Thyroid cancer

Thyroid cancers are especially common in patients who have received irradiation to the head and neck region for benign diseases. Well-differentiated papillary and/or follicular carcinomas are the most common types of thyroid cancer. They grow slowly and have a very good prognosis when managed with an appropriate combination of surgical and medical therapy. Other types of thyroid cancer often require more intensive therapy and follow-up. It is especially important to evaluate relatives of patients with medullary thyroid cancer.     

MRI对Graves病患者131I核素治疗效果的早期评价

目的评估MRI检查对Graves病（Graves disease,GD）患者131I核素治疗效果的早期评价能力。材料与方法18例GD患者于131I治疗前、治疗后1个月和3个月分别进行MRI检查,按治疗后3个月甲状腺功能指标分为有效组（n=9）例和无效组（n=9）。盲法测量并比较GD患者131I治疗前后甲状腺总体积和甲状腺平均表观扩散系数（ADC）值的变化。结果 GD患者治疗后1个月与治疗前比较,有效组甲状腺体积减小（P〈0.01）,无效组变化不显著（P=0.07）,有效组和无效组甲状腺平均ADC值均无变化（P值分别为0.54、0.27）。有效组治疗后3个月与治疗前比较,甲状腺体积明显减小（P〈0.01）,无效组亦减小（P〈0.05）,平均ADC值有效组减小（P〈0.05）,无效组无变化（P=0.46）。治疗后3个月和治疗后1个月比较,有效组甲状腺体积减小（P〈0.05）,无效组变化不显著（P=0.20）,有效组和无效组甲状腺平均ADC值均无变化（P值分别为0.53、0.08）。结论甲状腺体积和平均ADC值变化可早期反映GD核素治疗效果。     

Radical surgical intervention with conventional radiation versus multimodality therapy protocol in undifferentiated thyroid cancer

Out of a total of 550 patients with thyroid cancer diagnosed over the 16-year period 1972-June 1989, 44 showed undifferentiated carcinoma and were treated by thyreoidectomy and early postoperative external irradiation. In order to analyse the outcome in patients treated by primary surgery in contrast to patients treated by means of a multimodal therapy concept we compared our surgical procedures with regard to primary surgical approach, early postoperative course, operative complications and survival to the data on the multimodal therapy concept of the Karolinska Hospital reported by E. Tallroth et al. 1987. A significantly better survival was correlated with radical (n = 20) versus palliative tumour resection (n = 24) (p less than 0.001), and total thyroidectomy (n = 25) versus subtotal thyroidectomy (n = 19) (p less than 0.006). Radical surgery with early postoperative external irradiation revealed no postoperative mortality and no symptomatic cervical tumour recurrence. By contrast, palliative surgery, particularly in the case of synchronous tracheotomy, was attended by a relatively high mortality (29%) and symptomatic local recurrences. The results of this study suggest that in undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma an attempt at radical tumour resection should be undertaken, since multimodal therapy procedures revealed a significantly highly complication rate (up to 36%) and, in comparison with a radical surgical treatment policy, showed a higher rate of local recurrences (0% vs. 48%) and a lower survival (mean survival 42 vs. 15 months).     

分化型甲状腺癌患者促甲状腺激素抑制治疗期间骨质疏松风险筛查及影响因素分析

目的了解分化型甲状腺癌患者术后长期行促甲状腺激素(TSH)抑制治疗期间骨质疏松风险,并探索其相关影响因素。方法选取接受分化型甲状腺癌术后行TSH抑制治疗的300例患者为研究对象,利用国际骨质疏松基金会骨质疏松一分钟测试法和亚洲人骨质疏松自我筛查工具(OSTA)进行骨质疏松风险筛查,并根据结果进行影响因素分析。结果300例接受分化型甲状腺癌术后行TSH抑制治疗的患者中,66.00%的患者存在骨质疏松风险;OSTA显示该组患者骨质疏松低度风险为96.00%,中度风险为1.00%,高度风险为3.00%。患者的服药剂量、性别、绝经、婚姻状况、医保支付类型以及是否知晓甲状腺癌术后激素治疗会增加骨质疏松的发病率是骨质疏松的影响因素。结论大部分分化型甲状腺癌TSH抑制治疗患者都存在患有骨质疏松的风险,但多为低度风险。患者对骨质疏松的防范意识普遍不高。     

