孕烷X受体对细胞色素P4503A调控机制的研究进展

细胞色素P4503A（CYP3A）是参与临床药物代谢的主要CYP同工酶之一。孕烷X受体（PXR）属于核受体超家族（NR）的NR1 Ⅰ亚家族。该受体作为药物代谢的关键转录调控因子,参与CYP3A的诱导表达。药物可通过多种途径激活PXR受体调控cyp3a基因的表达,其中包括PXR与其他核受体、转录因子及细胞信号转导通路间的相互作用等多种途径。目前,基于PXR的筛选方法已广泛应用于早期新药研发。     

孕烷X受体和CYP3A相关性的研究进展

CYP3A是生物体内化学物代谢的关键酶 ,孕烷X受体 (PXR)是CYP3A基因表达的转录活化因子。PXR分子结构的不同导致CYP3A的种属差异。化学物通过PXR调节CYP3A的表达可能是影响化学物体内代谢的一条重要途径。研究PXR和CYP3A的相互作用对于新药设计、指导临床合理用药、预测药物相互作用、减少药物不良反应都具有重要意义。     

山姜素激活孕烷X受体和上调CYP3A4 mRNA转录的研究

目的探讨山姜素能否通过活化孕烷X受体(PXR)诱导CYP3A4的转录表达及对CYP3A4 mRNA的实际诱导作用。方法在人结肠癌LS174T细胞中,用瞬时共转染报告基因实验研究山姜素(1～50μmol.L-1)对PXR介导的CYP3A4基因的转录激活;用荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测其对CYP3A4 mRNA的实际诱导。结果 10μmol.L-1浓度山姜素能够通过活化PXR诱导CYP3A4的转录(1.63倍);10和20μmol.L-1山姜素能够明显上调CYP3A4 mRNA(2.28倍和1.65倍)的表达。结论 PXR途径也许是山姜素诱导CYP3A4基因表达的调控因素之一。     

人参皂苷F1通过激活孕烷X受体诱导CYP3A4的表达

目的探索人参皂苷F1(ginsenoside F1)是否通过激活孕烷X受体(PXR)实现对CYP3A4基因表达及酶活性的诱导作用。方法利用本实验室构建的PXR-CYP3A4稳定转染Hep G2工程细胞株结合荧光素酶报告基因技术,检测人参皂苷F1对PXR的转录激活效应;用不同浓度的人参皂苷F1处理LS174T细胞,并通过Q-PCR和酶活性试剂盒检测CYP3A4的mRNA表达和酶活性变化。结果不同浓度人参皂苷F1作用于LS174T细胞以后,可以浓度依赖性地诱导CYP3A4 mRNA水平的表达,并且增强其酶活性;同时,PXR-CYP3A4稳定转染Hep G2工程细胞株结合荧光素酶报告基因检测结果亦表明,人参皂苷F1能够浓度依赖性地增强PXR的转录激活效应。结论本研究揭示了人参皂苷F1可诱导CYP3A4的基因表达并增强其酶活性,这一过程可能与人参皂苷F1对孕烷X受体的激活有关。     

2,2′,4,4′-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)诱导孕烷X受体(PXR)活化能力的探讨

目的探讨2,2′,4,4′-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)是否为孕烷X受体(pregnane X receptor,PXR)的诱导剂及其诱导PXR受体下游基因细胞色素P4503A4(CYP3A4)的转录表达能力。方法采用CCK-8法测定分析BDE-47对人肝肿瘤细胞株HepG2的细胞毒性作用,并以BDE-47分别处理双萤光素酶hPXR报告基因系统和稳定高表达hPXR的HepG2细胞株,观察其对CYP3A4的诱导作用和对其mRNA及蛋白表达的诱导作用。结果BDE-47对HepG2细胞有明显的细胞毒性作用,且在6～48h呈明显剂量-时间-效应关系(P0.01)。48h为毒作用兴奋点,其半数抑制浓度(IC50)为110μmol/L。BDE-47能诱导CYP3A4表达量的增高,呈明显剂量-时间-效应关系(P0.01)。Q-PCR和Western Blot分析发现,其对CYP3A4的mRNA转录和蛋白表达有显著诱导作用,并呈剂量-效应关系(P0.01),对PXR受体诱导能力明显高于已知的阳性诱导物利福平。结论在本试验条件下,BDE-47是PXR受体的强力诱导剂,可能通过激活PXR受体而发挥其一系列毒性作用。     

