星级宾馆客人公共场所被动吸烟认知现况调查

目的了解宾馆客人对上海公共场所控烟状况和被动吸烟认知态度,为上海制定控烟政策与法规提供依据,并为今后开展公共场所控烟干预提供基础数据。方法通过目的性抽样,在上海市长宁区抽取13家四星级以上涉外宾馆,对中外客人811人进行问卷调查。结果62．1％的客人认为上海公共场所吸烟情况严重。酒吧、火车站、餐厅成为宾馆客人评价被动吸烟最为严重的公共场所。有72．9％的客人赞成上海应该在公共场所完全禁烟。《上海市公共场所禁止吸烟暂行条例》在中国大陆与非中国大陆客人中的知晓率不足半数。多因素分析结果表明：不吸烟者和所在地区执行无烟政策者更赞成公共场所完全禁烟政策,其OR值分别达4．42（95％CI：2．58—7．58）和3．92（95％CI：2．03～7．56）,中年组（30～49岁）更赞成上海公共场所完全禁烟政策,其OR值为1．81（95％CI：1．01～3．26）。75．8％的客人同意“公共场所无烟会提升城市的形象”,54．8％的客人表示在上海实施公共场所完全禁烟会更愿意来上海,28．0％表示不受影响。结论目前上海公共场所被动吸烟状况仍然存在,在上海现有的控烟规定不足以创建室内清新环境,维护国际性大都市的形象,亟需有效的控烟立法。     

Cigarette smoking behavior among US Latino men and women from different countries of origin

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to compare smoking behavior among Latino men and women from different countries of origin. METHODS: A telephone-administered survey was conducted in 8 cities with Latino men and women of different national origin living in census tracts with at least 70% Latino individuals. RESULTS: A total of 8882 participants completed the survey; 53% were women. The average age of respondents was 44 years; 63% were foreign-born, and 59% preferred Spanish for the interview. Current smoking was more prevalent among men (25.0%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 23.7, 26.3) than among women (12.1%, 95% CI = 11.1, 13.0). Smoking rates were not significantly different by national origin among men, but Puerto Rican women had higher rates of smoking than other women. Central American men and women had the lowest smoking rates. Foreign-born respondents were less likely to be smokers (odds ratio [OR] = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.66, 0.90) than US-born respondents, and respondents with 12 years or less of education had an increased odds of smoking (OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.35). High ac culturation was associated with more smoking in women (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.00-1.25) and less smoking in men (OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.78-0.95). Puerto Rican and Cuban respondents were more likely to be current smokers and to smoke more than 20 cigarettes per day. CONCLUSIONS: Older, US-born, and more-educated respondents were less likely to be current smokers. Respondents of Puerto Rican and Cuban origin were more likely to smoke. Acculturation has divergent effects on smoking behavior by sex.     

Smoking among physicians and measures for its control

Questionnaire survey of 107 physician smokers of the city of Perm was carried out in order to find out the reasons for smoking of physicians and their opinion on the ways for its eradication among medical workers. Eighty three per cent of doctors began smoking before entering medical institutes, continued to smoke during their study at the Institute and had a long-term experience of smoking, even more than 30 years. Thirteen physicians don't want to stop smoking. On graduating from the Institute, 14.9% of physicians started smoking being fully aware of its adverse health effects. Almost all the respondents smoke at their workplace but consider prohibitive measures most effective in smoking control among medical personnel. Fourteen per cent of physicians smoke in the presence of their patients. More than half of the respondents experience adverse changes in their health state. It is pointed out that prohibitive measures have a formal character. First of all each doctor should make an adequate choice himself. Compulsory measures are also needed. It is necessary to promote antismoking propaganda among medical students and to take drastic measures with respect to each student smoker.     

Smoking habits in early pregnancy and attitudes towards smoking cessation among pregnant women and their partners.

One-hundred and eighty-seven general practitioners in western Norway recorded smoking habits among 2379 women, consulting for their first regular medical check-up in pregnancy. Forty-six per cent had been daily smokers the last 3 months before pregnancy. Thirty-nine per cent were still smoking at the time of their first check-up. Sixteen per cent of the daily smokers stopped smoking spontaneously during the first few weeks of pregnancy. Fifty-seven per cent of women younger than 20 and 28% of women 30 years and older, did smoke at the first check-up. Single women smoked more often than women living with a partner (58% versus 38%). Smoking habits were not associated with number of previous pregnancies. At the first check-up, 530 pregnant women, still smoking daily, 18-34 years of age, living with a partner, accepted to participate in a smoking intervention study. They filled in a questionnaire about their smoking habits, the smoking habits of their partners and their attitudes towards smoking cessation. Sixty-five per cent reported a reduction in their use of cigarettes after becoming pregnant. The mean reduction in the number of cigarettes smoked daily was 4.0 (31%). Most of the respondents expressed a strong motivation to quit or reduce their smoking habits during their pregnancy. Seventy-two per cent of the partners were daily smokers. Reduction in the consumption of cigarettes, negative attitudes towards smoking and determination to stop smoking was significantly higher among women who were encouraged by their partners to stop smoking and in those who perceived that their partners were willing to reduce their consumption.     

