腰交感神经阻滞有关解剖结构

目的:对腰交感神经节阻滞相关结构及其毗邻关系进行解剖观测,为腰交感神经节阻滞和预防并发症的发生提供解剖学基础.方法:对60侧尸体腰部与腰交感神经节阻滞相关结构及其毗邻关系进行了解剖观测.结果:腰交感神经节穿刺进针深度,皮肤至腰交感神经节的距离,左侧79.5 mm±0.6mm,右侧81.7 mm±0.8mm.获得了腰交感神经节毗邻结构的观测结果.结论:为腰交感神经节阻滞入路进针深度提供了解剖学依据,应注意误伤及腹主动脉、腰动脉、下腔静脉、椎管和肾等.     

肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞相关结构的观测

目的为肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞入路和预防并发症的发生提供解剖学基础。方法对50侧尸体颈部与肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞入路相关结构及其毗邻关系进行了解剖观测。结果肌间沟臂丛神经穿刺进针深度(即皮肤至第6颈椎横突距离。从环状软骨向后引一直线与胸锁乳突肌后缘相交点处的皮肤进针)为(18±1.4,12～22)mm。获得了与臂丛穿刺相关结构的观测结果。结论为肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞入路和预防并发症的发生提供了解剖学依据。     

经骶后孔骶管阻滞的临床应用解剖

目的:探索适合骶后孔骶管阻滞的精确定位方法及其进针角度和深度,为临床骶管阻滞和注射提供解剖学依据。方法:选取28例尸体标本,层次解剖并测量骶后各结构,对半劈开或打开骶管后壁,观测骶管各结构。以通过两侧髂嵴最高点连线为X1轴,以通过两骶角连线为X2轴,以骶后正中嵴垂线为Y轴进行定位。结果:①第2、3骶后孔的精确定位X1轴坐标分别为:男(68.45±5.78)、(86.91±6.14)mm,女(60.44±6.30)、(78.60±7.23)mm,X2轴坐标分别为:男(52.46±5.24)、(31.00±4.62)mm,女(48.26±4.32)、(30.20±4.27)mm,Y轴坐标分别为:男(20.76±2.53)、(19.20±2.50)mm,女(19.58±2.10)、(17.45±2.32)mm。②硬膜囊下端一般平对第2骶椎,与第2骶后孔上缘水平的距离为(13.07±5.50)mm。结论:第2、3骶后孔均可作为经骶后孔进针骶管阻滞麻醉的理想部位,推荐采用倒"工"形双重坐标法定位,穿刺角度宜向内、下偏斜矢状轴30°～40°,进针深度分别为9.3mm、6.4mm为宜。     

面神经阻滞入路相关结构的应用解剖

目的　探讨面神经阻滞入路相关结构的解剖关系 ,为面神经阻滞的进针入路和预防并发症的发生提供解剖学依据。方法　成年男性尸体 2 8具 (5 6侧 ) ,模拟面神经阻滞穿刺 ,用游标卡尺进行测量。结果　面神经阻滞穿刺点的位置为外耳道软骨下缘、乳突前缘和下颌支后缘的交汇处 ,垂直于正中矢状面进针 ,左侧深度为 19 91± 0 0 9mm ,右侧为 19 82± 0 10mm。结论　本研究确定了面神经阻滞准确的穿刺点、穿刺角度及深度 ,有利于麻醉药发挥作用以提高疗效。     

新生儿小脑延髓池穿刺术的应用解剖

目的　为给临床新生儿小脑延髓池穿刺术提供解剖学基础。方法　对 14具新生儿尸体的小脑延髓池进行解剖观测 ,确定进针位置、方向及安全穿刺深度。结果　穿刺点位于枕外隆凸下方 (38 4± 5 8) (31 2～ 4 6 0 )mm ,即枕外隆凸至两侧肩峰连线垂直距的中、下 1/3处 ,方向指向两侧额结节连线中点 ,最小穿刺深度为 (17 5± 2 3) (13 0～ 2 1 3)mm ,最大穿刺深度为 (2 1 5± 2 3) (16 0～ 2 4 4 )mm。结论　按照上述穿刺点和进针方向 ,可以获得最大的安全穿刺深度。     

