抚触对42天婴儿早期发育的影响

【目的】研究抚触对42d婴儿体格发育和神经行为发育的影响。为临床提供参考依据。【方法】选择正常健康的42d婴儿800例。随机抽取抚触组100例，对照组100例。抚触组婴儿从出生第1d开始皮肤抚触至42d，每天3次。每次15min。均于出生后42d测量体重、身长、头围．并对其行为发育进行测评。【结果】抚触组42d后体重、身长、头围的增长均高于对照组。差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。同时。对其测试俯卧抬头、视距追踪、听觉追踪和对测试者的微笑差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）。【结论】婴儿抚触对42d婴儿的体格发育及行为发育具有明娃的促进作用，值得大力提倡和推广，进而提高婴儿的身心发育水平。     

游泳与抚触对婴儿生长发育影响的效果观察

[目的]探讨游泳与抚触对婴儿生长发育影响的效果.[方法]对40名新生儿进行游泳及抚触并设对照组,记录两组儿童1、3、6个月时的身长、体重、头围均值及发育指标.每3个月进行1次发育指标评定和婴幼儿智能发育量表测试.[结果]两组婴儿3、6个月时体重、身长发育均值比较,差异显著（P＜0.05）;各能区发育以大运动、精细运动、个人交往能区发育商差异显著（P＜0.01）;智力发育指数和运动发育指数比较,差异显著（P＜0.01）.[结论]游泳与抚触对婴儿生长发育有促进作用.     

8月龄婴儿萌牙与营养状态

目的 分析比较8月龄末萌牙婴儿的营养及喂养状况。方法 筛选出8月龄未萌牙婴儿85例与同性别，同龄和相同例数已萌牙婴儿进行体重，身长和母乳喂养情况比较，将未萌牙婴儿的体重和身长与中国九市城区正常2儿童体格发育衡量值（衡量值）进行比较。结果 8月龄未萌牙婴儿体重和身长明显低于已萌牙组婴儿，2组比较差异有显著性（P＜0．01，P＜0．001）。未萌牙组婴儿体重和身长与衡量值比较，二者体重差异无显著性（P＞0．05），未萌牙组儿童身长低于衡量值，差异有显著性（P＜0．05），未萌牙组母乳喂养率低于萌芽组母乳喂养率（P＜0．01）。结论 未萌牙儿童营养状况欠佳，母乳喂养率低。     

抚触结合穴位按摩对促进婴儿生长发育的效果观察

目的探讨穴位按摩结合抚触在婴儿生长发育中的实施效果。方法将360例足月分娩正常新生儿随机分为实验组和对照组各180例，实验组采用国际标准抚触结合中医穴位按摩；对照组单纯采用国际标准抚触，观察期为42d对两组新生儿进行体格发育指标（体重、身长、胸围）和智能指标（运动能区、智力能区、社会适应能区）进行测试。结果进行穴位按摩结合抚触的婴儿体格发育和智能发育指标明显大于对照组。结论穴位按摩结合抚触能促进婴儿生长发育。     

婴儿早期游泳、抚触对儿童生长发育影响的研究

[目的]、探讨婴儿早期游泳、抚触对儿童生长发育的影响效果，为推行婴儿游泳及抚触提供科学依据。[方法]以新生儿出生后4小时至6个月的游泳婴儿为观察对象，采用与游泳婴儿性别、日龄相近的非游泳婴儿为对照组进行对比研究。婴儿早期游泳以连续10天为1个游程，每次游泳时间10分钟～20分钟，每次游泳结束后对婴儿进行被动抚触。主要观察指标为婴儿性别、日龄、孕周、出生时及游泳后身长、体重、头围、胸围、上臂围等指标。[结果]除身长外其他4项指标（体重、头围、胸围、上臀围）的月平均生长发育增长速度，游泳组显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。对婴儿生长发育速度引入性别、孕周、游泳锻炼、开始游泳时的日龄4个变量进行了多元逐步回归分析。提示：身长、体重、头围、胸围、上臂围5项指标均与游泳锻炼、开始游泳时的日龄呈显著性正相关。另外，头围增长速度与男性呈显著性正相关。[结论]对婴儿早期实施游泳、抚触锻炼，可促进婴儿全身各生理系统健康发育。     

婴儿抚触后延续效应的研究

目的探讨婴儿抚触停止后3个月内各项生长指标的延续效应。方法选择300例正常足月儿随机分成2组：抚触组和对照组。给抚触组婴儿从出生后1d～3个月进行抚触，抚触停止后观察2组婴儿在4、5、6个月内各项生长指标，并作组间比较。结果抚触组婴儿的睡眠状况、免疫功能、运动功能均优于对照组；2组婴儿体重、身长、头围差异有显著性（p〈0．05）。结论抚触能促进婴儿生长发育，抚触对婴儿神经、心理发育有积极的促进作用，抚触停止后仍有良好的延续效应，为人生打下良好的基础。     

