深圳市饮用水中消毒副产物三卤甲烷的健康风险评价

目的 初步评价深圳市生活饮用水中三卤甲烷对人体健康产生的潜在危害.方法 于2010年1月-2011年12月,对深圳市13个市政水厂出厂水和部分末梢水中三卤甲烷(三氯甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷、二氯一溴甲烷、三溴甲烷)浓度进行检测,并对饮水途径所引起的健康风险做出初步评价.结果 深圳市饮用水中三卤甲烷及三氯甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷、二氯一溴甲烷和三溴甲烷浓度中位数分别为37.0、24.5、2.3、7.8、0.3 μg/L,致癌个人年风险分别为4.52×10-5、2.38×10-5、6.07×10-6、1.52×10-5、7.45×10-8/a,非致癌健康风险值个人年风险分别为9.32×10-2、7.68×10-2、3.61×10-3、1.23×10-2、4.71×10-4/a.三卤甲烷按风险大小排列为三氯甲烷＞二氯一溴甲烷＞一氯二溴甲烷＞三溴甲烷.结论 深圳市政出厂水中三卤甲烷对人体健康产生的潜在致癌个人年风险在美国环境保护署(USEPA)可以接受的限值(1.0×10-41.0× 10-6/a)之内,但接近国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受值(5.0×10-5/a);非致癌健康风险在USEPA可接受限值(HI＜1)之内.     

襄阳市城区生活饮用水中氯化消毒副产物暴露水平及健康风险评价

目的 了解襄阳市城区生活饮用水消毒副产物暴露水平,评价其人群健康风险,为饮用水安全风险管控提供参考依据.方法 根据国标方法采样和实验室检测,利用美国环境保护署USEPA提供的评估模型进行风险评价.结果 襄阳市生活饮用水中三氯甲烷、二氯一溴甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷、三溴甲烷均有检出.经液氯消毒的水中卤代烃类消毒副产物含量大于二...     

江苏省城市饮用水氯化消毒副产物的健康风险评估

目的 了解江苏省城市饮用水中氯化消毒副产物三卤甲烷、卤乙酸暴露水平,评估饮用水中氯化消毒副产物经口摄入途径对人体健康潜在危害,为制定饮水安全保障政策提供参考.方法 2017-2019年,选取全省氯化消毒的市政水厂51座,在枯水期(3-5月)、丰水期(7-9月)采集出厂水、末梢水192份,检测水中三卤甲烷(三氯甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷、二氯一溴甲烷、三溴甲烷)、卤乙酸(二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸)暴露水平,使用美国环保署推荐的健康风险评价模型,对氯化消毒副产物经口摄入途径的健康风险进行评估.结果 所有水样氯化消毒副产物检出值均低于国标限值.氯化消毒副产物对成年男性、成年女性、儿童终身致癌风险分别为3.13×10-5、3.16×10-5、2.91×10-5,其中二氯一溴甲烷致癌风险最高,对成年男性、成年女性、儿童致癌风险分别为1.12×10-5、1.13×10-5、1.04×10-5,分别占总致癌风险的35.78％、35.76％、35.74％.副产物终身致癌风险液氯消毒高于次氯酸钠消毒,末梢水高于出厂水,丰水期高于枯水期.对成年男性、成年女性、儿童非致癌风险健康危害指数分别为7.30×10-2、7.40×10-2、6.80×10-2,其中三氯甲烷非致癌风险最高.结论 江苏省城市饮用水氯化消毒副产物终身致癌风险、非致癌风险均在可接受范围内,二氯一溴甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷是风险管理重点指标.     

潍坊市城区居民饮用水及小区直饮水中消毒副产物调查

目的了解潍坊市主城区居民生活饮用水及部分小区直饮水中消毒副产物的污染状况。方法于2018年采集潍坊城区4家自来水公司出厂水、88份小区管网末梢水、44份二次供水及88份小区直饮水共224份水样,参照GB/T 5750.6-2006《生活饮用水标准检验方法有机物指标》对水样中7种DBPs的含量进行测定。结果四氯化碳检出率较低为6.78%,其余6种DBPs的检出率均较高在75.4%-87.1%;三氯甲烷有少数样品超标,其余6种DBPs的合格率均为100%。出厂水中7种DBPs的检出率及含量均值明显低于管网末梢水和二次供水。管网末梢水和二次供水水样中所有DBPs的检出率及均值比较,差异均无统计学意义。小区直饮水中DBPs的检出率及均值也显著低于管网末梢水和二次供水.差异均有统计学意义。结论潍坊主城区生活饮用水整体水质较好,但存在三氯甲烷超标现象,相关部门应引起重视。     