Smoking in Aborigines and persons of European descent in southeastern Australia: prevalence and associations with food habits,body fat distribution and other cardiovascular risk factors

Abstract: As part of a population-base study of risk factors for heart disease, we aimed to establish the prevalence of smoking and to indentify associations between smoking and other risk factors in Australian Aborigines (n = 306) and persons of European descent (n = 553) in two country towns. Smoking prevalence was first analysed as a dichotomy (current smokers compared with nonsmokers), and according to three levels of exposure (< 10, 10—20 and > 20 cigarettes per day), and two levels of nonexposure (never and former smoker). Other behavioural, biochemical and physical variables were included in multivariable analyses. Of the Aborigines, 64.4 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval (CI) 59.0 per cent to 69.8 per cent) were current cigarette smokers, compared with 22.8 per cent of non-Aborigines (CI 19.3 per cent to 26.3 per cent). For persons aged 13 to 54 years, using the five categories of exposure, smoking in Aborigines again far exceeded that in non-Aborigines in all age groups (for males χ² = 72.8, for females χ² = 94.6, 4 df, P = < 0.0001 for both sexes). In non-Aboriginal females, the highest prevalence was in the youngest group (56 per cent of those aged 13 to 17 years). Food habit was associated with smoking. Subjects who ate meat without trimming the fat were more likely to smoke. In Australian country towns, Aborigines and all young women need smoking cessation programs. The nutritional status of smokers requires further study.     

Changing social gradients in cigarette smoking and cessation over two decades of adult follow-up in a British birth cohort

BACKGROUND: We aimed to establish whether socioeconomic gradients in smoking among men and women increase with age as a result of differential uptake, quitting and smoking persistence over time. METHODS: A prospective British birth cohort (all births 3-9 March 1958) was followed to 41 years. Analyses of smoking at 41 years by socioeconomic position of origin include 10,521 participants and for socioeconomic position at 23 years n = 9240. RESULTS: By 41 years half of the cohort had smoked regularly (> or = 1 cigarette/day). Smoking prevalence peaked at 23 years (40 per cent) and subsequently declined; quitting increased between 23 years (10 per cent) and 41 years (29 per cent). Individuals from manual backgrounds were more likely to smoke and less likely to quit than those from non-manual groups, and these differences increased over the two decades during which the cohort was followed up. For social position of origin, the odds ratio for current smoking at 23 years among women was 1.28 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI) 1.21, 1.35), i.e. a 28 per cent greater risk of smoking per unit increment on a four-point scale from professional/managerial to unskilled manual. The odds ratio increased to 1.45 (95 per cent CI 1.36, 1.56) at 41 years, trend over time p = 0.01. For men, equivalent results are 1.18 (1.11, 1.24) at 23 years and 1.33 (1.24, 1.42) at 41 years, trend p = 0.01. The social gradients in current smoking also increase over time for men and women using social position at 23 years. CONCLUSION: Conclusions Social gradients in smoking have become more marked across the lifecourse of this birth cohort. This implies continued socioeconomic inequalities in future health outcomes in a contemporary adult population.     

Validity of mortality analysis based on retrospective smoking information

We assess the validity of mortality analysis based on retrospective reporting of smoking habits by subjects and proxies after a time lag of approximately ten years. The analysis is based on 2855 subject respondents and 615 proxy respondents to the NHANES I Epidemiologic Followup Survey (NHEFS), a national followup study of persons examined in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I). Persons 45-77 years of age at baseline were selected for analysis. Using three categories of smoking at baseline (current, former, never), the retrospective classification (NHEFS) matched the NHANES I classification for 89 per cent of the subject respondents and 83 per cent of the proxy respondents. Agreement levels were higher for women (92 per cent of subjects and 89 per cent of proxies) than for men (85 and 80 per cent). We used Cox regression models to assess the use of retrospective smoking information in an analysis of the relationship between selected risk factors and mortality for persons 45-64 years of age. There were few substantive differences in results with use of NHEFS smoking data versus NHANES I smoking data. In particular, the effects of age, systolic blood pressure, education, and race on mortality were not sensitive to the source of the smoking data (NHANES I or NHEFS) or the form of the smoking variable (two-, three-, or six-level categorization). The effects of body mass index on mortality were sensitive to the form of the smoking variable but results based on NHANES I and NHEFS were quite similar. These results suggest that smoking information obtained from proxy respondents is adequate for analyses of the risk of total mortality associated with smoking and other risk factors. Further assessment is needed to determine the adequacy of such data for analyses of mortality from specific causes that are sensitive to amount smoked or duration of smoking.     