抚触对剖宫产儿生长发育及智力发育的影响

目的　观察抚触对剖宫产儿生长发育及智力发育的影响。方法　随机将 12 0名足月剖宫产儿分为两组 ,一组为抚触组 ,1组为对照组 ,从出生满 2 4h开始对新生儿抚触 ,每天 2次 ,每次 15～ 2 0min ,共 60d。另 1组按常规护理。 60d对婴儿身长、体重进行测量对溢奶、食欲不佳、腹泻、红臀等常见病症发生情况进行比较 ,应用“小儿精神发育检查表”进行测评 ,得出五大智能区评分 ,并对以上结果进行统计学处理。结果　抚触组婴儿在身长、体重方面明显高于对照组 ,差异有显著性(P <0 .0 1) ,抚触组婴儿常见病症发生率低于对照组 ,除腹泻 (P >0 .0 5 )差异无显著性 ,溢奶 (P <0 .0 1) ,食欲不佳(P <0 .0 5 ) ,红臀 (P <0 .0 5 )差异均有显著性 ,抚触组在智能 5大区 (大动作、精细动作、认知能力、语言、社会行为 )方面得分均高于对照组 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5、P <0 .0 1)。结论　抚触可促进剖宫产儿的体格发育 ,有利于剖宫产儿的健康 ,可以促进剖宫产儿的智能发育应大力推广 ,提高人们对抚触的认识。     

抚触和动作训练对婴儿生长发育影响的研究

【目的】探讨婴儿抚触及动作训练对正常婴儿生长发育的影响，为是否应从新生儿期抚触训练提供理论依据。【方法】将实验对象分为实验组与对照组，对实验组小儿进行抚触和动作训练，对照组不给任何干预，对两组小儿定期进行体格检查（测量体重、身长、头围）并用盖塞尔量表（Gesell）作发育评估。【结果】①出生后开始进行抚触和动作训练者，实验组各阶段体重、身长均高于对照组。两组前半年体重增值差异有显著性，后半年身长增值差异有非常显著性，而头围则两组非常接近。Gesell测试结果表明实验组6个月适应性、精细动作及个人-社交能区发育商（developmental quotient，DQ）显著高于对照组，12个月时适应性、精细动作、语言及个人-社交能区DQ均显著高于对照组。②6个月开始进行抚触和动作训练者，实验组12个月体重、身长略大于对照组，两组头围相近。Gesell测试结果，12个月时大运动、语言及个人-社交能区DQ显著高于对照组。【结论】无论从出生开始，还是出生后6个月开始对婴儿进行抚触和动作训练，对婴儿的生长发育均有促进作用。     

游泳与抚触对剖宫产儿生长发育影响的临床研究

目的:探讨游泳与抚触对剖宫产儿体格发育和神经行为发育的影响。方法:选择剖宫产体重2500～4000g的正常新生儿160例,分为两组各80例;观察组为新生儿游泳与抚触组,对照组为单纯沐浴组;观察记录两组婴儿42天、3个月时体重、身长、头围增长的情况,于出生后14、28天对新生儿进行行为神经评分(NBNA),3个月时利用Gesell发育量表,对两组婴儿进行智能发育测试。结果:观察组的剖宫产儿体重、身长、头围均较对照组增加明显,差异具有显著性(P<0.01);新生儿NBNA评分明显高于对照组;3个月时各能区发育以大运动、精细动作、个人交往能区发育商明显高于对照组,两者比较有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论:游泳与抚触的有机结合可促进剖宫产新生儿体格生长和神经行为的发育,是促进婴儿身心健康全面发展的一种有益的保健运动。     

不同喂养方式对婴儿体格和智能发育的影响研究

目的 探讨不同喂养方式对婴儿体格和智能发育的影响。方法 根据生后前6个月的喂养方式将2010年至2013年在从化市妇幼保健院儿童保健门诊按规定程序体检且资料齐全的284例婴儿,分为母乳喂养组和混合喂养组。回顾性研究其在1、3、6、9、12个月的身长、体重、头围等体格发育和6、12个月智能发育情况。结果 母乳喂养组婴儿在6个月前的身长、体重均高于混合喂养组（两组1、3、6个月身长比较t值分别为4．25、2．20、3．80,体重比较t值分别为2．76、2．54、3．54,均P＜0．05）,两组在6个月后身长、体重无显著性差异（两组9、12个月身长比较t值分别为0．58、1．40,体重比较t值分别为0．61、1．83,均P＞0．05）;两组儿童的头围、发育商在1岁内均无显著性差异（t值为0．04～1．68,均P＞0．05）。结论 婴儿配方奶在很大程度上接近了母乳,但母乳仍然具有营养丰富、经济卫生、携带方便等不可替代的优势,是6个月内婴儿最好的天然食品。     

Birth Weight and Infant Growth: Optimal Infant Weight Gain versus Optimal Infant Weight