2015年大连市饮用水氯化消毒副产物的调查

目的:了解大连市饮用水中消毒副产物(DBPs)的情况,监督大连市饮用水质量。方法:对2015年大连市饮用水水样348份,对出厂水、末梢水和二次供水中氯化消毒副产物(二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸、三氯甲烷和四氯化碳)的含量进行测定。结果:二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸、三氯甲烷和四氯化碳含量均合格,其范围分别为0.010~0.041 mg/L,0.010~0.045 mg/L,0.0040~0.0480 mg/L和0.0001~0.0010 mg/L。结论:大连市饮用水氯化消毒副产物低于国家标准的指导值,但仍应加强对饮水中消毒副产物的长期监测。     

南昌市主城区饮用水中消毒副产物含量及其健康风险评价

目的 了解南昌市主城区饮用水中消毒副产物种类、分布,并评价其潜在健康风险。方法 于 2015年枯水期（11月）、2016年丰水期（6月）采集南昌市主城区 8家市政出厂水水样 16份 ,依据《生活饮用水标准检验方法》（GB/T5750 - 2006）检测水样中 13种消毒副产物含量;运用美国环保局健康风险评价模型评价消毒副产物通过饮水途径引起的健康风险。结果 出厂水中消毒副产物浓度均符合《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB5749 - 2006）,卤乙酸（二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸）和三卤甲烷（三氯甲烷、二溴一氯甲烷）是南昌市主城区饮用水中主要消毒副产物。消毒副产物在丰水期浓度是枯水期浓度的4.16倍,丰水期二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸、三氯甲烷浓度高于枯水期,枯水期二溴一氯甲烷浓度高于丰水期（均P＜0.05）。消毒副产物引起的致癌风险为2.83×10 - 5/年～7.98×10 - 5/年,中值5.91×10 - 5/年,非致癌风险为6.21×10 - 2/年～1.86×10 - 1/年,中值为1.22×10 - 1/年。致癌风险主要来自二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸和二氯一溴甲烷,丰水期以三氯乙酸和三氯甲烷贡献最大;枯水期以二溴一氯甲烷和二氯一溴甲烷贡献最大;而二氯乙酸对非致癌风险贡献最大。结论 卤乙酸和三卤甲烷是南昌市主城区饮用水中的主要消毒副产物,出厂水中消毒副产物引起的致癌风险在可接受的范围,但需提出风险控制措施,丰水期消毒副产物浓度应该得到控制。     

中国部分城市饮用水中三卤甲烷类健康风险评价

目的了解中国部分城市饮用水中三卤甲烷类(THMs)的整体水平,并初步评价中国部分城市饮用水中THMs对人体健康产生的潜在风险。方法系统检索1997—2018年公开发表的文献以获得各城市饮用水中THMs浓度水平数据,得到中英文文献共551篇,经筛检纳入文献53篇。根据文献检索所得数据,通过美国环保署(US EPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型,对文献中所涉及城市饮用水中THMs进行健康风险评价。结果 4类THMs在中国部分城市饮用水中均检出,包括三氯甲烷(TCM)、三溴甲烷(TBM)、二氯一溴甲烷(DCBM)和二溴一氯甲烷(DBCM)。其中TCM、TBM、DCBM和DBCM的危险指数分别0.023、0.0027、0.0061和0.0047;致癌风险值分别为:1.40×10^–6、4.3×10^–7、7.63×10^–6和7.93×10^–6。结论中国部分城市饮用水中THMs危险指数均远<1,表示其非致癌风险较小。致癌风险均高于US EPA推荐值,存在一定健康风险,建议以后对生活饮用水安全给予重点关注。     

某大型水厂供水区消毒副产物的管网分布

目的了解某大型水厂供水区域内消毒副产物(DBPs)的管网分布水平及分布规律。方法根据与该水厂距离设置采样点1(距水厂1km)、2(距水厂约4km)、3(距水厂约8km)。2008年3月—2009年2月,每月对该大型水厂的管网末梢水进行监测,检测的指标包括4种三卤甲烷(三氯甲烷、一溴二氯甲烷、二溴一氯甲烷和三溴甲烷)、2种氯代卤乙酸(二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸)和相关理化指标(水温、pH值、总氯和A254值)。结果除7月份1份水样的三氯甲烷、2份水样的总三卤甲烷比值高于限值外,其余水样DBPs含量均在限值以下。总三卤甲烷的检出范围为7.08～99.54μg/L,氯代乙酸的检出范围为8.50～49.12μg/L。夏季总三卤甲烷含量高于冬、春两季,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。夏季氯代乙酸含量高于春、秋两季,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。与采样点1比较,采样点2、3水中总三卤甲烷、三氯甲烷、一溴二氯甲烷含量较高,二氯乙酸含量较低,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。水温与三氯甲烷、一溴二氯甲烷、总三卤甲烷、总三卤甲烷比值、二氯乙酸、氯代乙酸均呈正相关(P0.05或P0.01);A254值与三氯甲烷、一溴二氯甲烷、总三卤甲烷、总三卤甲烷比值、二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸、氯代乙酸均呈正相关(P0.05或P0.01);总氯与三氯甲烷、一溴二氯甲烷、总三卤甲烷、总三卤甲烷比值均呈负相关(P0.05或P0.01),而与二氯乙酸和氯代乙酸呈正相关(P0.05或P0.01);pH值与氯代乙酸呈负相关(P0.05)。各三卤甲烷类的管网分布水平彼此呈正相关(P0.01),氯代乙酸与二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸均呈正相关(P0.01),而三卤甲烷类与氯代乙酸类之间无相关性(P0.01)。结论DBPs的管网分布具有明显的季节性差异,并随管网距离的增加而变化,其分布水平与总氯、水中有机前体物含量、水温、pH值等密切相关。     

