Exploring the relationship between work-related rumination, sleep quality, and work-related fatigue

This study examined the association among three conceptualizations of work-related rumination (affective rumination, problem-solving pondering, and detachment) with sleep quality and work-related fatigue. It was hypothesized that affective rumination and poor sleep quality would be associated with increased fatigue and that problem-solving pondering and detachment would be associated with decreased fatigue. The mediating effect of sleep quality on the relationship between work-related rumination and fatigue was also tested. An online questionnaire was completed by a heterogeneous sample of 719 adult workers in diverse occupations. The following variables were entered as predictors in a regression model: affective rumination, problem-solving pondering, detachment, and sleep quality. The dependent variables were chronic work-related fatigue (CF) and acute work-related fatigue (AF). Affective rumination was the strongest predictor of increased CF and AF. Problem-solving pondering was a significant predictor of decreased CF and AF. Poor sleep quality was predictive of increased CF and AF. Detachment was significantly negatively predictive for AF. Sleep quality partially mediated the relationship between affective rumination and fatigue and between problem-solving pondering and fatigue. Work-related affective rumination appears more detrimental to an individual's ability to recover from work than problem-solving pondering. In the context of identifying mechanisms by which demands at work are translated into ill-health, this appears to be a key finding and suggests that it is the type of work-related rumination, not rumination per se, that is important.     

The Unique Effects of Forgiveness on Health: An Exploration of Pathways

The relationship of forgiveness, both state and trait, to health was assessed. Eighty-one community adults completed a packet of questionnaires and participated in a laboratory interview about a time of hurt or betrayal. Heart rate and blood pressure were recorded during a 10 min baseline, the interview and during a recovery period; interviews were structured around a framework of questions and videotaped. Four measures of forgiveness were all statistically associated with five measures of health (physical symptoms, medications used, sleep quality, fatigue, and somatic complaints). Trait forgiveness was associated with decreased reactivity (rate-pressure product) to the interview, but sympathetic reactivity did not account for the trait forgiveness–health association. Four mechanisms or pathways by which forgiveness could lead to fewer physical symptoms were examined: spirituality, social skills, reduction in negative affect, and reduction in stress. All factors either partially or fully mediated the effect of forgiveness on health; however, the strongest mediator for both state and trait forgiveness was reduction in negative affect. For state forgiveness, the second strongest mediator was reduction in stress; for trait forgiveness, both conflict management and reduction in stress were strong contributors.     

大学生负性情绪在反刍思维与睡眠质量间的中介作用

目的:探讨反刍思维各维度对睡眠质量的直接作用,以及负性情绪(抑郁和焦虑)在二者关系中的中介作用。方法:选取391名大学生,采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI),反刍思维量表(RRS)、流调中心用抑郁量表(CES-D)以及状态焦虑量表(SAI)分别考察其睡眠质量、反刍思维、抑郁情绪和焦虑情绪。结果:PSQI得分与RRS总分及各维度得分、CES-D得分和SAI得分均呈正相关(r=0.13~0.44,P均0.01)。回归分析显示,RRS的抑郁相关维度正向预测睡眠质量(标准化回归系数=0.49);抑郁和焦虑能够解释反刍思维与睡眠质量间关系40.74%的变异。结论:抑郁相关维度正向作用于睡眠质量;负性情绪在反刍思维与睡眠质量的关系中起到了部分中介作用。     

Sleep quality relates to emotional reactivity via intracortical myelination

A good quality and amount of sleep are fundamental to preserve cognition and affect. New evidence also indicates that poor sleep is detrimental to brain myelination. In this study, we test the hypothesis that sleep quality and/or quantity relate to variability in cognitive and emotional function via the mediating effect of interindividual differences in proxy neuroimaging measures of white matter integrity and intracortical myelination. By employing a demographically and neuropsychologically well-characterized sample of healthy people drawn from the Human Connectome Project (n = 974), we found that quality and amount of sleep were only marginally linked to cognitive performance. In contrast, poor quality and short sleep increased negative affect (i.e. anger, fear, and perceived stress) and reduced life satisfaction and positive emotionality. At the brain level, poorer sleep quality and shorter sleep duration related to lower intracortical myelin in the mid-posterior cingulate cortex (p = 0.038), middle temporal cortex (p = 0.024), and anterior orbitofrontal cortex (OFC, p = 0.034) but did not significantly affect different measures of white matter integrity. Finally, lower intracortical myelin in the OFC mediated the association between poor sleep quality and negative emotionality (p < 0.05). We conclude that intracortical myelination is an important mediator of the negative consequences of poor sleep on affective behavior.     

