鼻腔泪囊造口术的泪囊鼻内解剖研究

目的：探讨鼻腔泪囊的解剖结构及其与毗邻的关系,为鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术提供解剖学指导。方法：对15具（30侧）成人尸头的泪囊投影在鼻腔外侧壁上的解剖特点进行研究,同时观察了内眦韧带与泪囊的解剖关系。结果：泪囊在鼻腔外侧壁上的解剖位置投影大部（2／3）位于中鼻甲附着处（中鼻甲腋）前端上方,小部位于其下方;泪囊小部分（1／3）位于泪总管开口上方水平,大部位于该口下方;内眦韧带几乎横压于泪囊中部。中鼻甲腋可越过泪囊后界（11侧）或中线（1侧）。使用以内眦韧带为基准点的泪囊鼻外定位法,30侧标本全部定位于泪囊投影区较中心的位置。结论：建议术前行泪囊碘油造影CT检查,手术造口中心位置约为中鼻甲附着处以上1.5～2．0mm处稍前方。泪总管开口与泪囊的解剖关系恒定,术中使用激光光纤行泪道探查,并以透过鼻腔外侧壁上的光斑为定位标志相对精确,以内眦韧带为基准点的泪囊鼻外定位法准确度亦高。     

泪囊鼻内解剖研究及临床应用

目的探讨鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术的泪囊鼻内表面定位。方法对15具(30侧)成人尸头的泪囊在鼻腔外侧壁上的投影位置进行解剖学测量;并指导临床应用于32例(39侧)慢性泪囊炎鼻泪管阻塞患者的鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术。结果解剖学测量泪囊大部分(2／3)位于中鼻甲腋上方,小部分(1／3)位于中鼻甲腋下方;泪囊大部分(2／3)位于总泪小管口下方,小部分(1／3)位于总泪小管口上方;内眦韧带横压于泪囊的中部,几乎与总泪小管平行。施行手术的32例(39侧),术后随访半年以上,治愈28例(35侧,89．8％),好转2例(2侧,5．1％),无效2例(2侧,5．1％),总有效率94．9％。结论以中鼻甲腋前上0．2 cm为手术造口中心点,中鼻甲腋前上0．8 cm为上界,腋前下0．4 cm为下界,作弧形黏膜切口及1．2 cm×1．0 cm骨孔,此为鼻腔泪囊造口的最佳位置;利用枪状镊依据鼻外内眦韧带定位泪囊造口的中心点亦不失为一简易可取的方法。     

泪囊在鼻内镜泪囊鼻腔造口术中的解剖学研究及临床应用

目的 探讨经鼻内镜泪囊鼻腔造口术中泪囊在鼻腔外侧壁的解剖学定位.方法 对12具(24侧)成人尸头的泪囊在鼻腔外侧壁上的投影位置进行解剖学测量,为62例(85侧)慢性泪囊炎鼻泪管阻塞患者行经鼻内镜鼻腔泪囊造口术.结果 解剖学测量结果提示,15侧(62.5%)泪囊上界位于中鼻甲腋上方,9侧(37.5%)泪囊上界位于中鼻甲腋下方.临床结果:62例(85侧)术后随访6个月以上,治愈50例(70侧,82.3% ),好转8例(9侧,10.6%),无效4例(6侧,7.1%),总有效率为92.9%.结论 以中鼻甲腋前上0.7 cm为上界,腋前下0.3 cm为下界,钩突前缘向上延线为泪囊后界定位泪囊进行鼻腔泪囊造口为较佳选择.     

泪囊鼻腔吻合术失败患者的鼻内镜处理

目的通过对鼻内镜下修复传统的泪囊鼻腔吻合术失败患者的疗效观察,探讨鼻内镜下处理泪囊鼻腔吻合术失败患者的体会。方法收集传统手术方法治疗泪囊鼻腔吻合术失败患者13例,应用鼻内镜手术再次修复处理,术后随访12个月,并观察疗效。结果治愈11眼,好转2眼,有效率100%。结论应用鼻内镜处理泪囊鼻腔吻合术失败患者有简便、快捷、微创及疗效好的优点。     

鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造孔术3例经验与教训

2009年我科派出1名医师到首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科进修学习。有机会跟随周兵等老师学习鼻内镜下泪囊鼻腔造孔术治疗慢性泪囊炎。鼻内镜下泪囊鼻腔造孔术避免了经皮手术损伤内眦血管和韧带的弊病,无面部瘢痕,手术并发症少,同时可矫正影响泪囊造孔引流,导致手术失败的鼻腔、鼻窦疾病或解剖异常等因素,如鼻窦炎、鼻息肉、泡状中鼻甲及鼻中隔偏曲等,临床效果良好,较鼻外泪囊鼻腔吻合术有明显的优点。我们将该技术引进我院,于2009年8月～2010年3月尝试在鼻内镜下行鼻腔泪囊造孔术3例,现与希望开展此技术的同仁分享经验和教训。     

经眼光导纤维引导鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术治疗慢性及复发性泪囊炎的临床研究

目的:探讨鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术中鼻内泪囊定位的新方法.方法:68例慢性泪囊炎患者(包括31例复发性泪囊炎)经鼻内镜行鼻腔泪囊造口术,术中将眼内光导纤维投射到鼻腔外侧壁的光斑作为泪囊在鼻腔外侧壁的投影.结果:使用眼内光导纤维引导,泪囊定位准确,进行鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术时手术时间明显缩短,手术简化.2例2次手术者再阻塞,其余患者随访2年无复发,无并发症发生,成功率为97.06%(66/68).结论:将眼内光导纤维用于鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术中对泪囊定位的方法简单可行,值得推广应用.     