岩斜区侧方手术入路相关血管神经显微外科解剖

目的 :为岩斜区侧方手术入路提供显微外科解剖学基础。方法 :15例头颅湿标本 ,模拟手术入路解剖观测相关重要血管神经走行长度及相互毗邻关系。观察了Labbe’s静脉 ,岩静脉 ,小脑前下及后下动脉走行及与神经的关系。结果 :测得三叉神经出颅部到正中矢状面距离、角度及颅内段长度分别为(13 .1± 2 .1)mm (10 .2～ 15 .3mm ) ,19.3°± 8.1°(14 .5°～ 2 5 .0°) ,(14 .0± 1.9)mm (11.6～ 18.2mm ) ;展神经分别为 (10 .0± 1.7)mm (8.9～ 11.9mm ) ,2 5 .3°± 12 .3°(2 1.0°～ 2 7.6°) ,(17.1± 3 .5 )mm (14 .0～ 2 1.0mm) ;面和前庭蜗神经分别为 (2 3 .8± 2 .9)mm (2 .1～ 3 .2mm ) ,70 .3°± 5 .6°(65 .0°～ 78.3°) ,(14 .8±2 .3 )mm (11.2～ 2 0 .1mm) ;舌咽神经分别为 (2 3 .1± 3 .1)mm (19.8～ 3 4.1mm ) ,67.5°± 7.6°(5 9.6°～70 .4°) ,(14 .9± 1.9)mm (13 .0～ 16.7mm )。结论 :①颞下、乙状窦前及乙状窦后入路适用于中、上岩斜区病变 ;枕下远外侧入路适用于下岩斜区病变。②本文岩斜区重要神经血管形态及相互关系测量数据 ,可提高该区相关手术的安全度和成功率。     

舌咽神经阻滞入路的解剖学观察

目的：为舌咽神经阻滞入路、预防并发症的发生提供解剖学基础。方法：应用35例例成人头、颈部标本，在下颌后窝内，沿乳突的下方做一约5～6cm长的弧行切口，由浅入深、逐层解剖，显露舌咽神经，并沿其向上追溯到颈静脉孔外口，仔细观察在颈静脉孔处舌咽神经与周围诸结构的位置及毗邻关系，然后逐层复位，     

钩突的临床解剖学研究及其意义

目的 :为临床开展鼻窦内窥镜手术提供外科手术解剖学依据。方法 :在 2 0具 40侧经防腐处理的完整成人尸头标本上观测钩突骨的形状大小及其相关临床数据。结果 :测得钩突骨的长度为 (19.6±3 .1)mm(14 .0～ 2 5 .0mm) ;宽度为 (4 .3± 1.2 )mm(2 .0～ 7.0mm) ;厚度为 (1.4± 0 .5 )mm(1.0～ 4.0mm ) ;其长轴与鼻底平面间的夹角为 (5 0 .6°± 5 .3°) (4 2 .0°～ 60 .0°)。结论 :筛漏斗及钩突的解剖形态是慢性鼻窦炎发病的重要解剖因素。     

骶髂关节螺钉固定的钉道参数应用解剖学研究

目的 :为经S1椎弓根水平骶髂关节螺钉固定提供解剖学依据。方法 :对 2 2例骨盆标本进行研究 ,测量S1椎弓根宽和高 ,骶髂螺钉的进针点和进针方向 ,进针点至S1椎体对侧前皮质距离。确定进针点后 ,以 5具新鲜尸体对进针方法进行验证。结果 :S1椎弓根宽和高分别为 (2 7.7± 1.9)mm和 (2 0 .2± 2 .3 )mm ;螺钉进针点位于髂后下棘前方 (2 4.6± 2 .9)mm ,坐骨大切迹上方 (4 1.8± 3 .4)mm ;进针方向为垂直于髂骨翼后外侧面 ,然后向后侧倾斜 (7.7± 3 .8)° ,向尾端倾斜 (7.1± 2 .3 )° ;进针点至S1椎体对侧前皮质距离为 (86.5± 3 .8)mm。以此进针方法行 10枚螺钉固定 ,无螺钉穿出椎弓根。结论 :髂后下棘和坐骨大切迹恒定存在 ,变异小 ;螺钉进针点位于髂后下棘前方 2 5mm ,坐骨大切迹上方 40mm ;螺钉长 75mm ;进针方向为垂直于髂骨翼后外侧面 ,然后向后侧倾斜 5°～ 10° ,向尾端倾斜 5°～ 10°。     