烟台市蓬莱区2018—2022年城市饮用水消毒副产物监测分析

目的 了解烟台市蓬莱区城市生活饮用水氯化消毒副产物污染状况及其变化趋势,为针对性保障饮用水卫生安全提供技术支持。方法 蓬莱区2018—2022年分别在枯水期及丰水期对市政供水消毒副产物进行采样,按GB/T 5750—2006《生活饮用水标准检验方法》进行检测,按GB 5749—2022《生活饮用水卫生标准》进行评价。结果 蓬莱区2018—2022年消毒副产物合格率为76.7%(69/90),消毒副产物中除氯化氰、二氯甲烷、2,4,6-三氯酚未检出外,其他消毒副产物指标均有不同程度的检出,检出率以三氯甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷、二氯一溴甲烷最高(均为95.6%,86/90);超标指标为三卤甲烷和三氯乙醛,超标率分别为23.3%(21/90)、4.4%(4/90),其中三卤甲烷含量总体呈先升高后降低趋势,以2019年最高,2022年最低(F=7.37,P<0.01),三氯乙醛各年份含量差异无统计学意义。各消毒副产物含量在出厂水与末梢水中差异均无统计学意义;丰水期余氯、三卤甲烷、三氯甲烷、二氯一溴甲烷含量均高于枯水期(t=2.18、3.64、5.29、3.80,P均<0.05)。结论 蓬...     

饮用水消毒副产物与健康研究进展

当前及今后一段时期内,我国饮用水消毒仍然以加氯消毒为主。而饮水氯化消毒副产物已被证实具有遗传毒性或致癌性、生殖发育毒性等,对人群健康构成潜在威胁。华中科技大学同济医学院公共卫生学院鲁文清教授长期从事饮水氯化消毒副产物与健康研究,主持开展多项国家级重点科研项目,取得重要进展。本刊特邀鲁文清教授就近期研究成果组织整理,进行集中报道,以推动该研究的深入发展。     

Multipathway risk assessment on disinfection by-products of drinking water in Hong Kong

The lifetime cancer risk and the hazard index of trihalomethanes (THMs) through oral ingestion, dermal absorption, and inhalation exposure from tap water in 19 districts in Hong Kong are estimated. The most dominant THMs are chloroform and bromodichloromethane (BDCM) in Hong Kong tap water. Among the three different pathways, residents have a higher risk of cancer through oral ingestion than through the other two pathways. The lifetime cancer risks through oral ingestion and dermal absorption for BDCM make the highest percentage contribution (59%) to total risks, followed by chloroform (24%). The chloroform and BDCM are at or above the negligible risk level of 10(-6) by a factor of 10 or more in most districts. Among the 19 districts, people living in Sai Kung have the highest risk of cancer due to the THM exposure through the multipathways, mainly because of the exposure to BDCM and dibromochloromethane (DBCM). The total cancer risk analysis indicates that each year approximately 10 out of the seven million Hong Kong residents could get cancer from the daily intake of water.     

饮用水消毒副产物的卫生监控

水是生命之源,人体内的一切生理和生化活动如体温调节、营养物质输送、代谢产物排泄等都需在水的参与下完成.安全的饮用水对于促进人体健康具有重要意义.     