染料木黄酮、拟雌内酯及槲皮素对孕烷X受体介导的CYP3A4转录的调节作用

目的　研究植物雌激素中的染料木黄酮(GST)、拟雌内酯 (COM)及槲皮素 (QU)能否通过活化人孕烷X受体 (PXR)诱导CYP3A4的转录表达。方法用PXR依赖的瞬时转染报告基因试验检测 3种植物雌激素的诱导作用。结果　GST ,COM和QU均能通过活化PXR诱导HepG2 细胞CYP3A4基因的转录表达 ,最大诱导倍数 (相对于用浓度为 0 .1%的DMSO处理的细胞 )在本实验中分别为 11.97(P <0 .0 1) ,2 .98(P <0 .0 1)和 3.2 8(P <0 .0 1)。结论　GST ,COM和QU均能诱导CYP3A4的转录表达 ,其作用机制通过活化PXR。GST ,COM和QU的摄入可能影响其他CYP3A4底物尤其是药物在体内的代谢。     

中草药对孕烷X受体和组成型雄烷受体等核受体通路影响的研究进展

孕烷X受体（pregnane X receptor,PXR）是核受体亚家族的成员之一,参与大量的外源性和内源性化学物质的生物转化,能被多种中草药激活,调节下游靶基因的表达,在药物代谢酶和转运体的调节中起重要作用。组成型雄烷受体（constitutive androstane receptor,CAR）和PXR一样能与外源性配体结合调节CYP2B6、CYP3A4、CYP2C19、UGT1A1的表达,共同参与CYP药物代谢酶的调节,成为药物作用的靶标。     

喹硫平过量时激活核受体PXR介导的药物Ⅰ相代谢酶和Ⅲ相转运体转录促进毒物消除的解毒机制

目的:考察喹硫平(quetiapine,QTP)在常规剂量与中毒剂量下对大鼠肝脏、前额叶皮质与海马中PXR信号通路及下游代谢酶CYP3A4和转运体P-gp表达的影响,并考察药物过量中毒情况下给予PXR激活剂对大鼠PXR、CYP3A4与P-gp蛋白表达的影响,从而揭示通过激活PXR信号通路促进药物脑与肝内消除的分子机制。方法:SD大鼠随机分为4组,即空白组(Control组)、常规剂量组(Normal组)、QTP中毒未干预组(Toxic组)及QTP中毒DEX干预组(Toxic+Dex组),按分组进行4d处理后,利用Western-blot技术考察不同时间点各组大鼠的肝脏、前额叶皮质与海马中PXR、CYP3 A4、P-gp的表达。结果 :腹腔注射QTP可增加脑与肝脏内PXR、CYP3A4和P-gp的蛋白表达并呈剂量依赖性;合用地塞米松(dexamethasone,DEX)可加速中毒剂量的QTP对PXR、CYP3A4和P-gp的蛋白表达的诱导作用。结论:长期使用QTP可自我诱导核受体PXR-药物代谢酶CYP3A4/转运体P-gp这一信号通路,合用核受体PXR激动剂可加速该诱导过程。激活PXR信号通路可快速有效激活解毒系统,从而可能达到快速解毒以及保护器官的目的。本实验有助于阐明药物中毒时核受体PXR对代谢酶和转运体的调控特征及分子机制,从而为开辟新的药物中毒救治途径奠定基础,为研究新型解毒药物提供新的思路。     

孕烷X受体(PXR)对药物代谢途径的调控

目的 从孕烷X受体（PXR）对药物代谢途径的调控入手,在代谢性药物相互作用、PXR在CYP3A4调控中的作用及其调控机制等方面作分析和阐述。方法 结合近年来国内外相关文献进行评述。结果 PXR是CYP3A4的主要转录调控因子,药物通过PXR介导的信号通路调节CYP3A4的表达是影响药物体内代谢变化的重要途径。结论 就临床药物而言,由PXR介导的CYP3A4酶蛋白表达的改变可造成合用药物药效的减弱甚至丧失,因此必须引起广大临床药师的足够重视。     

孕烷X受体对细胞色素P450 CYP3A基因表达的调控在中药配伍禁忌及中药毒性早期预测中的应用

中药配伍禁忌是药物与机体相互作用本质的具体体现,是中药配伍理论的重要组成内容。毒性早期预测是药物安全性评价的重要组成部分。快速、早期获得药物可能的毒性反应数据,建立一种简单、可靠地中药配伍禁忌和中药毒性早期预测方法,是当今毒理学领域研究的重点之一。孕烷X受体(PXR)是一种配体依赖性转录因子,大量临床药物作为其配体或激活剂通过激活PXR而诱导细胞色素P450 CYP3A(CYP3A)基因表达。联合用药过程中,PXR的激活可能会增加药物发生相互作用和不良反应的风险,导致药效降低甚至产生毒性。本文从PXR-CYP3A途径为药物相互作用研究提供分子学机制,以及为中药配伍禁忌的研究和药物毒性早期预测提供了新思路。     

Cyp3A regulation: from pharmacology to nuclear receptors.