Developmental Origins of Rumination in Middle Childhood: The Roles of Early Temperament and Positive Parenting

Rumination, a thinking style characterized by a repetitive inward focus on negative cognitions, has been linked to internalizing disorders, particularly depression. Moreover, research suggests that rumination may be a cognitive vulnerability that predisposes individuals to psychopathology. Surprisingly little is known, however, about the etiology and development of rumination. The present study examined the role of specific components of child temperamental negative emotionality (sadness, fear, anger) and effortful control (inhibition), as well as parenting behaviors during early childhood on the development of rumination in middle childhood. Early childhood (age 3) temperament and parenting behaviors were assessed observationally and rumination was self-reported in middle childhood (age 9) in a large community sample (N = 425; 47.1% female). Two significant interactions emerged. First, temperamental anger interacted with inhibitory control (IC) such that high anger and low IC predicted higher levels of rumination, whereas low anger and low IC predicted lower levels of rumination. Second, IC interacted with parenting such that children with low IC and positive parenting had lower levels of rumination. In contrast, children with high IC reported similar levels of rumination regardless of parenting quality. Overall, these findings highlight the interplay of early IC with temperamental anger and positive parenting in the development of ruminative tendencies in middle childhood.     

Anger rumination,social support,and cardiac symptoms in patients undergoing angiography

Objectives . Socially isolated individuals report more cardiac symptoms, suffer increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and experience higher levels of stress and anxiety than those with more effective support resources. However, the complex interactions of psychosocial factors implicated in the disease process remain to be fully elucidated. We sought to explore these relationships, with the addition of a novel psychosocial variable, anger rumination, which could be associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Design . We examined the association of psychological stress, social support, and anger rumination, with surgical anxiety, self‐reported cardiac symptoms, and angiographically documented coronary artery disease, using a correlational ex post facto design. Methods . One hundred and one patients scheduled for elective coronary angiography completed questionnaires during the week prior to angiography. Disease severity was objectively assessed using the Gensini scoring system. Results . Self‐reported cardiac symptom severity was significantly correlated with higher perceived stress, less social support, and higher anger rumination, but none of the psychosocial variables predicted Gensini score. Social support partially mediated the relationship between anger rumination and surgical anxiety. Perceived stress mediated the relationship between anger rumination and cardiac symptoms. Conclusions . For patients awaiting angiography, stress, and lack of social support are important predictors of self‐reported cardiac symptoms, irrespective of actual disease severity. Intervention could focus on reducing perceived stress by encouraging reappraisal and a support seeking, rather than a ruminative, anger coping style.     

Association of DRD4 and COMT polymorphisms with anger and forgiveness traits in healthy volunteers

Although the biological basis of trait anger, anger expression, and forgiveness are not well understood, there has been growing evidence that anger-related dispositions are heritable and associated with genetic polymorphisms. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possible relationship between anger and forgiveness traits and the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158 Met polymorphisms in healthy Korean subjects. Three hundred and thirty-five healthy college students were recruited, and the 308 participants with a complete data set (184 males, 124 females) were included in the data analysis. DNA of the subjects was isolated from whole blood cells, and DRD4 variable number of tandem repeats and COMT Val158 Met polymorphisms were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction. Participants performed the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory and Trait Forgivingness Scale measuring anger and forgiveness traits. The DRD4 2-repeat (2R) allele group had significantly lower anger in tendency and higher forgiveness traits than the 4R allele group in males. Our results provide evidence that the 2R allele of DRD4 in a Korean sample might have a different function from the 4R allele and a gender-specific role on anger-related traits. The COMT Val158 Met polymorphism had no significant relationship with anger and forgiveness traits. These findings suggest a possible relationship between anger expression styles and forgiveness traits and dopaminergic dysfunction.     

