两种数字化X射线摄影技术影像质量与成像剂量的比较

目的对比研究非晶硒平板探测器直接数字化X射线摄影(DR)及计算机x射线摄影(CR)两种数字化X射线摄影技术影像质量与吸收剂量的关系。方法应用DR和CR系统分别对对比度．细节体模(CDRAD2．0)进行不同吸收剂量的曝光成像。记录每次曝光的体模表面吸收剂量，并将所获取的影像在图像诊断工作站显示器上由4位观片者进行观察，计算影像质量表征因子(IQF)。应用ANOVA检验法统计、比较两种数字化摄影技术的图像质量与吸收剂量的差别。结果与CR相比，DR具有更低的IQF值，对人体组织对比度和结构细节有更好的信息检出特性。两种成像技术产生相同IQF值时，DR系统在体模表面产生的表面剂量比CR系统降低了77％。结论DR技术对于低对比度组织细节的检测好于CR技术。在获得相同影像信息的前提下，与CR相比应用DR大大降低了被检者吸收剂量。     

乳腺数字化X线射影术、计算机X线射影术和屏-胶片系统影像质量和放射剂量的比较

目的 比较增感屏-胶片乳腺X线摄影、数字乳腺摄影(DR)和计算机乳腺摄影(CR)3种系统的模体影像质量、辐射剂量和临床对疾病诊断的准确率.方法 选择3台临床使用中的屏-胶片、DR和CR乳腺摄影设备,进行性能测试,确保质量符合规定,具有可比性.以屏-胶片系统的辐射剂量为标准,使用DR和CR分别对Manuno-152模体和美国放射学院(ACR)模体摄影.再使用DR和CR的最优模式对模体摄影并记录辐射剂量.所获图像照片按模拟病变结构编号,由8名专业乳腺放射学医师在相同条件下分别进行ACR评分.3种方法的评分结果采用随机区组设计的方差分析进行统计学处理.连续收集一段时期内采用3种检查方法检查,并且有病理诊断结果的患者的影像资料,应用Kappa检验方法进行2种诊断结果一致性检验,并以病理结果为金标准,比较3种影像检查结果诊断的准确率.结果 对于Mammo-152模体,无论DR、CR的辐射剂量是否超过屏一胶片乳腺X线摄影的2.25 mGy乳腺平均剂量,屏-胶片摄影的空间分辨率都最高(7.0～8.0 Lp/mm),DR次之(4.7～5.2 Lp/mm),CR最差(2.5 Lp/mm).增加辐射剂量(27.0%～30.0%),DR的空间分辨率略有改善(上升11.0%),而CR几乎没有改变(上升1.5%).对ACR模体摄影时,DR的辐射剂量没有超过屏-胶片乳腺X线摄影的2.22 mGy乳腺平均剂量,且模拟结构显示度最好.屏-胶片乳腺x线摄影的团块显示优于CR,但CR的纤维和点阵显像优于屏-胶片乳腺X线摄影.CR检查时辐射剂量提高25.0%,纤维和点阵显像接近DR,团块显像接近屏-胶片乳腺x线摄影.3台设备的X线诊断和病理诊断结果的一致性极好(屏-胶片系统的一致率50/56,DR系统83/90,CR系统61/69,P值均<0.01且Kappa值均>0.75),在疾病诊断准确率上差异没有统计学意义[屏-胶片系统的准确率为89.3%(50/56),DR系统为92.2%(83/90),CR系统为88.4%(61/69),PearsonX2值为0.722,P=0.697].结论 屏-胶片乳腺X线摄影分辨率最高,DR的模拟病变显像最好且辐射剂量最低.当CR的辐射剂量与屏-胶片乳腺X线摄影相当时,两者对模拟病变的显像各有优劣;当增加CR的摄影剂量时,其模拟结构显像质量高于屏-胶片乳腺X线摄影,低于DR.在临床对疾病的诊断准确率方面,三者无明显差别.     

数字乳腺摄影系统的质量控制检测与评价

目的 对3套数字乳腺摄影系统进行质量控制检测与评价。方法 应用欧洲乳腺癌普查和诊断质量控制导则中推荐的方法,结合国内乳腺摄影评价标准,对3套数字乳腺摄影系统进行X线发生器性能质量控制检测与评价;分别应用直接数字化X线摄影技术(DR)、相位对比乳腺摄影(PCM)和计算机X线摄影技术(CR)系统在4个厚度下(30、40、50及60mm)对乳腺专用对比度细节检测模体(CDMAM3.4)进行AEC曝光成像,计算与评价每一厚度下的平均腺体剂量(AGD)和影像质量因子(IQF)。结果 DR和CR的X线机性能检测符合现有标准;等效PMMA厚度分别为30、40、50、60mm时,DR系统的AGD分别为1.20、1.42、1.75、2.20mGy;PCM系统AGD分别是0.82、1.19、1.33、1.70mGy;CR系统AGD为0.59、0.88、1.47、2.19mGy。在相应的模体厚度下,DR系统的IQF值为21.36、21.57、27.25和30.58;PCM和CR系统的IQF值分别为28.02、29.10、35.90、41.24和39.78、39.30、43.85、48.08。结论 GBZ186-2007标准不适用于PCM系统X线机性能部分性能的评价。本研究的3套系统自动曝光下平均腺体剂量均符合欧洲标准。在国内检测规范欠缺的情况下,可参考国际标准或指南对数字乳腺系统进行常规监测。     