干扰素α致甲状腺功能异常21例临床分析

目的探讨干扰素α治疗慢性丙型病毒性肝炎(丙肝)时对甲状腺功能的影响及治疗对策。方法对我院2007年6月—2011年6月的309例慢性丙肝患者应用干扰素α治疗过程中出现甲状腺功能异常21例的临床资料进行分析。结果本组甲状腺功能异常发生率6.8%(21/309),21例在应用干扰素α治疗前甲状腺功能均正常,治疗2周~6个月后出现甲状腺功能异常,其中甲状腺功能亢进症(甲亢)11例,甲状腺功能减退症(甲减)7例,亚临床甲减3例。明确诊断后2例甲亢停用干扰素,余继续用药,同时予相应治疗,病情好转出院。随访半年,预后良好。结论干扰素α治疗慢性丙肝可诱发甲状腺功能异常,故治疗过程中应密切监测甲状腺功能,以及时采取处理措施。     

Surgery of the thyroid.

The sophistication of current surgical treatment of thyroid disorders reflects a better understanding of the pathophysiology. The development of more methods of therapy with antithyroid drugs, beta-adrenergic blocking agents, thyroid hormones, and radioactive isotopes as well as external irradiation has had an important effect on the role that surgery plays in the management of diseases of the thyroid. Iodine, which was use for many disorders, is now probably contraindicated except for preparation of the hyperthyroid patient for surgical treatment. Surgery has now taken its place as one form of therapy for an endocrine organ that is subject to a variety of diseases. It is necessary for the surgeon who undertakes operations on the thyroid to have an understanding of thyroid physiology as well as its pathophysiology.     

超声引导经皮微波消融甲状腺良性结节的应用研究

目的探讨超声引导下经皮穿刺微波消融治疗甲状腺良性结节的临床疗效及并发症等情况.方法选取本院诊治的甲状腺良性结节患者86例（156个结节）,术前细胞学检查确定为良性结节,行超声引导下经皮穿刺结节微波消融术后即刻超声造影,对不全消融结节行二次消融.在术后随访观察消融术后结节大小变化及并发症情况.同时与此期间在我院行甲状腺次全切除术的65例甲状腺良性结节患者作为对照组,分析两组患者的术后并发症出现人数及甲状腺功能恢复等.结果仅4/156枚需二次消融,一次消融率达97.4%.消融后第1、3、6及12个月体积缩小率分别为20.98%,45.37%,75.12%和86.83%;23/156（14.7%）枚结节在随访6-12个月内消失.观察组患者甲状腺功能恢复人数多于对照组,其术后并发症出现人数少于对照组（均P〈0.05）.结论微波消融治疗甲状腺良性结节疗效显著,并发症少,是传统手术治疗的一个有效补充.     

Thyroid abnormalities in patients previously treated with irradiation for acne vulgaris

Of 1,203 patients who received radiation treatment for acne vulgaris between 1940 and 1968, 302 patients were recalled and examined, 121 at Geisinger Medical Center and the remainder by their local physicians. Radiation records were reviewed on all patients. Lead-rubber and cones had been used as shielding. Mean age at the time of exposure was 21 years and mean total exposure was 692 R. Palpable nodular thyroid disease was found in eight patients (2.6%). Of these, thyroid carcinoma was detected in two patients (0.66%). Although the number of patients examined was small, the incidence of carcinomas was unexpectedly high. We conclude that follow-up examination is worthwhile for patients previously treated by irradiation for acne vulgaris.     

Effectiveness of laser therapy in Bechterew's disease

Altogether 33 patients with Bekhterev's disease were given external irradiation of the spine and joints using He-Ne laser: 20 patients received laser therapy combined with indomethacin at a daily dose of 75-100 mg, 13 patients received laser therapy alone without indomethacin as a result of its intolerance. A course included 20 sessions of irradiation. Therapeutic efficacy was assessed by a number of clinicolaboratory indices. The most noticeable effect was observed in the combination of nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs with laser therapy. The use of the latter as monotherapy was less effective, and its effect was comparable with that of indomethcin at a daily dose of 75 mg.     