Forgiveness, physiological reactivity and health: the role of anger

Research has revealed that forgiveness may have beneficial effects for the forgiver's health. The present research explored whether reductions in anger underlie such effects, or whether forgiveness has beneficial health effects above and beyond the effects of decreasing anger. State and trait forgiveness were examined, along with styles of anger expression, for their relationship to physiological responses during recalled betrayal, and to self-reported health indices. State and trait forgiveness were negatively associated with anger-out; however, with one exception, no other styles of anger expression were linked with forgiveness. Both forgiveness and anger-out were associated with systolic blood pressure, heart rate and rate-pressure product. Partial correlations revealed that trait forgiveness accounted for significant variance in mean systolic blood pressure and rate-pressure product, and state forgiveness predicted mean heart rate, even after gender and anger-out had been controlled. On the other hand, anger-out fully mediated the trait forgiveness-heart rate and state forgiveness-rate pressure product effects. Trait forgiveness was significantly associated with fewer medications and less alcohol use, lower blood pressure and rate pressure product; state forgiveness was significantly associated with lower heart rate and fewer physical symptoms. Neither of these sets of findings were the result of decreased levels of anger-out being associated with forgiveness. These findings have important theoretical implications regarding the forgiveness-health link, suggesting that the benefits of forgiveness extend beyond the dissipation of anger.     

Is There an Association Between Rumination and Self-Reported Physical Health? A One-Year Follow-Up in a Young and an Elderly Sample

Cross-sectional studies have suggested an association between rumination and subjective health. The aim of the present study was to investigate in a longitudinal design whether rumination was related to self-reported physical health. A total of 96 young (age range 20-35) and 110 elderly (age range 70-85) participants completed questionnaires measuring rumination, negative affect, life events, and self-reported physical health at baseline and at 1-year follow-up. Multiple linear regressions showed a significant association between self-reported physical health at time I only for the elderly and negative affect mediated the association. At follow-up, rumination was significantly associated with self-reported physical health only for the young and the association was only partly mediated by negative affect. In conclusion, rumination is associated with poorer self-reported physical health, but the association depends on the age of the individual as well as time span studied.     

Psychological and cumulative cardiovascular effects of repeated angry rumination and visuospatial suppression

Brooding rumination is associated with depressed mood, increased negative affect, prolonged anger and inhibited cardiovascular (CV) recovery. Distraction from rumination on a stressful interpersonal encounter is associated with faster CV recovery and decreased negative affect. Studies have suggested that a concurrent visuospatial (VS) task inhibits the maintenance of imagery associated with the perseveration of intrusive negative memories. 120 healthy participants were recruited for the study. As an analogue of repeated angry rumination, the authors explored the effects of repeated visual recall of a provocative confederate and the subsequent impact of two visuospatial (VS) distraction tasks on negative affect, blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR). Repeated recall of the provocation generated repeatedly elevated HR with a cumulative trend that may have CV disease risk implications for chronic ruminators. VS distraction did not aid recovery compared with the Control task.     

Trauma and healing in the underserved populations of homelessness and corrections: Forgiveness Therapy as an added component to intervention

The purpose of this article is to begin applying the principles of the psychology of forgiveness to people who are without homes and people who are in prisons. A review of the literature shows trauma for both groups. When the trauma is caused by unjust treatment by others, then excessive anger can result, compromising one's psychological and physical health. We review the interventions that have been offered for those without homes and the imprisoned to examine which existing programmes address such anger. Forgiveness Therapy, although untried in these two settings, may be one beneficial approach for substantially reducing unhealthy anger. Forgiveness interventions have shown a cause-and-effect relationship between learning to forgive and overcoming psychological compromise such as strong resentment and clinical levels of anxiety and depression. The literature review here suggests that forgiveness therapy for those without homes and the imprisoned may be a new and important consideration for ameliorating anger and aiding in a changed life pattern.     