CR与非晶体硅DR胸部摄影曝光剂量优化的探讨

目的 比较CR与非晶体硅DR在胸部摄影中入射剂量的差异,探讨两者最优化曝光剂量.方法 应用CR、DR分别别胸部模体行不同入射剂量曝光成像,记录模体表面入射剂量,用CDRAD2.0评估软件计算模体影像图像质量因子反数值IQFinv.CR组、DR组图像IQFinv差异用两独立样本t检验;CR组、DR组各自图像IQFinv与入射剂量的关系应用pearson相关;应用ROC曲线分析获取两组最佳图像IQFinv值,并换算曝光剂量.结果 CR和DR组入射剂量和图像质量IQFinv值之间呈明显的正相关(r=0.893、0.848,P<0.01),并存在线性回归.CR和DR组IQFinv值差异有统计学意义(t=5.455,P<0.05).ROC曲线分析(曲线下面积AUC=0.893,P<0.001),最佳IQFinv值为3.55.结论 CR、DR系统对于低对比度细节的检测能力均随着入射剂量的增加而增加.入射剂量相同时,DR系统对于低对比度细节的检测能力优于CR;在获得相同的图像质量时,与CR相比应用DR可大大降低被榆者辐射剂量.     

CR与非晶体硅DR胸部摄影曝光剂量优化的探讨

目的 比较CR与非晶体硅DR在胸部摄影中入射剂量的差异,探讨两者最优化曝光剂量.方法 应用CR、DR分别别胸部模体行不同入射剂量曝光成像,记录模体表面入射剂量,用CDRAD2.0评估软件计算模体影像图像质量因子反数值IQFinv.CR组、DR组图像IQFinv差异用两独立样本t检验;CR组、DR组各自图像IQFinv与入射剂量的关系应用pearson相关;应用ROC曲线分析获取两组最佳图像IQFinv值,并换算曝光剂量.结果 CR和DR组入射剂量和图像质量IQFinv值之间呈明显的正相关(r=0.893、0.848,P<0.01),并存在线性回归.CR和DR组IQFinv值差异有统计学意义(t=5.455,P<0.05).ROC曲线分析(曲线下面积AUC=0.893,P<0.001),最佳IQFinv值为3.55.结论 CR、DR系统对于低对比度细节的检测能力均随着入射剂量的增加而增加.入射剂量相同时,DR系统对于低对比度细节的检测能力优于CR;在获得相同的图像质量时,与CR相比应用DR可大大降低被榆者辐射剂量.     

CR与DR系统胸部摄影参数对比的实验研究

目的：比较CR、DR在胸部摄影中的最优化摄影参数。方法：CR、DR系统分别对胸部等效衰减模体行不同参数曝光成像,记录每次曝光的模体表面剂量,并计算模体影像图像质量因子反数值IQFinv。应用统计学软件分析获取CR组、DR组最佳图像的IQFinv值,并换算成摄影参数。结果：CR组、DR组摄影剂量和图像质量IQFinv值之间的线性回归方程为DR：IQFinv=0.005D＋3.359,CR：IQFinv=0.005D＋1.651,D为辐射剂量。ROC曲线分析（曲线下面积AUC=0.893,P〈0.001）,最佳IQFinv值为3.55,获得DR、CR最佳图像摄影参数分别为125 kV、1.6 mAs,125 kV、16 mAs。结论：要得到满足诊断要求且一致的图像质量,CR的摄影剂量大致是DR的4倍。     