儿童分化型甲状腺癌术后辅助治疗效果观察

目的探讨儿童分化型甲状腺癌术后辅助治疗效果。方法回顾性分析≤14岁122例分化型甲状腺癌患儿的临床资料。结果 122例手术均顺利完成。24例行单侧甲状腺腺叶切除术,98例行双侧甲状腺全切术,其中72例行选择性颈淋巴结清扫术,26例行根治性颈淋巴结清扫术;所有患者术后均给予左旋甲状腺素钠片治疗,剂量1.5-2.5μg/（kg·d）,使术后促甲状腺激素〈0.1mIU,其中79例辅以131I治疗;所有患儿均获随访,随访时间6个月-10a;患儿身高、体质量均不低于WHO推荐的儿童生长发育标准;随访期间,无死亡病例;11例（9%）出现颈淋巴结转移,5例（4%）出现远处脏器转移;5例肺转移患儿在131I及内分泌辅助治疗后,肺部CT提示有4例转移灶完全消失,1例病灶明显缩小。结论儿童分化型甲状腺癌术后辅以131I内照射和内分泌抑制疗法,可降低肿瘤复发,对转移病灶有较好疗效,明显改善患者预后。     

甲状腺疾病局部免疫调节治疗的操作及护理

目的总结甲状腺疾病局部免疫调节治疗中的操作要点及护理心得，为临床同类护理提供借鉴。方法采用糖皮质激素等药物对110例自身免疫性甲状腺疾病患者进行甲状腺内局部免疫调节治疗1-3个疗程，并进行精心护理，定期随访2-3年。观察疗效并总结治疗中的操作及护理要点。结果甲状腺局部免疫调节治疗后，所有患者的甲状腺功能均有所好转或恢复，总有效率达94％，患者自觉症状明显改善。治疗中并发症及不良反应少见。结论甲状腺局部免疫调节治疗中护理人员应与医生密切配合。良好的心理疏导、完整的健康教育以及充分的术前准备、严密的术中配合、精心的术后护理是治疗成功的保证。     

超声监视下无水酒精治疗甲状腺结节的临床研究

在超声监视下对62例甲状腺结节进行无水酒精硬化治疗,其中囊性结节47例,实性结节15例,每例病人均行囊液或细针穿刺抽吸细胞学检查,除外了恶性肿瘤。结果:总治愈率74.2％,有效率96.8％。研究表明本方法是一种治疗甲状腺结节的安全、简便、有效的方法,可作为传统的外科手术、放射性碘治疗及口服药物疗法的替代或补充。     

Calcium-phosphorus metabolism and bone metabolism in postmenopausal patients with the thyroid gland pathology

Bone metabolism markers (bone alkaline phosphatase, ionized calcium, inorganic phosphorus, serum osteocalcin) and urinary excretion of hydroxyproline, Ca2+ and P after overnight fasting and of creatinine were studied in 52 female patients with endemic goiter and hypothyrosis (18 of these with decompensated hypothyrosis, 34 treated with thyroid hormones) and 48 women without thyroid diseases aged 45-60 years with menopause of no longer than 10 years (6.4 +/- 0.43 years). Clinical and x-ray examinations were carried out in all women; hormonal status, basal serum levels of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin were evaluated. A trend to deceleration of bone remodeling was detected in the patients with untreated hypothyrosis in comparison with women without thyroid disease. Signs of increased bone resorption were detected in patients with endemic goiter and hypothyrosis receiving substitute hormone therapy; this gave grounds to refer patients of menopausal age with endemic goiter and hypothyrosis treated with oral thyroxin for a long time to a group at a high risk of osteoporosis and bone fractures and to start preventive osteotropic therapy from the first day of substitute thyroid hormone therapy.     