Community attitudes towards environmental tobacco smoke in licensed premises: follow-up study after the Sharp case

OBJECTIVE: To examine community attitudes towards environmental tobacco smoke in licensed premises after the Sharp case decision. METHOD: 723 randomly selected New South Wales residents aged 18 years and over completed a telephone survey in November 2001. RESULTS: The vast majority supported some form of smoking restriction in licensed clubs (92.1%) and hotels (90.0%). Compared with a 2000 survey, respondents in the 2001 survey were significantly more likely to support a total smoking ban in licensed clubs and hotels. When support was assessed using a ban-only question, 66.8% supported banning smoking in pubs/clubs. Approximately half reported being less likely to visit non-eating areas of licensed clubs (51.2%) and hotels (49.8%) if smoking were permitted and these proportions were significantly higher than in the 2000 survey. A majority (83.1%) thought bar workers' health should be a major consideration when deciding how to handle smoking in pubs/clubs. More than half (56.8%) believed pubs/clubs would experience significant financial problems if smoking bans were introduced. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: In New South Wales, majority support exists for banning smoking in pubs and clubs. Legislation banning smoking in all indoor drinking and gaming areas should be introduced immediately.     

Australian adult smoking prevalence in 1992

To estimate the prevalence of smoking among Australian adults in 1992, 6046 adults aged 16 years and over (3063 men and 2983 women) were interviewed. A large market-research firm interviewed the sample, face-to-face in their homes during weekends. Overall, 28.2 per cent of men and 23.8 per cent of women were current smokers; 32.3 per cent of men and 21.9 per cent of women were past smokers. On average, male smokers consumed 22.1 factory-made cigarettes a day and female smokers consumed 19.1 cigarettes a day. The daily tar intake was 179 mg for male smokers and 131 mg for women. The most popular packet size was 25 (40 per cent of smokers) followed by the packet of 50 (17 per cent). Occupational and education status were inversely related to smoking prevalence. Men and women with less education and men in low-status occupations were more likely to use cigarettes from the large packet sizes. Comparison with earlier data suggests that smoking prevalence is still declining, with a significant recent drop in female but not male smoking prevalence. While in 1992, the prevalence of smoking among women was less than that for men, projected estimates suggest that by the year 2001 more women than men will smoke.     

Exposure of pre-school children to passive cigarette and narghile smoke in Beirut

BACKGROUND: Narghile is a resurging smoking device. However, little research has been done to assess passive smoking exposure. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the exposure of pre-school age children in Beirut to parental passive smoking from cigarette and/or narghile. METHODS: Data were collected from 1057 pre-school age children attending 16 day cares and 7 nursery schools in the city of Beirut. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of parental smoking (cigarette and/or narghile) was 53.3%. Ten per cent of respondents reported smoking only narghile. Fathers were significantly more likely than mothers to smoke cigarettes. However, there was no significant difference between fathers and mothers with respect to smoking narghile only. Education was a significant predictor for smoking cigarettes but not for smoking narghile. CONCLUSION: Narghile smoking appears to follow different gender and social patterns than cigarette smoking. Further research is needed to establish the determinants of narghile smoking, in order to develop adequate prevention policies.     

Do smokers want to quit?

Abstract: In any year, about 40 per cent of smokers will have tried to stop smoking in the previous 12 months, and about the same proportion will intend to stop in the next three months. These figures do not indicate what proportion of smokers would rather not smoke. In 1993, 601 Victorian smokers were asked ‘If you could quit painlessly would you quit smoking or would you continue to smoke?’. The study found that 75 per cent of smokers said they would give up under those circumstances, and 13 per cent gave some other indication of interest in giving up. Only 12 per cent were not interested in stopping at present. The results suggest that most smokers are receptive to the idea of giving up, although they may be inhibited from taking action by the perceived difficulty of the task. Only a small proportion of smokers reject cessation messages outright.     

Smoking behavior and attitudes toward smoking among hospital nurses.

