心脏再同步治疗对慢性心力衰竭的临床疗效观察

目的观察心脏再同步治疗（CRT）对慢性心力衰竭的长期临床疗效。方法24例接受CRT的慢性心力衰竭患者,心功能Ⅲ～Ⅳ级（NYHA分级）,左心室射血分数（LVEF）≤0．35,左心室舒张末内径（LVEDD）／〉55mm,QRS时限≥120／TIS。植入前超声心动图及组织多普勒检查以评价心功能及心脏收缩不同步指标,并指导左心室电极导线的植入。植入后3、6个月及随后的每6个月进行随访,随访内容包括临床症状、心电图、LVEDD、LVEF及多普勒超声评价心脏收缩同步性指标。结果随访时间（12．0±4．6）个月,结果显示患者临床症状明显改善,QRS时限植入后较植入前缩短[（137．50±38．96）ms对（144．60±45．78）ms,P=0．67],但差异无统计学意义。植人后LVEDD较植入前明显缩小[（6．24±0．89）cm对（6．78±0．42）cm,P=0．03];LVEF则明显提高（0．36±0．09对0．31±0．03,P〈0．01）,左心房内径（LAD）也较术前明显缩小[（4．22±8．43）cm对（5．32±7．63）cm,P=0．01]。心脏收缩不同步指标与植入前相比也明显改善。结论对慢性心力衰竭的患者,CRT治疗可改善左心室功能,逆转左心室重构。     

Predictors of persistence of functional mitral regurgitation after cardiac resynchronization therapy: Review of literature

Functional mitral regurgitation is a common finding among heart failure patients with ischemic and non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathies. The presence of moderate or severe mitral regurgitation is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Heart failure patients meeting electrocardiogram and left ventricle function criteria are good candidates for cardiac resynchronization therapy, which may reduce the degree of functional mitral regurgitation in the short and long term, specifically targeting myocardial dyssynchrony and inducing left ventricle reverse remodeling. In this article, we analyze data from the literature about predictors of mitral regurgitation improvement after cardiac resynchronization therapy implantation.     

Repercussion of functional mitral regurgitation on reverse remodelling in cardiac resynchronization therapy.

AIMS: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) reduces the degree of functional mitral regurgitation (FMR). However, FMR has also been associated with a lack of clinical response to CRT. We undertook this study to determine whether the presence of FMR influences the reverse remodelling induced by CRT. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used Doppler echocardiography to assess 20 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy before and 6 months after undergoing CRT. We evaluated the effect of reverse remodelling (reduction > or = 10% in end-systolic volume) according to the presence or absence of important FMR, defined as a regurgitant orifice area (ROA) of > or = 0.20 cm(2). Of the 20 patients (mean age, 64.7 +/- 8.2 years, eight women), 9 had marked FMR (ROA 0.40 +/- 0.12 cm(2)), 6 mild FMR (ROA 0.15 +/- 0.02 cm(2)), and 5 had trivial or no FMR. CRT reduced the presence of mitral regurgitation by 33.3% and induced reverse remodelling in 60% of the patients. A ROA > or = 0.20 cm(2) was associated with a lack of reverse remodelling, despite presenting similar baseline characteristics and a reduction in asynchrony to the other patients. Reverse remodelling was produced in all the other patients, with a significant reduction in end-systolic volume (41.7 +/- 21%; P = 0.003), accompanied by improvement in the ejection fraction (P = 0.003) and myocardial performance index (P = 0.027). CONCLUSION: CRT improved FMR, although the baseline presence of important mitral regurgitation, with a ROA > or = 0.20 cm(2), in patients undergoing CRT was associated with a lack of response in reverse remodelling.     