放射性碘治疗对甲状腺癌术后患者腮腺损害的观察

目的观察甲状腺癌术后放射性碘治疗对腮腺功能的损害,并分析其影响因素。方法对26例甲状腺癌术后接受碘治疗的患者进行腮腺功能核素检查及超声检查。结果治疗后3d腮腺浅叶厚径较治疗前增厚（P〈0．05）,以后呈减小趋势;超声评分的高点出现在治疗后3个月,12个月后评分仍维持在高位。患者右侧腮腺摄取指数在治疗前后差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,放射性碘治疗后腮腺分泌率下降,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。多元回归分析显示基础腮腺功能和放射剂量是影响碘治疗后腮腺功能的独立风险因素。结论超声能观察放射性碘对腮腺的损害,放射性碘治疗后腮腺的功能受治疗前基础腮腺功能和放射剂量影响,而与其他因素无关。     

新生儿蓝光照射治疗依从性不佳的原因分析及对策

目的探讨影响新生儿蓝光照射治疗依从性的因素，并提出具体对策。方法对2006年1—5月96例高胆红素血症新生儿行光照疗法的依从性进行研究，调查每次光疗时患儿的依从状态、患儿家长对光疗的认知程度以及护理人员的操作流程。结果患儿光疗初期依从性不佳者占83．3％，光疗后期占61．4％；45．8％（44／96）的患儿家长对光照疗法的认知情况处于一般水平，14．6％（14／96）的患儿家长认知情况不良；27．1％（26／96）的护理人员执行光照疗法的操作规范不合格。结论新生儿蓝光治疗依从性不佳与医务人员的宣教、环境准备和护理操作欠规范及部分患儿家长配合不力有关，临床护理对策应从加强心理护理、家属宣教、环境管理和规范护理操作着手。     

舒尼替尼致转移性肾细胞癌患者甲状腺功能异常的临床分析

目的 总结接受舒尼替尼治疗的转移性肾细胞癌患者的甲状腺功能变化规律,评价舒尼替尼对甲状腺功能的影响.方法 前瞻性收集北京大学第一医院泌尿外科2008 年6 月至2010 年4 月37 例转移性肾细胞癌接受舒尼替尼治疗的患者的临床资料,其中22 例患者于基线及每个治疗周期第28 天进行甲状腺功能检测.对甲状腺功能异常发生情况进行分析.结果 22 例患者接受舒尼替尼的中位治疗时间为7 个周期(10.5 个月),共18 例(81.8%)患者出现甲状腺功能减低,其中亚临床甲状腺功能减低14 例(63.6%),临床甲状腺功能减低4 例(18.2%),予左旋甲状腺素片替代治疗;6 例(27.3%)患者出现一过性亚临床甲状腺毒症后转为甲状腺功能减退,无持续甲状腺功能亢进患者.甲状腺功能减低的风险随舒尼替尼用药时间延长而增加,出现甲状腺功能减退的中位时间为3 个周期(1 ～7个周期).治疗3 个周期内,50.0%(11/22 例)的患者出现甲状腺功能减退;4 ～6个周期时,约72.7%(16/22 例)患者出现甲状腺功能减退.结论 舒尼替尼致甲状腺功能减退的发生率较高,程度可较严重,应引起临床重视.舒尼替尼相关性甲状腺功能减退可以用激素替代进行治疗,因此应避免舒尼替尼减量或停药.     

Endocrine and reproductive dysfunction following fractionated total body irradiation in adults