X射线胸部摄影曝光剂量与图像质量相关性研究

目的 研究数字化X射线胸部高千伏摄影曝光剂量与图像质量的关系,确定数字化X射线摄影最佳曝光剂量。方法 选择胸部高千伏摄影管电压120 kV,摄影mAs从1 mAs逐档增加至25 mAs,对模拟人体胸部厚度摄影体模与CDRAD 2.0对比度细节体模进行摄影,测量体模表面X射线入射剂量,由5位观察者独立阅读体模影像,比较任意两曝光条件组之间的图像质量因子（IQF）,确定高千伏胸部摄影最佳条件。比较4和10 mAs条件下正常人体胸部摄影图像质量评分。结果 胸部高千伏摄影体模曝光条件从1 mAs增加到25 mAs,体模表面X射线入射剂量从0.067 mGy增加至1.468 mGy。随着X射线入射剂量的增加,影像质量影响因子IQF值不断减小,观察者阅读体模信号的IQF差异有统计学意义（F=31.00,P<0.05）,曝光剂量条件选择在1~4 mAs时所对应的IQF均值差异有统计学意义（F=15.3,P<0.05）,4~10 mAs时所对应的IQF差异无统计学意义,10~25 mAs时所对应的IQF均值差异有统计学意义（F=9.74,P<0.05）。曝光剂量条件选择4和10 mAs所对应的体模表面入射剂量为0.250和0.606 mGy,两种条件下胸部图像质量的综合评分分别为（24.8±1.64）、（25.8±2.05）分,差异无统计学意义。结论 随着数字化X射线摄影剂量的增加所获得图像信息量增加。满足临床诊断的标准人体胸部高千伏数字化X摄影最佳剂量为0.250 mGy左右。     

骨盆数字化X射线摄影曝光剂量的优化研究

目的研究直接数字化X射线摄影照射剂量与成像质量的关系，确定骨盆X射线摄影的最佳摄影条件。方法以对比度一细节体模CDRAD2．0在不同照射剂量下所获取的影像的图像质量因子IQF，进行ANOVA及SNK统计学分析，确定最佳照射条件。应用X射线摄影模拟人拍摄骨盆X射线影像，按照欧共体（CEC）图像质量标准验证最佳摄影条件与常规摄影条件下照射剂量与成像质量的差别。结果不同照射剂量条件下，对比度一细节体模影像质量因子IQF有显著性差别（P=0．0001），照射剂量大于0．61mGy时，不同剂量组间IQF差异无统计学意义。对以最佳照射条件和常规照射条件所拍摄的X射线摄影模拟人影像按照CEC标准评判，两者影像质量的差异无统计学意义。结论直接数字化X射线摄影时通过增大照射剂量可以提高影像质量，但是当曝光剂量达到足够大时，再增大曝光剂量并不能显著改善图像质量，影像质量与曝光剂量间存在一个优化剂量。标准体模骨盆X射线摄影的优化剂量为0．61mGy。     

Flemish乳腺癌摄影方案中数字化乳腺钼靶摄影对检查参数和乳腺剂量的影响

正摘要目的探讨在Flemish乳腺癌摄影方案中数字化乳腺钼靶摄影对检查参数和乳腺剂量的影响。比较计算机X线摄影(CR)、直接X线摄影(DR)与屏片乳腺摄影系统(SFM)。     

浅谈CR与DR数字化成像技术

在普通X射线机的发展道路上．数字化成像技术的发展更为重要。近年来，数字化X射线机已逐渐替代了传统X射线机，胃肠机；医用网络系统如雨后春笋般层出不穷，这反映了综合性大医院CT、MR、DSA信息数字化后为实现影像学信息化网络化的配置更耨趋势。目前的普通X射线数字化成像摄影技术主要包括纠。算机X射线摄影术（Cornputed Radiography,CR）数字化X射线摄影术（Digital Radiographv，DR）。     

Investigation of quality control and average glandular dose and image quality in digital mammography in Hokkaido

A questionnaire survey about mammography in Hokkaido was mailed to 121 facilities from August to September 2009. We surveyed the conditions of digital mammography with regard to quality control (QC) and average glandular dose at 79 facilities in Hokkaido in 2009, and the results of the survey were compared with those of 2004. We found that digital mammography techniques were widely used across Hokkaido and that computed radiography (CR) systems were quite widespread, with 70% of facilities having them. The average glandular dose ranged from 1.04 to 2.3 mGy (mean: 1.73 mGy) for digital equipment. The results revealed several problems. Although the use of 1-, 2-, and 3-megapixel (MP) liquid crystal displays (LCDs) was not uncommon, 5-MP LCDs were used in most cases when reading digital mammograms. Facilities that have mammography equipment are unlikely to have quality control instruments for mammography. Although daily QC is performed in most facilities, further quality control for digital mammography should be developed, including that for monitors. In a second study, we evaluated the 1 Shot Phantom M Plus (1 Shot Phantom), which enables objective evaluation by providing for one physical measurement rather than a subjective visual analysis. The results indicated that the 1 Shot Phantom was very useful for digital mammography systems in daily QC testing because it enabled objectivity.     