动态优化AV／VV间期的心脏再同步治疗对慢性心力衰竭的疗效评价

目的评价AV／VV间期动态优化的心脏再同步治疗（CRT）对慢性心力衰竭的疗效。方法26例因心力衰竭接受CRT的患者分别于植入术后1周,6个月以及12～18个月在超声指导下行AV／VV间期优化。同时行超声心动图以及组织多普勒、心电图、6min步行距离试验（6MHW）、血浆脑钠肽（BNP）值以及x线胸片（心胸比）检查。结果本文最佳优化AV间期在100～140（120．77±8．91）ms之间,最佳优化VV间期在4～24（12．92±5．34）ms之间。CRT植入后最佳AV间期在±10ms之间波动,最佳VV间期在±4ms之间波动。植入后1周同植入前相比左心室射血分数（LVEF）由0．30±0．04增加至0．31±0．03,舒张期二尖瓣反流速度时间积分（VTImr）由（18．97±3．81）cm降至（16．04±3．64）cm;间隔对后壁的运动延迟（SPWMD）由植入前（125．06±7．47）ms降至（105．06±12．06）ms;QRS时限由植入前（144．35±10．76）ms降歪（129．00±6．65）ms;6MHW由植入前（278．46±12．55）m增加至（324．62±25．49）m;血浆BNP值由植入前（672．79±98．36）pg／ml降至（484．03±106．02）pg／ml。12～18个月AV／VV间期优化后同优化前相比：LVEF值由0．32±0．03增至0．40±0．03,VTImr由（16．04±3．64）cm降至（8．67±1．18）cm;SPWMD由（105．06±12．06）ms降至（101．00±7．56）ms;QRS时限无明显变化;6MHW由（324．62±25．49）m增加至（347．12±15．24）m;血浆BNP值由（484．03±106．02）pg／ml降至（98．41±8．57）pg／ml。左心室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）由（71．73±7．07）mm降至（64．46±4．95）mm;心胸比由（71±5）％降至（63±4）％。结论动态程控AV／VV间期可以提高CRT对慢性心力衰竭的短、中、远期疗效。     

Mechanism of improvement in mitral regurgitation after cardiac resynchronization therapy.

AIMS: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the relationship between the presence of left ventricular (LV) dyssynchrony at baseline and acute vs. late improvement in mitral regurgitation (MR) after cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). METHODS AND RESULTS: Sixty eight patients consecutive (LV ejection fraction 23 +/- 8%) with at least moderate MR (>or=grade 2+) were included. Echocardiography was performed at baseline, 1 day after CRT initiation and at 6 months follow-up. Speckle tracking radial strain was used to assess LV dyssynchrony at baseline. The majority of patients improved in MR after CRT, with 43% improving immediately after CRT, and 20% improving late (after 6 months) after CRT. Early and late responders had similar extent of LV dyssynchrony (209 +/- 115 ms vs. 190 +/- 118 ms, P = NS); however, the site of latest activation in early responders was mostly inferior or posterior (adjacent to the posterior papillary muscle), whereas the lateral wall was the latest activated segment in late responders. CONCLUSION: Current data suggest that the presence of baseline LV dyssynchrony is related to improvement in MR after CRT. LV dyssynchrony involving the posterior papillary muscle may lead to an immediate reduction in MR, whereas LV dyssynchrony in the lateral wall resulted in late response to CRT.     

左心室起搏阈值管理功能在心脏再同步治疗中的初步临床应用体会

目的目前在国内使用的心脏再同步治疗（CRT）起搏器及心脏再同步治疗除颤器（CRT-D）中,仅美敦力公司的Concerto具有左心室起搏阈值管理（LVCM）功能。本文初步探索植入Concerto患者,LVCM功能的准确性及临床意义。方法5例药物治疗无效的严重心力衰竭患者植入了Concerto型CRT—D,术后打开LVCM功能,起搏器自动记录每天起搏阈值变化情况,并在每一个随访时间点收集LVCM自动测算的左心室起搏阈值并与人工测算值进行对比。结果所有患者术后在满足测试条件后自动开启LVCM功能,并在事先设置的时间点自动测试起搏阈值,根据阈值自动调整输出;术后1～2个月起搏阚值波动较大。LVCM测算的左心室起搏阈值与手动测算值完全符合率为83．3％（20／24）,如果按差值0．5V计算,二者符合率为96．8％（23／24）。结论LVCM功能与手工测试具有很高的符合率;使用此功能能最大限度地保证左心室或双心室有效同步起搏,对提高CRT术后疗效具有重要临床意义。     