大学生宽恕与心理健康的相关分析

目的探讨大学生宽恕与心理健康水平的关系。方法采用整群分层抽样法抽取南京市某2所大学本科生323名。采用中国-Mullet宽恕问卷测查大学生的宽恕水平,用症状自评量表（SCL-90）测查被试的心理健康状况。结果大学生总体平均宽恕指数为188．36±40．796。大学生宽恕与SCL总分以及10个因子呈显著的负相关。对大学生的宽恕与心理症状因子进行逐步回归分析．结果偏执、敌对2个因子进入了回归方程。结论目前大多数大学生具有较高的宽恕水平,但仍然有相当一部分大学生的宽恕水平有待提高,且男女生宽恕存在显著差异;大学生宽恕与心理症状呈负相关,宽恕水平越高的学生心理健康状况越良好,宽恕水平越低的人心理健康状况越差。偏执、敌对等对大学生宽恕水平有显著的负面影响。不同学科、性别、年级的大学生宽恕与心理健康的相关程度不同。     

The impact of forgiveness on cardiovascular reactivity and recovery.

The current study investigated the relationship between trait forgiveness and cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) and recovery in 99 normotensive participants (mean age=33.8). Cardiovascular parameters were obtained at 2-minute intervals during a 10-minute baseline period and a 20-minute recovery period, and at 1-minute intervals during a 4-minute anger recall task and a 4-minute serial subtraction task without harassment. Participants filled out a self-report measure of forgiveness prior to the laboratory procedure. Although forgiveness was not related to CVR, higher levels of trait forgiveness were predictive of lower diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at baseline (p<.02) and faster DBP recovery (p<.003). Findings suggest that forgiveness may be related to overall reductions in blood pressure levels and may aid in cardiovascular recovery from stress. The results also provide preliminary evidence that forgiveness may impact cardiovascular health not through a myocardial or vascular pathway, but through another mechanism.     

大学生情绪调节方式与抑郁的研究

目的：探讨大学生的情绪及情绪调节方法及其与抑郁和性别的关系。方法：98名大学本科生接受了情绪量表,情绪调节方式量表和抑郁量表的评定。结果：（1）大学生情绪感受频率序列（从多到少）为：快乐、兴趣,羞愧、内疚,羞涩、悲伤、惊奇、敌意、愤怒、蔑视、厌恶、恐惧等。（2）一般的模式在感受负性情绪时出现比较多的忽视和抑制,感受正性情绪时出现比较多的重视和宣泄;原因调节多于反应调节。（3）男性感受比较多的愤怒、在感受正性情绪时,男性存在比较多的忽视和抑制,女性存在比较多的重视和宣泄。（4）抑郁高分组包含比较的羞愧、羞涩、悲伤,自我敌意、恐惧、厌恶、愤怒等负性情绪,比较少的快乐和兴趣。在调节方式上,高抑郁在感受负情绪时有更多的重视和宣泄,在感受正情情绪时存在比较多的忽视和抑制,比较少的重视和宣泄,结论：不适当的情绪调节方式可能是增强抑郁的重要原因。     

Rumination on anger and sadness in adolescence: fueling of fury and deepening of despair.

We examined anger rumination and sadness rumination in clinic-referred adolescents (N = 121). Factor analysis indicated that items from analogous anger and sadness rumination measures loaded onto 2 factors tapping anger rumination and sadness rumination, respectively. Structural equation modeling confirmed unique relations between each form of rumination and specific emotional or behavioral problems. Anger and anger rumination were independent predictors of aggression, suggesting that both the affective component of anger (i.e., angry feelings) and the cognitive process (i.e., recurrent thoughts about anger) are important in predicting aggressive behavior. Girls reported higher levels of both forms of rumination compared to boys; however, no sex differences were found in the relations between either form of rumination and outcomes.     

Is anger management style associated with descending modulation of spinal nociception?

Anger management styles (i.e., anger‐in and anger‐out) characterize a person's typical response to anger. Anger‐in, the suppression of anger, and anger‐out, the outward expression of anger, have been associated with increased acute and chronic pain. Previous research suggests that anger‐in is related to pain because of its shared variance with negative affect; anger‐out is believed to be related to pain because of a disruption of endogenous opioid systems. It is currently unknown whether anger management styles promote pain by facilitating central sensitization or spinal nociception. This study assessed the relationship between anger management styles and markers of central sensitization (i.e., temporal summation of pain [TS ‐pain] and nociception flexion reflex [TS ‐NFR ]), spinal nociception (nociception flexion reflex [NFR ] threshold), and measures of pain experience. One hundred nine healthy pain‐free individuals completed the study. A bootstrapped mediation analysis was conducted to test whether negative affect mediated relationships with anger‐in. Results suggested that anger‐in and anger‐out were associated with lower NFR thresholds (facilitated spinal nociception), but no other outcome. Negative affect did not mediate either of these relationships. These results suggest that anger management styles may amplify spinal nociceptive processes in healthy humans without altering central sensitization.     