Objective: Infant growth assessment often focuses on “optimal” infant weights and lengths at specific ages, while de-emphasizing infant weight gain. Objective of this study was to examine infant growth patterns by measuring infant weight gain relative to birth weight. Methods: We conducted this study based on data collected in a prospective cohort study including 3,302 births with follow up examinations of infants between the ages of 8 and 18 months. All infants were participants in the Louisiana State Women, Infant and Children Supplemental Food Program between 1999 and 2001. Growth was assessed by infant weight gain percentage (IWG%, defined as infant weight gain divided by birth weight) as well as by mean z-scores and percentiles for weight-for-age, length-for-age, and weight-for-length calculated based on growth charts published by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Results: An inverse relationship was noted between birth weight category and IWG% (from 613.9% for infants with birth weights <1500 g to 151.3% for infants with birth weights of 4000 g or more). In contrast, low birth weight infants had lower weight-for-age, weight-for-length z-scores and percentiles compared to normal birth weight infants according to CDC growth charts. Conclusions: Although low birth weight infants had lower anthropometric measures compared to a national reference population, they had significant catch-up growth; High birth weight infants had significant slow-down growth. We suggest that growth assessments should compare infants’ anthropometric data to their own previous growth measures as well as to a reference population. Further studies are needed to identify optimal ranges of infant weight gain.     

Infant Nutrition

Initial findings from a multicentre study to examine the long term effects of different feeding regimes assigned randomly to premature babies during the early weeks postpartum are reported. Some early clinical and metabolic differences between randomized feed groups do not persist at 18 months. In other instances, however, the diet assigned in the postpartum period may have important effects over 18 months later. These findings emphasize the importance of long-term follow up in such studies and provide preliminary evidence supporting the view that the early weeks may be a critical period for nutrition in preterm infants in terms of their later performance.
Studies using the doubly-labelled water method are presented which show its potential for approaching key issues in energy metabolism. One study shows that infants of obese mothers who themselves become overweight did not consume more energy than control infants of normal weight, but they exhibited a reduction in energy expenditure sufficient to account for their excessive weight gain. A second study suggests that the energy content of breast milk consumed by the infant is substantially less than that frequently reported in 'unphysiologically' expressed milk. These findings have important implications for infant nutrition.     

Infant formulae

Guidelines and recommendations for the composition of infant formulae vary between countries, particularly with respect to the composition of the fat and the use of added lactose. The modifications made to cow's milk using skim milk, demineralised whey protein, non-milk fats and non-milk sugars, are described with special reference to formulae available in the UK. Special formulae for babies with problems are also described.     

婴幼儿母乳喂养状况调查

目的通过对婴幼儿的母乳喂养情况进行调查,探讨母乳喂养的现状和断奶原因。方法设计问卷调查表,对310例婴幼儿家长进行喂养状况调查,包括纯母乳、纯奶粉、混合喂养,以及母乳喂养后断奶时间。结果310例婴幼儿中,38例（12．26％）无母乳喂养,25例（9．19％）母乳喂养时间≤1月,160例（58．82％）母乳喂养时间≤6月,269例（86．77％）在1岁前断奶。结论婴幼儿断奶时间普遍提前,婴幼儿家长对母乳喂养好处和母乳喂养的常识缺乏充分认知。     

婴幼儿气质调查

目的了解婴幼儿气质特征，科学指导婴幼儿教养。方法选取常州市天宁区妇幼保健所儿童保健门诊3岁以下儿童328例，采用上海第二医科大学附属新华医院儿保科、信息中心联合研制开发的儿童气质软件及儿童气质调查问卷，由家长填写后录入计算机并分析评估。结果婴幼儿气质类型分布以易养型最多，占39．94％；中间偏易养型占36．59％；难养型占12．20％；中间偏难养型7．62％；启动缓慢型3．65％。结论易养型、中间偏易养型是3岁以下婴幼儿的主要气质类型。     

Impact of Maternal Infant Weight Perception on Infant Feeding and Dietary Intake

Introduction Obesity is a global problem that is challenging to prevent and expensive to treat. Early childhood interventions show promise in establishing lifelong healthy eating patterns, however a better understanding of how parental feeding practices develop is needed. The study aimed to investigate maternal perception of infant weight and its relationship to feeding practices and infant dietary intake. Methods A questionnaire was completed by 263 Queensland mothers of infants aged between 5 and 13 months. Logistic regression was used to describe the association between maternal feeding practices (restriction, pressure-to-eat, monitoring), parenting style (warmth, hostility), infant weight concern and infant dietary intake. Correlation and linear regression were used to identify relationships between maternal feeding practices, parenting style, infant weight concern and infant weight. Results Mothers were found to be more concerned about underweight than overweight, misjudge infants as being underweight and failed to recognise overweight infants. Underweight concern was associated with infant weight (r?=??0.27, p?<?0.01), early introduction of solids (OR 0.24, CI 0.11–0.51) and pressure-to-eat (r?=?0.19, p?<?0.01). Pressure-to-eat was associated to maternal perception of infant weight (r?=???0.21, p?<?0.01), infant weight (r?=???0.17, p?<?0.05) and lower fruit and vegetable intake (OR 0.50, CI 0.27–0.92). Restrictive feeding practices were correlated to overweight concern (r?=?0.08, p?<?0.05). Discussion Maternal infant weight perception and concerns are related to control feeding practices which can be detrimental to infant dietary intake. Inability to recognise healthy weight may ignite these concerns or fail to address infant feeding risk factors. Discussing healthy growth should be a fundamental component of strategies to support healthy infant feeding and eating.