心脏再同步化治疗心力衰竭伴传导阻滞患者的近期随访

目的 观察心脏再同步化治疗（CRT）心力衰竭伴传导阻滞患者心功能改善情况.方法 连续入选在我科住院的终末期心力衰竭患者45例,按照QRS时限、形态分为完全性左束支传导阻滞组、完全性右束支传导阻滞组和非特异性室内传导阻滞组,分别评估、测量三组患者术前及术后6个月的NYHA分级、左室舒张末内径（LVED）、左室射血分数（LVEF）及血浆B型利钠肽（BNP）浓度.结果 完全性左束支传导阻滞组和非特异性室内传导阻滞组患者术后NYHA分级改善[（2.8±0.3）级比（3.6±0.2）级,（2.9±0.3）级比（3.5±0.4）级,P＜0.05],LVED缩小[（67.2±7.5）mm比（74.2±6.5）mm,（66.4±9.9）mm比（75.8±9.1）mm,P＜0.05],LVEF增大[（33.6±7.7）％比（26.6±7.2）％,（44.4±5.1）％比（28.6±5.7）％,P＜0.05],血浆BNP浓度下降[（3988.4±628.3）pg/ml比（8542.6±1384.9）pg/ml,（3573.2±749.5）pg/ml比（6666.2±1110.5）pg/ml,P＜0.05];完全性右束支传导阻滞组NYHA分级没有改善[（3.3±0.2）级比（3.4±0.3）级,P＞0.05],LVED无变化[（61.2±5.0）mm比（62.4±4.3）mm,P＞0.05],LVEF没有增大[（35.2±12.3）％比（33.4±11.8）％,P＞0.05],血浆BNP浓度无明显变化[（6844.7±774.8）pg/ml比（7558.6±1327.4）pg/ml,P＞0.05].结论 心脏再同步化治疗能够改善完全性左束支传导阻滞及非特异性室内传导阻滞患者的心脏功能,不能改善完全性右束支传导阻滞患者的心脏功能.     

QRS时限对心脏再同步治疗疗效的预测价值

目的探讨QRS时限（QRSd）对心脏再同步治疗（CRT）的预测价值。方法入选患者心功能Ⅲ～Ⅳ级（NYHA分级）、在心室射血分数≤0．35、超声心动图提示心室不同步患者行CRT治疗。植入术前、术后当天及术后6个月行心电图和超声心动图检查。以治疗6个月后左心室收缩末容积较术前减小的百分数（△LVESV％）≥15％作为治疗有效的标准,分析术前QRSd、术后QRSd及QRS时限缩短值（△QRSd=术前QRSd-术后QRSd）对CRT疗效的预测价值。结果（1）共入选40例患者,随访期间1例死亡,2例失访,余37例进入分析。其中,7例为窄QRS波（〈120ms）,30例为宽QRS波（≥120ms）。窄QRS波的CRT的有效率较宽QRS波,但差异无统计学意义（28．57％vs66．67％,P=0．079）;（2）宽QRS波组中,治疗有效者与无效者比,术前的左心室容积、左心室射血分数、QRSd、男女比例、心律、室内阻滞情况及△QRSd均差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;（3）宽QRS波组中,治疗有效者术后QRSd缩短[（151．0±23．2）ms vs（167．0±25．2）ms,P〈0．05],而无效者无变化[（166．0±19．0）msvs（168．0±42．1）ms,P〉0．05]。受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线显示术前QRSd和△QRSd均不能预测CRT的疗效（P〉0．05）;△QRSd与△LVESV％无相关性（P〉0．05）。结论窄QRS波的CRT疗效可能较宽QRS波差。虽然QRSd缩短仅见于CRT有效,但术前QRSd和△QRSd均不足以预测宽QRS波的CRT疗效。     

单中心心脏再同步治疗的长期病死率及原因分析

目的观察本中心心脏再同步治疗（CRT）的长期病死率,分析可能的相关因素。方法2001年3月至2010年4月135例患者行CRT治疗,男106例,平均年龄（59．95±11．14）岁。缺血性心肌病（ICM）44例,心功能Ⅲ～Ⅳ级（NYHA分级）,LVEF≤0．35。随访最长9年。结果全因死亡率为31．11％,其中心力衰竭占26．19％,猝死占38．1％。与存活患者比较,心力衰竭恶化死亡患者更年轻、CRT治疗前的临床指标差、肺动脉压高、左心室舒张末内径增大明显（P〈0．05）,而且PR间期明显延长（P〈0．05）,不理想的左心室电极导线位置（心中静脉和心大静脉）的比例增加（P〈0．01）。非心力衰竭死亡组CRT治疗后心功能的各项指标及活动耐量均改善,且随着时间延长改善更明显,而心力衰竭死亡组随着时间延长病情反复且加重。结论本中心CRT长期治疗的全因死亡率为31％,死亡原因中心脏性猝死发生率最高,心力衰竭恶化排第2位,经CRT后因心力衰竭和猝死导致的死亡率低于以前药物治疗（20％／4年和〉50％／5年）。对于心功能好转的患者预防猝死是重要的,心脏再同步治疗除颤器（CRT－D）应是首选治疗。     