寰椎椎弓根螺钉技术的剖而解剖和三维CT应用研究

目的:对寰椎进行剖面解剖和三维CT测量.为临床提供寰椎椎弓根螺钉技术的解剖学和三维CT参数.方法:采用游标卡尺和量们器测量30例60侧C1湿骨剖面标本,采用GE LightSpeed 16 Pro螺旋CT操作软件(ADW4.2)测量30例60侧30～50岁正常人的C1-三维CT图片结果:剖面解剖学和3D-CT的测量结果分别为:寰椎侧块宽度为(10.42±1.50)mm、(10.1±1.4)mm;侧块长度为(21.33±1.06)mm、(21.5±1.3)mm;侧块高度为(10.22±0.80)mm、(10.3±1.1)mm;椎弓根中点至侧块前缘的距离为(27.98±1.32)mm、(27.8±1.2)mm;中线至寰椎椎管外缘的距离为(13.81±1.36)mm、(14.5±1.1)mm;中线至寰椎椎弓根中点的距离为(18.02±1.64)mm、(18.6±1.1)mm;中线至寰椎横突孔内壁的距离为(22.06±1.90)mm、(22.1±1.7)mm;椎管外缘至横突孔内肇的距离为(8.22±1.62)mm、(7.6±1.4)mm;寰椎后弓最薄处的宽度为(9.60±1.44)mm、(9.7±1.3)mm;高度为(4.60±0.11)mm、(4.4±0.8)mm.其中17侧(18侧)的寰椎后弓最薄处高度<4 mm.占28.3%(30%);寰椎侧块角为(24.6±1.1)°、(24.8±1.5)°两者的符个参数均无显著差异(P0.05).结论:剖面解剖学和三维CT的寰椎测量一致,均可为骨科医师提供寰椎椎弓根螺钉技术的可行性、进针点、进针方向和进针深度,但三维CT可提供具体、个体化的依据.     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Characteristics of the topographic interrelation of the head of the pancreas and the duodenum and pathology of the organs of the pancreatoduodenal area

Seventy pancreatoduodenal complexes of 55 patients with chronic pancreatitis and tumours of this zone and 15 patients died from other diseases are studies histotopographically . The pieces of the pancreatic head tissue in the medial wall of the duodenum were found in 12 cases of the first group and in 4 control cases. The pancreatic tissue consisted either of all elements of this organ or cystically dilated ducts and seemed to infiltrate different layers of the duodenum wall. Three variants of the pancreatic head structure are suggested on the basis of anatomo-topographical interrelationships of the pancreatic head and duodenum. In 12 out of 14 cases chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of organs of this zone were combined with the variants of the pancreatic head structure, in 2 cases there was a true heterotopy . Pathogenetic significance of these variants for the development of chronic pancreatitis is discussed.     

Influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitude of the synaptic reactions of the snail under voltage clamping conditions

The influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitudes of summary excitatory postsynaptic currents arising in identified giant parietal neurons in response to rhythmic stimulation of the intestinal nerve was investigated in a preparation of the isolated CNS of the common snail in order to identify the possibility of the participation of the postsynaptic element in synaptic plasticity. It was demonstrated that, at a greater value of the transmembrane potential, the decrease in the amplitudes of the postsynaptic currents which have been induced by rhythmic stimulation takes place more rapidly. It was also demonstrated that at a higher frequency of stimulation of the nerve, the effect of the influence of the membrane potential level on the dynamics of the synaptic reactions is more prominent. The data obtained may be regarded as an argument in favor of the possibility of the participation of the post-synapse in plasticity. This study was partially supported by the Russian Basic Research Fund (project No. 94-04-12209). Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. Translated from Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti imeni I. P. Pavlova, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 171–179, January–February, 1995.     

Effect of the conditions of adaptation of the optic analyzer to the function of the thermoreceptors of the human skin

Summary A discussion is presented of the effect produced by light stimulation applied to the optic analyzer alone on the function of the temperature analyzer. The cutaneous-temperature analyzer was kept on constant illumination and temperature. The light effects from the retinal photoreceptors on the cutaneous thermoceptor system led to reflex changes of the functional rate of the latter. Conditions of the optic analyzer of light adaptation caused reflex adjustment of cold receptors as to heating. Dark adaptation of the eyes changed the functional state of the cold receptors, corresponding to their adjustment to low temperatures.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 3–6, March, 1964