数字X线摄影系统中低剂量应用的探讨

目的 通过数字X线摄影系统（DR）在胸部摄影检查中的应用评价DR的低剂量的优越性。方法 利用CDRAD 2.0低对比细节体模评价计算机X线摄影（CR）和DR的影像质量和表面空气吸收剂量（ESD）关系,分别利用两个系统（DR使用ESD约为CR的1/3）得到成人胸部30幅影像。由6位影像科医生来评价以上两者的影像系统对于肩胛骨内侧边缘等胸部结构的清晰程度。结果 CR影像和减少ESD的DR影像在影像诊断质量上差异没有统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 DR的较好的分辨率和低噪声特性,以及高DQE有助于减少患者接受的辐射剂量,而不影响诊断质量。     

Flat panel digital radiography compared with storage phosphor computed radiography: assessment of dose versus image quality in phantom studies

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE: To assess and quantify the dose reduction by use of a CsI-flat panel digital radiography (DR)-system compared with digital computed radiography (CR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A TCDD-test using the CDRAD-phantom was performed at mAs-values of 5, 4, 2.5, 2, 1, and 0.5 mAs for both digital systems. Entrance surface doses were recorded for all images. Images were presented to four independent observers. For quantitative comparison the image quality figure (IQF) was calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using the Pearson correlation and the Wilcoxon test. A ROC analysis was performed using the TRG-phantom. Settings of 4, 2.5, 2 mAs for both systems were used. In addition, 1 and 0.5 mAs were used for the DR system only. Statistical significance was evaluated using Student test. RESULTS: The DR system provided equivalent results compared with CR with respect to high frequency information and superior results with respect to low contrast details. Compared with computed radiography, the flat panel detector demonstrated significantly lower IQFs, ensuring a better image quality with respect to contrast and detail detectability. IQFs for DR and CR were equal at a surface dose reduction of 87% for DR. ROC analysis revealed significantly higher values under the curve for DR up to a surface dose reduction of 70%. CONCLUSIONS: Image quality of DR proved to be far superior to CR in particular for low contrast details. The image quality of CR is similar to that of DR only at high dose levels.     

CR/DR systems: what each technology offers today; what is expected for the future

Computed radiography (CR) is considered by some to be the work-horse for digital image capture of general radiography exams because it is affordable, offers excellent image quality and exposure latitude and utilizes existing x-ray systems. CR systems deliver digital imaging to general radiology departments and lower-volume areas that can include hospital floors and outpatient imaging centers. Digital radiography (DR) technology is more expensive, but some believe it earns its keep with significant productivity gains and the capacity for higher image quality or lower dose. DR systems are especially appropriate for emergency room settings and high-volume areas in general radiology departments, orthopedic clinics, imaging centers and other facilities. Facilities with growing patient volumes and limited space often choose to install DR systems in one or 2 exam rooms to double the productivity of those rooms, while one or more CR systems serve the remaining rooms or remote areas. Patients benefit from both faster image capture (it takes less time for each imaging exam) and hospitals achieve a digital distribution process that speeds delivery of radiology reports to referring physicians and a more efficient imaging workflow that can lead to increased revenues.     

数字X线成像技术的进展

数字化技术正给医学影像领域带来革命性的变化。对X线成像的数字化,从CR、DR、数字钼靶摄片,到DSA技术,都正在经历从发展到成熟应用于临床的过程。本文阐述了数字化X线成像技术的分类,对CR和DR技术的最新进展、乳腺数字成像,进行了较为详细的论述,综述了最新的技术进展和临床应用发展。     

Typetesting of physical characteristics of digital mammography systems for screening within the Flemish breast cancer screening programme

To investigate compliance with the acceptance criteria of the European guidelines for quality assurance in breast cancer screening, a typetesting programme of the physical characteristics of digital mammography systems based on direct readout (DR) technology or computed radiography (CR) was organised and executed within the Flemish breast cancer screening programme. While in general image quality/dose characteristics of flat panel DR systems passed the acceptance criteria more easily than CR systems, the slit-scanning direct photon counting system included in present study was outstanding in combining a very low dose with a good image quality. The data obtained up to now indicate the necessity of retuning the AEC for DR systems according to constant contrast to noise ratio (CNR) over the whole range of PMMA thicknesses (20–70 mm) to improve image quality in imaging breasts of large thickness at the cost of higher doses. For the two CR systems which passed the typetesting procedure dose levels do not allow a similar improvement of CNR for thick objects for these systems. The obtained results highlight the importance of the use of high Z target/filter combinations in X-ray generating systems for imaging thick objects to meet the image quality/dose criteria. With respect to image display aspects high-quality 3-megapixel LCD monitors succeeded also in the typetesting procedure in addition to 5-megapixel monitors. However, as zooming and scrolling are necessary for 3-megapixel monitors to get the full resolution capabilities of the image capture system, 5-megapixel monitors are preferred in a busy screening environment.