We examined smoking prevalence, smoking behavior, and attitudes toward smoking in hospitals in 1,380 respondents among 1,719 registered nurses in a large urban teaching hospital. In this group, current prevalence of smoking in hospital nurses (22 per cent) was less than women in the general population (29 per cent). Smoking nurses were more likely than nonsmokers to hold attitudes which potentially reduce their efficacy in helping patients to stop smoking.     

杭州市宾馆饭店服务人员控烟知识、态度、行为调查

目的：调查了解杭州市宾馆饭店服务人员对控烟的知识、态度、行为现状,为进一步推进宾馆饭店无烟行动提供政策建议。方法：采用典型抽样选择了30家宾馆、饭店作为＂宾馆饭店无烟行动＂的项目单位,随机抽取项目单位的职工进行调查。结果：有89.8%的员工知道主动吸烟会造成严重疾病,83.7%的员工表示知道吸入二手烟会导致严重疾病,但是对吸烟对循环系统、生殖系统疾病影响和二手烟的具体危害认识不足;80%以上的员工表示反对在宾馆、饭店、酒吧等场所允许吸烟,有93.6%表示支持所在单位开展＂无烟单位＂的创建工作;过去一周内,在其所在单位看到过有人吸烟的服务人员中,有65.9%的员工有过劝阻在禁烟区吸烟的行为。结论：杭州市宾馆饭店服务人员对烟草危害了解情况较为乐观,对＂无烟单位＂创建工作支持度很高,但对禁烟区吸烟现象的劝阻行为有待加强。     

Unsung heroes who put their lives at risk? Informal caring, health and neighbourhood attachment

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have highlighted the effects of informal caring on mental health, but evidence for its wider impact remains scant. We explored associations between informal care and a range of health (and health-related) measures. We also considered previously neglected differences between informal care 'at home' and care elsewhere, along with neighbourhood attachment as a possible modifier of the associations we found. METHODS: The study involved a large population survey in two Primary Care Trusts. Data were collected by postal survey of 15,465 adults; subjects were selected from the local General Practice register. 12.7 per cent of respondents identified themselves as carers. Health measures included psychiatric morbidity, bodily pain, self-assessed health, health-related behaviours, obesity, prescribed drugs and high levels of GP consultation. RESULTS: Of nine measures considered, care at home was associated with psychiatric morbidity (OR 1.46, 95 per cent CI 1.25--1.70), bodily pain (OR 1.19, 95 per cent CI 1.02--1.39), and obesity (OR 1.59, 95 per cent CI 1.34--1.89). Care 'away' was associated with smoking (OR 1.26, 95 per cent CI 1.03--1.54), and inversely with both sedentary living (OR 0.70, 95 per cent CI 0.58--0.85) and poor self-assessed health (OR 0.78, 95 per cent CI 0.62--0.99). Health tended to be poorer when carers lacked a sense of neighbourhood attachment. CONCLUSIONS: Informal carers are likely to face serious health challenges besides anxiety and depression. Caring is associated with several aspects of poor health, which are themselves predictors of premature mortality. Proactive and wide-ranging support is required, the more so in neighbourhoods where carers feel alienated. Research and policy should distinguish carers 'at home' from carers 'away'.     

Cigarette smoking among San Francisco Hispanics: the role of acculturation and gender.

We conducted a phone survey of 1,669 San Francisco Hispanics ages 15 to 64 years. The age-adjusted overall smoking prevalence was 25.4 per cent (95% CI = 23.3, 27.5) with more men (32.4 per cent) smoking than women (16.8 per cent). Age-adjusted smoking rates were higher among the less acculturated males (37.5 vs 26.7 per cent) and among the more acculturated females (22.6 vs 13.6 per cent). The more acculturated, however, smoked a greater number of cigarettes per day independent of gender. Community-based smoking cessation interventions, adapted to local conditions, may have a greater potential for success among Hispanics.     

Smoking policies and smoking cessation programs of large employers in Massachusetts.

To assess the current extent of programs and policies to facilitate smoking cessation among employees, we queried 128 large employers in Massachusetts in mid-1978. Eighty-four (66 per cent) responded. Fifty-four (64 per cent) of the respondents had designated jobs or work areas in which smoking was prohibited usually because of potential danger to products or equipment. Seven (8 per cent) of the employers provided counseling, and 10 (12 percent) provided smoking cessation programs for those employees who desired to quit smoking. There is a clear need for the development and evaluation of workplace policies and programs aimed at reducing smoking.     