50例心脏再同步治疗并发症分析

目的 探讨心脏再同步治疗(CRT)术中、术后并发症死亡病例分析.方法 心力衰竭患者50例,男性32例,女性18例,年龄35～79(62.18±13.16)岁,其中扩张性心肌病35例,高血压性心脏病2例,缺血性心肌病10例,三度房室阻滞3例.心功能Ⅲ级(NYHA分级)37例、Ⅳ级13例.植入心脏再同步治疗系统(CRT,含CRT-D),平均随访(22.1±12.8)个月.结果 50例患者中49例成功植入心脏再同步治疗系统,成功率为98%.植入术中、术后相关并发症包括:冠状静脉窦夹层3例(6%),心脏静脉穿孔1例(2%),右心室穿孔1例(2%),膈肌跳动1例(2%);死亡4例,其中围手术期死亡2例.结论 CRT植入术有一定的风险,主要与左心室电极导线的植入过程有关,但亦可能与右心室电极导线相关.应掌握好适应证并作好充分的准备,规范操作,严密观察;同时规范随访和程控,以减少并发症的发生.     

Differential change in left ventricular mass and regional wall thickness after cardiac resynchronization therapy for heart failure.

AIMS: LV reverse remodelling has been shown to be a favourable response after cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in many clinical trials. This study investigated whether left ventricular (LV) reverse remodelling after CRT has any structural benefit, which include the improvement of LV mass or regional wall thickness. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fifty patients (66 +/- 11 years) receiving CRT were followed up for at least 3 months. Echocardiography with tissue Doppler imaging was performed serially before and at day 1 and 3 months after CRT. Although LV end-systolic volume (LVESV) was decreased at day 1 after CRT (141 +/- 74 vs. 129 +/- 71 cm(3), P < 0.001), further LV reverse remodelling was observed at 3 months (110 +/- 67 cm(3), P < 0.001 vs. day 1). LV ejection fraction increased at day 1 (26.5 +/- 9.3 vs. 28.5 +/- 9.1%, P < 0.005) and was further improved at 3 months (34.2 +/- 10.5%, P < 0.001 vs. day 1). However, reduction of LV mass (231 +/- 67 vs. 213 +/- 59 g, P < 0.001) and regional wall thickness was only observed at 3 months, but not at day 1. The improvement of LV mass correlated with the change in LVESV (r = 0.66, P < 0.001) and the baseline systolic asynchrony index (Ts-SD) (r = -0.52, P < 0.001). LV mass was only decreased significantly in responders of LV reverse remodelling (245 +/- 66 vs. 207 +/- 61 g, P < 0.001), but increased in non-responders (209 +/- 64 vs. 223 +/- 56 g, P = 0.02). Responders had significant decrease in thickness of all the four walls for -6 to -11% (all P < or =0.02), whereas non-responders had increased thickness in septal and lateral walls for +11% (both P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The acute reduction in LV volume after CRT is mediated by haemodynamic and geometric benefits without actual changes in LV mass. However, at 3-month follow-up, reduction in LV mass and regional wall thickness was demonstrated, which represents structural reverse remodelling. Such benefit was only observed in volumetric responders but was worsened in non-responders.     

Response of functional mitral regurgitation in nonischemic cardiomyopathy to left bundle branch pacing

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Selecting patients for cardiac resynchronization therapy: electrical or mechanical dyssynchrony?

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) markedly reduces morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure and prolonged QRS duration. Landmark trials have included over 4000 patients based on their electrocardiogram. A few small, observational, non-randomized, single centre studies of short duration have suggested that echocardiographic measurement of mechanical dyssynchrony may better identify patients likely to benefit from CRT. We objectively review the meaning and measurement of electrical and mechanical dyssynchrony, the strengths and weaknesses of echocardiographic indices of dyssynchrony, and the controversial issue of predicting response to treatment. We conclude that proposals to alter current guidelines for patient selection, and include echocardiography, are misguided. Echocardiographic assessment will only become credible and applicable to clinical practice once used to select patients for large prospective randomized trials which show an improvement in clinical outcome.