鼻内镜下经鼻高位泪囊鼻腔吻合术治疗慢性泪囊炎的临床观察

目的　探讨鼻内镜下经鼻高位泪囊鼻腔吻合术（dacryocystorhinostomy,DCR）治疗慢性泪囊炎的临床疗效。方法　回顾性分析河北省沧州中西医结合医院2009年1月～2019年1月收治的141例（141眼）慢性泪囊炎患者,所有患者均采用鼻内镜下DCR治疗,2009年1月～2016年2月74例患者行鼻内镜下经鼻平中鼻甲腋DCR（低位DCR组）,2016年3月～2019年1月67例患者行鼻内镜下经鼻高位泪囊鼻腔吻合术（高位DCR组）,分析两组患者术后半年疗效。结果  低位DCR组患者治愈55例,好转10例,无效9例,治疗总有效率为87.8%;高位DCR组患者治愈59例,好转6例,无效2例,治疗总有效率97%,差异有统计学意义（χ2=4.12,P <0.05）。结论　鼻内镜下经鼻高位DCR治疗慢性泪囊炎疗效显著,安全有效,值得推广。     

鼻内镜下泪囊鼻腔造口术疗效分析

目的探讨影响鼻内镜下泪囊鼻腔造口术手术疗效的因素。方法对经鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术患者术后5～18个月回访复查的41例（76眼）病例的手术操作及手术疗效进行回顾性分析。结果 41例（76眼）中治愈67眼（88.2%）、显效7眼（9.2%）、有效2眼（2.6%）。结论患者自身的解剖变异、手术中造口的位置及造口大小,术中泪囊瓣的处理及手术后处理,对手术疗效有很大影响。     

鼻内镜下处理经鼻外径路泪囊鼻腔吻合术后复发

目的 探讨泪囊鼻腔吻合术失败的原因及在鼻内镜下处理的经验。方法 对25例经颜面部切口行泪囊鼻腔吻合术失败病例均在鼻内镜下观察造瘘口,根据造瘘口堵塞的不同情况采取不同的处理方法。结果 随访6~12个月,19眼症状完全消失,4眼症状明显减轻,2眼无效。 结论 经颜面部切口行泪囊鼻腔吻合术后应在鼻内镜下定期检查换药,及时处理堵塞造瘘口的血块、肉芽和粘连,对进一步提高手术效果有重要意义。     

鼻内镜下泪囊鼻腔吻合术失败原因分析

目的 探讨鼻内镜下泪囊鼻腔吻合术失败原因.方法 慢性泪囊炎鼻内镜下行泪囊鼻腔吻合术116例,男37例,女79例.结果 失败10例,失败率8.6％;其中创伤过大2例,适应证错误7例,术后未按时复查1例.结论 鼻内镜下泪囊鼻腔吻合术要正确选择适应证,尽可能减少副损伤,基层医院开展此手术应慎重.     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

Lack of significant estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in nasal telangiectasias in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an immunohistochemical analysis

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by snoring and apnea during sleep leading to decreased oxygen saturation and disturbed sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and neuropsychological disturbances. This study investigates cognitive neuropsychological abilities in a group of 53 OSAS patients before and after treatment with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. General intellectual ability, verbal learning and memory as well as executive functioning were measured at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. After surgery there were significant improvements in verbal learning and memory (mean change - 39, SD 57.3, p <0.001), recall (mean change - 24.3, SD 39.3, p <0.001) and executive functioning (as assessed by percentage of errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; mean change-9.1, SD 15.7, p <0.001). These improvements were in accordance with improvements in the degree of sleep apnea, the oxygen desaturation index (mean change -9.7, SD 15.9, p <0.001) and arterial minimum oxygen saturation (mean change 4.5%, SD 10.2%, p <0.01). Surgical treatment seems to improve verbal learning, memory and recall and executive functions in parallel with better oxygenation in OSAS.     

Measurement of chemosensory function

Although hundreds of thousands of patients seek medical help annually for disorders of taste and smell, relatively few medical practitioners quantitatively test their patients' chemosensory function, taking their complaints at face value. This is clearly not the approach paid to patients complaining of visual, hearing, or balance problems. Accurate chemosensory testing is essential to establish the nature, degree, and veracity of a patient's complaint, as well as to aid in counseling and in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment strategies and decisions. In many cases, patients perseverate on chemosensory loss that objective assessment demonstrates has resolved. In other cases, patients are malingering. Olfactory testing is critical for not only establishing the validity and degree of the chemosensory dysfunction, but for helping patients place their dysfunction into perspective relative to the function of their peer group. It is well established, for example, that olfactory dysfunction is the rule, rather than the exception, in members of the older population. Moreover, it is now apparent that such dysfunction can be an early sign of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Importantly, older anosmics are three times more likely to die over the course of an ensuring five-year period than their normosmic peers, a situation that may be averted in some cases by appropriate nutritional and safety counseling. This review provides the clinician, as well as the academic and industrial researcher, with an overview of the available means for accurately assessing smell and taste function, including up-to-date information and normative data for advances in this field.