Forgiveness: a neurological model

A definition of "forgiveness" is chosen that emphasizes its biological and neurological components, namely the cessation of emotions connected with memories of a hurtful act. An experience of forgiveness is analyzed into seven steps and each is associated with a neurological source. The cornerstone hypothesis is that, before forgiveness takes place, memories periodically arouse fear stemming from the amygdala. This fear drives a pattern of anger and fight-or-flight readiness. Under appropriate circumstances the frontal cortex interrupts the pattern and quells the fear response in the amygdala. The resultant relaxation of muscular tension signals the cortex that forgiveness has occurred. In addition, the memory pathway from the rhinal cortex and hippocampus to the amygdala is inhibited. Finally, a tangible act confirms that the memories no longer stimulate the amygdala and the pattern of anger and stress do not recur. The relationship of the neurological model with other theoretical models is presented and some avenues for experimental testing of the model are mentioned.     

Hydrogen peroxide-induced Ca2+ responses in CNS pericytes

A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene Val66Met has been associated with depression. However, the relationship between this SNP and depression has been mixed, especially when comparing studies of child and adult depression. We examined whether Val66Met would predict depression differentially in mothers versus their daughters. We also examined whether rumination, the tendency to brood and repetitively think about negative information, might serve as a mediator in the path between genotype and depressive symptoms. Participants included 200 individuals (100 mother-daughter pairs) from a high-risk population. The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism was examined in DNA samples from the mothers and daughters, and measures of depressive symptoms and rumination were also obtained. Among the young adolescent girls (ages 10-14), the Val/Val genotype was associated with more depressive symptoms and higher rumination scores compared to the Val/Met genotype. Furthermore, rumination mediated the relationship between genotype and depressive symptoms. However, in the mothers with adult-onset depression the Val/Met genotype was associated with more depressive symptoms, and rumination again mediated the relationship between genotype and depression. Rumination may be an endophenotype in the pathway from the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism to depression. Future work should further explore this mechanism and pursue explanations for its effects at different times in development.     

Types of prayer and depressive symptoms among cancer patients: the mediating role of rumination and social support

We examined the association between different types of prayer and depressive symptoms--with rumination and social support as potential mediators--in a sample of predominantly White, Christian, and female ambulatory cancer patients. In a cross-sectional design, 179 adult cancer outpatients completed measures of prayer, rumination, social support, depressive symptoms, and demographic variables. Type and stage of cancer were collected from electronic medical charts. Depressive symptoms were negatively correlated with adoration prayer (r = -.15), reception prayer (r = -.17), thanksgiving prayer (r = -.29), and prayer for the well-being of others (r = -.26). In the path analysis, rumination fully mediated the link between thanksgiving prayer and depressive symptoms (β for indirect effect = -.05), whereas social support partially mediated the link between prayer for others and depressive symptoms (β for indirect effect = -.05). These findings suggest that unique mechanisms may link different prayer types to lower depressive symptoms among cancer patients.     

大学生的宽恕水平对愤怒表达及心理健康的影响

目的探讨大学生的宽恕水平对愤怒表达及心理健康的影响。方法使用人际侵犯动机问卷(TR IM-18)、状态特质愤怒表达问卷-2(STAX I-2)及一般健康问卷(GHQ-28)对随机抽取的248名在校大学生进行测试,运用独立t检验进行统计分析。结果男女生的人际侵犯动机及宽恕水平无显著差异;低宽恕组的状态怒、特质怒、内向怒和外向怒都高于高宽恕组的(P<0.05),而在愤怒控制方面却低于高宽恕组(t=-3.676,P<0.05);低宽恕组的心理健康水平低于高宽恕组的(t=4.065,P<0.05)。结论宽恕确实影响愤怒表达和心理健康,可以通过宽恕干预,改善愤怒表达,以提高大学生的心理健康水平。