Chlorination disinfection by-products in drinking water and the risk of adult leukemia in Canada

The authors conducted a population-based case-control study of 1,068 incident leukemia cases and 5,039 controls aged 20-74 years during 1994-1997 to examine the association between exposure to drinking water chlorination disinfection by-products and adult leukemia risk in Canada. Residence and drinking water source histories and data from municipal water supplies were used to estimate individual chlorination disinfection by-product exposure according to water source, chlorination status, and chlorination disinfection by-product levels during the 40-year period before the interview. The analysis included 686 cases and 3,420 controls for whom water quality information was available for at least 30 of these years. Increased risk of chronic myeloid leukemia was associated with increasing years of exposure to different chlorination disinfection by-product indexes, with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.72 (95% confidence interval: 1.01, 3.08) for the highest exposure duration to total trihalomethanes of more than 40 microg/liter. In contrast, the risk of the other studied leukemia subtypes was found to decrease with increasing years of exposure to chlorination disinfection by-products. A protective effect was noted for chronic lymphoid leukemia (odds ratio = 0.60, 95 percent confidence interval: 0.41, 0.87) associated with the highest exposure duration to total trihalomethanes of more than 40 microg/liter. More studies with long-term exposure measures and large enough to evaluate leukemia subtypes are needed to further understanding of the issue.     

饮用水氯化消毒副产物与出生缺陷

饮用水氯化消毒处理过程中可形成多种类型的消毒副产物(DBPs)．包括三卤甲烷、卤代乙酸、卤代乙腈、卤代酮及氯代呋喃酮等。一系列研究显示DBPs与神经管缺陷、先天性心脏病、泌尿系统畸形、头面部缺陷等有相关性。但是．以往的一些研究无法正确估计暴露水平及各种DBPs之间或与饮水中其他物质之间的联合作用。因此．有必要通过正确的暴露估计和流行病学研究及合理的毒理学试验．深入探索氯化消毒副产物对出生缺陷的影响。     

Exposure to drinking water disinfection by-products and pregnancy loss

Previous research has suggested that exposure to elevated levels of drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs) may cause pregnancy loss. In 2000-2004, the authors conducted a study in three US locations of varying DBP levels and evaluated 2,409 women in early pregnancy to assess their tap water DBP concentrations, water use, other risk factors, and pregnancy outcome. Tap water concentrations were measured in the distribution system weekly or biweekly. The authors considered DBP concentration and ingested amount and, for trihalomethanes only, bathing/showering and integrated exposure that included ingestion. On the basis of 258 pregnancy losses, they did not find an increased risk of pregnancy loss in relation to trihalomethane, haloacetic acid, or total organic halide concentrations; ingested amounts; or total exposure. In contrast to a previous study, pregnancy loss was not associated with high personal trihalomethane exposure (> or =75 micro g/liter and > or =5 glasses of water/day) (odds ratio = 1.1, 95% confidence interval: 0.7, 1.7). Sporadic elevations in risk were found across DBPs, most notably for ingested total organic halide (odds ratio = 1.5, 95% confidence interval: 1.0, 2.2 for the highest exposure quintile). These results provide some assurance that drinking water DBPs in the range commonly encountered in the United States do not affect fetal survival.     

Neural tube defects and drinking water disinfection by-products.

We conducted a population-based case control study of neural tube defects and drinking water contaminants, specifically, disinfection by-products. We used public monitoring records concurrent with the first month of gestation to assess exposure. The prevalence odds ratios (PORs) for the highest tertile of total trihalomethanes compared with the lowest was 1.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.9-2.70). Surface water source was also associated with neural tube defects (POR = 1.5; 95% CI = 0.9-2.5). Sensitivity analyses restricted to isolated neural tube defect cases and mothers with known residence at conception yielded stronger associations [total trihalomethanes, POR = 2.1 (95% CI = 1.1-4.0); surface water, POR = 1.7 (95% CI = 0.9-3.2)]. Other major groups of disinfection by-products (haloacetic acids and haloacetonitriles) showed little relation to these defects.     

Assessment of disinfection by-products in drinking water in Korea.

The main purpose of applying the chlorination process during water treatment is for disinfection. Research results, however, indicate that disinfection byproducts (DBPs) including trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), haloketones (HKs), and chloropicrin (CP) can be produced by the chlorination process. Some of these DBPs are known to be potential human carcinogens. This 3-year project is designed to establish a standard analysis procedure for DBPs in drinking water of this country and investigate the distribution and sources of specific DBPs. The occurrence level of DBPs in drinking water was below 50 micrograms/l in most cases. THMs in plant effluent accounted for 60% of all DBPs measured, whereas HAAs accounted for 20%, HANs 12%, HKs 5% and CP 3%. Chloroform was found to be the major THMs compound (77%), followed by bromodichloromethane (BDCM, 18%) and bromoform (BF, 3%). The concentration of DBPs formed in distribution systems increased from those detected in plant effluent. Comparison of humic acid and sewage as precursors for THMs formation showed that humic acid was the major THMs precursor. Results would play an important role in exposure assessment as a part of the risk assessment process, and would give basic information for establishment of DBPs reduction and management procedures.