支原体(MP)感染之间的关系.方法 观察组按照儿童CVA防治常规治疗,对照组给予常规抗感染治疗;两组患儿均应用间接血球凝集法测定MP-IgM,并对两组检测结果进行分析.结果 观察组MP阳性率为41.9％,对照组的阳性率为15.1％,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);观察组MP-IgM阳性与阴性患儿外周血嗜酸粒细胞计数和血清总IgE水平比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 MP感染与变异性哮喘密切相关,可诱导CVA的发生与发展,MP感染的CVA患儿在CVA防治常规治疗基础上给予大环内酯类药物可以取得良好治疗效果.     

小儿肺炎支原体感染IgM抗体检测结果分析

目的:通过呼吸道感染患儿血清中肺炎支原体抗体(MP-IgM)的检测,调查小儿肺炎支原体(MP)感染的发病率与发病年龄、发病季节、患儿性别的关系。方法:采用明胶颗粒凝集法检测呼吸道感染患儿血清中MP-IgM抗体。结果:5年间共检测患儿6012例,总阳性数为1755例,总阳性率为29.19%。其中0～1岁组阳性率为12.58%,明显低于其它年龄组,而1～3岁和3～6岁组阳性率接近,且明显高于其它年龄组;发病季节以冬季(10～12个月)阳性率最高;男女儿童以女性儿童阳性检出率为高;且5年来,该地区阳性检出率呈连续上升态势。结论:小儿MP感染以冬季为多,女性高于男性,年龄以1～6岁为主,有婴儿感染病例,且阳性率呈逐年上升趋势,临床上应高度重视,加强检测与防治。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

Changes in immune function in asthma in the elderly

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airway. The airway inflammation of asthma is typically an allergic inflammation characterized by cells and mediators described as a "Th2" inflammatory response. There is a growing body of evidence describing changes in the function of immune cells upon aging, a phenomenon referred to as "immunosenescence". Several studies utilizing animal models and human subjects with asthma have begun to explore age-related effects on the airway inflammation in asthma. This review explores the existing data on the presence and effects of immunosenescence or age-related changes in immune function in asthma.     

Changes in Fatty Acid Composition in Beef in Italy

Results from a study conducted in Italy concerning the updating of composition data of beef consumed in Italy are reported here. The study required a very wide sampling plan with regard to both animals and cuts to analyse. Data related to lipid composition of the most widely used type of beef consumed in Italy (young bull, 16–22 months old) show a reduction in total lipid content (which, according to the cuts, ranges between 1.8 and 10.2%) and a substantial change in fatty acid composition, with a high % of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mean 20% of total fatty acids). Such data have been confirmed by other studies conducted in Italy, and are in contrast with data reported in the tables of food composition from other countries, reporting a fatty acid composition characterized by a high fatty acid saturation degree. The occurrence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is probably due to the high ratio of phospholipids: triglycerides, occurring when the content in intramuscular lipid is very low; to the young age of animals; to the reduced activity of the rumen, where saturation of fatty acids occurs. It may be concluded that a fatty acid composition, which is particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, seems typical for Italian products.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.