The endocrine and reproductive sequelae of total body irradiation for haematological malignancy have been studied in 21 patients (11 male) who were treated with 10 Gy in five fractions or 12 or 13.2 Gy in six fractions over 3 days. Eighteen patients (eight male) aged 16-49 years underwent dynamic tests of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis with insulin hypoglycaemia, thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) and gonadotrophin releasing hormone stimulation and basal measurement of prolactin, sex steroids and thyroid hormones. Growth hormone responses (mean peak 64 +/- 36 mU/l, range 21-146 mU/l) and cortisol responses (mean peak 831 +/- 122 nmol/l, range 626-1105 nmol/l) were all within the normal range. Two patients had minimally elevated serum prolactin levels (445 and 588 mU/l, normal less than 350 mU/l). Serum thyroxine levels (57-133 nmol/l) were normal but six patients had elevated basal thyrotrophin (TSH) levels (6-9 mU/l) and seven had an exaggerated TSH response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone, indicating radiation-induced damage to the thyroid. Amenorrhea developed within 3 months of irradiation in all females and oestradiol levels were low, at 37-108 pmol/l (mean 58 +/- 22 pmol/l). Severe oligospermia or azoospermia was noted in men tested 5-70 months after irradiation and testicular volume was below the normal adult range in five of seven men assessed. Serum testosterone levels (12.4-35 nmol/l) were normal. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone-stimulated gonadotrophin levels were elevated in all patients. However, two men have fathered two children each; one has refused semen analysis, but the other has a sperm count of 7 x 10(6)/ml (60 per cent motile, 20 per cent abnormal forms) 70 months after irradiation. When given by the above fractionated regimens, the endocrine sequelae of total body irradiation are limited to gonadal failure requiring oestrogen replacement in women and severe impairment of fertility in men. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction has been seen in 39 per cent of patients there is no evidence of direct damage to the hypothalamic pituitary axis.     

甲状腺癌术后大剂量131I治疗疗效分析

目的探讨甲状腺癌术后大剂量131I治疗的疗效。方法甲状腺次全切或全切术后甲状腺癌患者75例行大剂量131I治疗,具有一叶以下残留甲状腺组织者一次性给予3．7GBq;具有一叶或以上残留组织或伴有转移病灶者,先一次性给予3．7GBq,3个月后依据显像结果再次给予4．44～7．4GBq治疗转移灶,观察治疗效果。结果大剂量131I治疗甲状腺癌疗效明显,总有效率为94．7％;有、无转移病灶甲状腺癌患者131I治疗后人甲状腺球蛋白水平均明显低于治疗前（P〈0．05）;有转移病灶甲状腺癌患者治疗前、后人甲状腺球蛋白水平均明显高于无转移病灶患者（P〈0．01）。结论大剂量131I去除甲状腺癌残留组织及治疗转移病灶的方法可靠、简便、疗效明显,结合131I全身扫描及人甲状腺球蛋白的检测,可较好预防甲状腺癌的复发。     

甲状腺结核的临床研究(附16例临床分析)

目的：提高甲状腺结核的诊治水平。材料与方法：回顾性研究了我院38年来21136例甲状腺手术病例中的16例甲状腺结核的病例。女性12例,男性4例,1980年以前7例（7/16）,平均年龄32.4岁,2000年后发病6例（6/16）,平均年龄45.5岁;7例有甲状腺外结核;2例在术前诊断为该病并行抗痨治疗。术式：甲状腺侧叶切除8例,双侧叶大部切除2例,甲状腺全切4例,甲状腺切除并淋巴摘除术2例。结果：本组病理分型：肉芽肿型8例,干酪型7例,弥漫型1例。随访3年所有病例痊愈。结论：甲状腺结核罕见,近10年来发病年龄逐渐增大,但在甲状腺疾病中的构成比未变,其临床上少有特异性的表现,在术前很难诊断,但是通过对其临床表现的研究和诊断方法的综合应用,一定程度上能够提高诊断的准确性。手术结合抗痨治疗是甲状腺结核最有效的治疗手段。     

甲状腺动脉栓塞治疗Graves病

目的探讨甲状腺动脉栓塞治疗难治性Graves病的临床应用。方法30例难治性Graves病患者经超选择插管至甲状腺上、下动脉造影,根据动脉管径选择不同直径的聚乙烯醇分步栓塞,并用钢圈加强。栓塞体积达80％以上。结果30例患者栓塞术均成功。栓塞2周后,临床症状消失,甲状腺体积缩小,4周后甲状腺功能正常。随访24～40个月,26例临床治愈,无甲状腺功能减低或甲状旁腺功能减低,突眼无加重。4例复发,其中3例服抗甲状腺药物治疗,1例手术治疗。结论介入栓塞甲状腺上、下动脉治疗难治性Graves病简单、安全、疗效显著,为Graves病的治疗提供了一种有效的新方法。