多层螺旋CT尿路造影技术分析

目的:分析多层螺旋CT尿路造影中不同图像后处理技术的应用价值。方法:采用GE公司Light Speed Plus/4i多层螺旋CT对116例患者的肾脏、输尿管、膀胱进行多期容积扫描,正常对照组30例,病变组86例,在ADW4.0工作站分别进行二维多平面重建、曲面重建、容积再现技术、最大密度投影等图像后处理。结果:正常对照组30例图像满意。病变组86例中,先天畸形中肾盂及输尿管重复畸形7例、马蹄肾5例、输尿管囊肿和输尿管异位开口各3例、异位肾和下腔静脉后输尿管各2例、孤立肾和膀胱重复畸形各1例;输尿管结石7例、肾盂肾盏结石4例;肾盂、输尿管炎性病变6例、结核3例;肾盂、输尿管肿瘤22例、膀胱肿瘤17例、盆部肿瘤侵犯输尿管3例。结论:多层螺旋CT尿路造影是泌尿系统一种理想的检查方法,应根据病变情况选择不同的图像后处理技术。     

多层螺旋CT尿路造影对泌尿系统疾病的诊断价值

收集45例临床有泌尿系症状患者,行CT平扫,肾皮质、肾髓质及排泄期增强扫描,根据肾脏积水程度决定延迟扫描时间,无积水者延迟10~15m in,积水者延迟30~180m in扫描,将原始资料传送至工作站,进行最大密度投影、多平面重建、曲面重建及容积重建,获得完整排泄期尿路影像。结果多层螺旋CT尿路造影能清晰显示泌尿系统的解剖结构,以及病变和尿路之间的空间关系、双肾功能情况。45例患者中正常5例,泌尿系肿瘤12例,泌尿系结核4例,结石7例,先天畸形6例,创伤(肾挫伤、肾内血肿)2例,肾脏囊肿4例,输尿管良性狭窄5例。     

输尿管结石螺旋CT与静脉尿路造影检查结果比较

目的比较急性肾绞痛患者螺旋CT和静脉尿路造影检查诊断泌尿系结石的检出率，花费等。材料和方法对50例临床所见急性肾绞痛伴有镜下血尿患者，均行B超、螺旋CT、静脉尿路造影等检查的患者；对所有患者的检查结果进行回顾分析，包括有无结石，结石大小和位置，输尿管扩张以及输尿管梗阻继发症状。结果所有患者中16例无结石，余患者经自行排石，输尿管镜气压弹道碎石或手术均证实有结石。螺旋CT显示了34例结石，静脉尿路造影仅显示22例结石。而结石所致输尿管梗阻螺旋CT和静脉尿路造影有同样的临床意义。结论螺旋CT平扫是急诊诊断输尿管结石准确，安全快捷的方法，明显优于静脉尿路造影检查。可将其作为急诊情况下诊断输尿管结石的首选检查方法之一。     

泌尿系排泄期CT扫描三维成像在临床的应用价值

回顾性分析我院2011年12月-2013年1月收治的24例临床有泌尿系症状的患者,进行泌尿系常规CT扫描以及排泄期CT扫描,将原始数据重建后传至处理工作站,应用多平面成像（MPR）、曲面重建（CPR）以及容积重建（VR）等方法,从而获取完整的泌尿系排泄期的尿路成像。结果在24例患者中,13例输尿管结石,4例输尿管畸形,2例膀胱癌合并输尿管下段受侵,2例肾盂癌合并膀胱转移,1例双肾盂双输尿管畸形,1例输尿管结核,1例输尿管膀胱入口处狭窄合并肾盂输尿管扩张。结石和肿瘤病例均得到手术以及临床证实,多层螺旋CT扫描诊断与临床诊断的符合率达100%。CT扫描具有扫描速度快、范围广、层厚薄以及图像质量高的特点,能够以多平面以及多方位的三维成像显示泌尿系排泄期的影像,从而为临床病变诊断提供重要的参考价值,值得临床推广。     

多层螺旋CT在泌尿系统疾病诊断中应用体会

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT在泌尿系统疾病诊断中的作用.方法:对临床有泌尿系症状70例患者行CT平扫、肾脏增强扫描及双期扫描,排泄期尿路造影,将原始图象数据传输至工作站进行图像后处理,获得多种泌尿系重建图像.结果:肾脏、输尿管、膀胱全部显示为50例,仅肾脏显示为5例,双侧肾脏和一侧输尿管及膀胱显示为15例.泌尿系结石病变为32例,泌尿系肿瘤性病变为28例,泌尿系先天性病变为5例,肾结核3例,肾梗死2例.结论:多层螺旋CT对泌尿系统疾病具有很高临床诊断价值,为临床诊治提供重要帮助.     