Smokers with intracranial aneurysms who underwent neurosurgical or endovascular treatment have not stopped smoking one year after surgery

Smoking increases the risk of forming, growing, and rupture of intracranial aneurysms. We retrospectively reviewed patients with intracranial aneurysms treated by neurosurgical or endovascular treatment--154 patients (45 men, 109 women, 15 to 62 years, average 46.3 years, CI +/- 1.72). We found 74% (114/154) of smokers--80% (36/45) men and 71.6% (78/109) women, with the mean value of the Fagerstr?m Test of Nicotine Dependence 4.4 (CI +/- 0.40). The average age of smoking initiation was 18.2 years (CI +/- 0.66), the average period of smoking 26.8 years (CI +/- 2.13). The average number of cigarettes consumed daily was 18.2 (CI +/- 1.58). With statistical significance p < 0.05, the athero-index was lower in nonsmokers than smokers: 3.4 (CI +/- 0.56) vs. 4.5 (CI +/- 0.51). HDL cholesterol was higher in non-smokers than smokers: 1.6 mmol/L (CI +/- 0.25) vs. 1.4 (CI +/- 0.10), and triglycerides were higher in smokers than non-smokers: 1.3 mmol/l (CI +/- 0.16) vs. 1.9 (CI +/- 0.35). Forty-two per cent of smokers (48/114) were controlled one year after the treatment; 18.8% of them stopped smoking, 41.7% reduced smoking, and 39.6% continued to smoke as extensively as before. The prevalence of smoking in our sample was higher than in the Czech population (28.2%). Only 18.8% of controlled smokers were able to quit one year after the intervention.     

Pack size, reported cigarette smoking rates, and public health.

The relation between packs containing 25 or 20 cigarettes each and self-reports of daily cigarette intake was examined in surveys of smoking habits from the United States and Canada. More Canadian than US smokers report smoking 25 cigarettes per day (19.3 per cent vs 2.1 per cent). As market share of packs of 25 increases across six regions in North America, reports of smoking 25 cigarettes per day increase. Even if smoke exposure remains constant, smoking statistics are likely to be influenced by pack size.     

Attitudes of Students and Employees Towards the Implementation of a Totally Smoke Free University Campus Policy at King Saud University in Saudi Arabia: A Cross Sectional Baseline Study on Smoking Behavior Following the Implementation of Policy

Tobacco smoking is the preventable health issue worldwide. The harmful consequences of tobacco smoking and exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke are well documented. The aim of this study is to compares the prevalence of smoking among students, faculty and staff and examines their interest to quit. Study also determines the difference on perceptions of smoking and non-smoking students, faculty and staff with regard to implementation of a smoke-free policy. A cross-sectional survey was administered to one of the largest universities in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia during the academic year of 2013. A Likert scale was used on questionnaires towards attitude to smoking and smoking free policy. The Chi squared test was used to determine the difference of support on completely smoke free campus for smokers and non-smokers. Smoking rates were highest among staff members (36.8 %) followed by students (11.2 %) and faculty (6.4 %). About half of the smokers (53.7 %) within the university attempted to quit smoking. Students (OR 3.10, 95 % CI 1.00–9.60) and faculty (OR 4.06, 95 % CI 1.16–14.18) were more likely to make quit smoking than staff members. Majority of the respondents (89.6 %) were supportive of a smoking—free policy and indicated that should be strictly enforced especially into public places. Results also showed that smokers were more likely to support a smoke-free policy if there are no fines or penalties. These baseline findings will provide information among administrators in formulating and carrying out a total smoke free policy. Although the majority of people within the King Saud University demonstrate a high support for a smoke–free policy, administrators should consider difference between smokers and non-smokers attitudes when implementing such a policy.     

Smoking-related beliefs and behaviour of South Australians with diabetes

Data cumulated from three representative population surveys (n = 9402) in South Australia were used to determine smoking prevalence of those aged 15 years or over with and without self-reported medically confirmed diabetes. Overall, smoking prevalence in the two groups did not differ. However, among those aged under 40 years with self-reported diabetes, smoking prevalence approached 55 per cent, which was significantly higher than in young respondents without diabetes (32 per cent). Diabetic smokers were no more likely than were nondiabetic smokers to have tried to quit or to be ready to quit; one-quarter of diabetic smokers had no thought of quitting or of modifying their habit Smokers with diabetes were significantly more likely to be heavy smokers (43.5 per cent) than were nondiabetic smokers (23.4 per cent). Fewer smokers with diabetes tended to believe that smoking causes or aggravates heart disease or circulatory problems than did other smokers, although these differences did not reach statistical significance. Additional effort is required to find methods to assist people with diabetes to refrain from smoking.