Among the human liver cytochrome P450s (P450s), a family of microsomal hemoproteins responsible for catalyzing the oxidative metabolism of clinically used drugs and environmental chemicals, attention has been focused on CYP3A, a form that is the most abundant and is inducible by many of its substrates. From early pharmacological studies that demonstrated induction of CYP3A by glucocorticoids and, paradoxically, by antiglucocorticoids, the existence of a nonclassical glucocorticoid receptor mechanism was inferred and prompted research that culminated in the identification of a unique member of the nuclear receptor family, the pregnane X receptor (PXR; NR1I2). It has become increasingly evident that PXR as well as other nuclear receptors mediate CYP3A induction in a unique and complex manner including inducibility by structurally diverse compounds and striking interspecies differences in induction profiles. Future understanding of the role of nuclear receptors in regulating expression of CYP3A and other genes of the P450 family offers an exciting promise of further defining the physiologic function and interindividual differences of CYP3A in health and disease.     

Structural insights into the promiscuity and function of the human pregnane X receptor

The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a promiscuous nuclear receptor that responds to a wide variety of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds, and plays a critical role in mediating drug-drug interactions in humans. PXR is the master regulator of the expression of the CYP3A4 gene, which encodes for the most abundant and promiscuous drug-metabolizing enzyme in humans. PXR also regulates the expression of other genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism, including CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2B6, GSTA2 and MDR1, as well as genes critical to bile acid metabolism. While PXR functions as a xenobiotic sensor in numerous vertebrates, its relatively low sequence conservation across species causes the PXRs from different organisms to respond to distinct subsets of xenobiotics. Thus, PXR promiscuity is directed and not random. The recent determination of crystal structures of the ligand binding domain of human PXR has provided the first detailed molecular view of this promiscuous receptor, and has advanced our understanding of its varied biological functions. We review the evidence establishing the binding promiscuity of PXR and its directed specificity in different species, and analyze the structural determinants of these characteristics. In addition, we examine the relationship between the interaction of PXR with ligands and the manner in which CYP3A4 is thought to bind to substrate molecules. The accumulating structural and functional data on PXR may facilitate the development of improved methods for in vitro, in vivo and in silico screening for PXR activation.     

CYP3A4 induction by xenobiotics: biochemistry, experimental methods and impact on drug discovery and development

Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), an enzyme that is highly expressed in the human liver and small intestine, plays a major role in the metabolism of a large variety of xenobiotics, including an estimated 50% of therapeutic drugs, as well as many endogenous compounds. The expression of CYP3A4 can be induced by xenobiotics. Such induction leads to accelerated metabolism of the xenobiotics themselves (autoinduction) or of concomitantly administered CYP3A4 substrates/drugs, thereby significantly altering their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. During the past decade, much progress has been made in our understanding of the biological mechanisms responsible for regulation of CYP3A4 expression. It is now known that many xenobiotics induce CYP3A4 expression via the pregnane X receptor (PXR) pathway, while others are thought to act through the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and the vitamin D receptor (VDR). As a result, most pharmaceutical companies have recognized that it is important to evaluate CYP3A4 induction potential preclinically and are using primary cultures of human hepatocytes and/or PXR reporter gene assays. In general, the results from these two assay methods correlate well. The reporter gene assays in particular can be used to rapidly screen hundreds of drug candidates, whereas methods using primary human hepatocyte cultures may more accurately assess the potential for CYP3A4 induction in vivo. Although it is important to consider CYP3A4 induction in the early stages of the drug development process, it should be recognized that the assessment of induction potential preclinically is a difficult and imprecise endeavor and can be complicated by many factors.     

Development of in vitro methods to predict induction of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 in humans

The important role of cytochrome P450 (CYP) drug-metabolizing enzymes has been studied for many years, and the potential liabilities of inducing these enzymes are well understood. Though several mechanisms of induction have been studied, a growing consensus is developing that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and the pregnane X receptor (PXR) have evolved as the primary mechanisms responsible for clinically relevant drug-drug interactions caused by induction of drug-metabolizing factors. AHR and PXR have been identified as inducers of a variety of Phase I and Phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes, drug transporters, and other factors involved in drug metabolism. Though many genes are induced through these regulating factors, CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 have been the most reliable biomarkers to identify compounds with potential induction liabilities through AHR and PXR, respectively. Here are presented several in vitro methods to detect AHR- and PXR-mediated induction of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 in fresh and cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes, stable transfectants, and transiently transfected immortalized cells.