16层螺旋CT对胆总管下段梗阻病变的诊断价值

目的探讨16层螺旋CT及其多平面重组技术（MPR）对胆总管下段梗阻病变的临床应用价值。方法38例胆总管梗阻的病例均采用16层螺旋CT进行扫描，在工作站上进行MPR影像后处理，并对结果进行比较和综合分析。结果38例病例中，胆总管中下段结石21例，胆总管癌8例，壶腹癌6例，胆管炎3例。16层螺旋CT及其多平面重组技术观察病变的大小范围、形态、密度等改变，对病变显示满意。结论多层螺旋CT重建能提供病变非常有价值的空间关系信息，对胆总管中下段梗阻定位准确，定性率较高；临床应用价值大，有利于临床医师选择治疗方案，制订手术计划。     

64层螺旋CT尿路成像的应用分析

目的比较64层螺旋CT尿路成像（MSCTU）与尿路造影（IVP）和磁共振尿路成像（MRU）对输尿管梗阻性病变的临床诊断价值。方法收集经手术或临床证实的35例输尿管梗阻性病变患者资料,进行回顾性分析,比较3种尿路成像的诊断价值。结果35例中,输尿管结石26例,输尿管癌3例,肾输尿管结核1例,肾输尿管畸形3例,输尿管良性狭窄2例。MSCTU及IVP、MRU显示尿路疾病敏感性分别为96.7%、65.5%、83.3%,显示结石敏感性分别为100%、60.9%、66.7%。结论MSCTU对上尿路梗阻性疾病的诊断敏感性高于IVP和MRU,对泌尿系肿瘤、结石或其他尿路梗阻性疾病的诊断较为有效。     

64层容积CT尿路造影对输尿管梗阻性病变的诊断价值

目的探讨64层容积CT对输尿管梗阻性病变的临床诊断价值。方法50例输尿管梗阻性病变患者，均行64层容积CT尿路造影（VCTU）检查。对所获容积数据进行三维重组处理，输尿管重组方法有：最大密度投影、多平面重组、容积再现和曲面重组。结果50例病变中，输尿管结石28例，输尿管癌8例，输尿管并膀胱癌2例，肾输尿管结核5例，双肾及输尿管畸形2例，腔静脉后输尿管1例，先天性巨输尿管畸形1例，输尿管炎性狭窄3例。所有病例均经手术或临床资料证实。VCTU能清楚显示其位置、大小、形态及输尿管梗阻扩张情况。结论VCTU重组图像清晰，对泌尿系肿瘤、结石或其他尿路梗阻性疾病有着独特的临床应用价值。     

128层VCT全尿路扫描及三维后处理技术对泌尿系结石及其并发症的诊断价值

目的探讨128层容积CT(VCT)全尿路扫描及三维后处理技术对泌尿系结石及其并发症诊断价值。方法收集2011年1月~2013年1月我院临床拟诊尿路结石而进行全尿路CT容积扫描的214例患者者,均以0.625mm层厚、层距重建数据行多平面重建(MPR)、曲面成像(CPR)、容积成像(VR)等三维后处理,结合原始横断面图像进行分析诊断。结果 214例患者中发现泌尿系各类结石311枚,其中位于肾盂肾盏者42枚,输尿管上段91枚,中段48枚,下段96枚,膀胱内28枚、后尿道6枚,输尿管结石部位以上尿路均不同程度扩张积水,其中伴有肾盂肾炎或膀胱炎等改变者67例,未发现结石者15例。结论全尿路螺旋CT扫描并三维重建后处理技术是确诊泌尿系结石及相关并发症最直观、简单、可靠的方法。     

螺旋CT增强延时及后处理技术在小儿先天性尿路梗阻性疾病的应用

目的：探讨螺旋CT增强延时及图像后处理技术在诊断小儿先天性尿路梗阻性疾病的临床应用价值。方法：108例经手术证实的小儿先天性泌尿系梗阻畸形患儿。术前1周行多层螺旋CT重建尿路成像（MSCTU）不同增强延时时间点低剂量扫描及图像后处理和超声检查，实质期及排泄期分别测量肾脏最大截面CT值；皮质期、实质期采用多平面重组（MPR），排泄期加做最大密度投影（MIP）、曲面重组（CPR）及表面重组（SSD）图像，并将MSCTU诊断结果与超声诊断结果进行比较。结果：重度肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻（UPJO）男孩左侧肾脏发病率为76．19％，明显高于其他泌尿系畸形；重复肾重复输尿管积水以女孩发病为多，发病率为84．00％。单纯肾输尿管远端梗阻患肾功能均较好；重度UPJO患肾分泌功能尚存在，排泄功能较差；重度肾发育不全和积水型重复肾，患肾功能最差，其次为反流性肾病的肾脏。MSCTU的术前诊断完全符合率为96．30％，超声的术前诊断完全符合率为60．04％。MPR方便快捷，适合于肾脏功能及结构观察；CPR，MIP，SSD适合集合系统形态轮廓整体观察、肾排泄功能评价、积水梗阻平面判定及疾病定性诊断。结论：掌握最佳的MSCTU增强延时时间，选择合理的低剂量扫描及图像后处理功能，能十分准确地诊断小儿先天性复杂泌尿系梗阻畸形疾病，MSCTU技术可作为泌尿系术前常规影像学一站式首选检查方法。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。