先天性耳廓、中耳畸形及外耳道闭锁的整复和鼓室成形术——附52例临床分析

目的观察Ⅰ期整复治疗先天性外、中耳畸形和外耳道闭锁并存患者的临床疗效和并发症。方法回顾性分析2000年1月～2007年1月间我科收治52例先天性外耳道闭锁并存中耳畸形患者。其中Ⅰ期全耳廓再造 外耳道成形 听骨链成形19例,耳后置水囊皮肤扩张器 外耳道成形 听骨链成形9例,单纯外耳道成形 听骨链成形20例,单纯外耳道成形 人工听骨安装2例,单纯Ⅰ期全耳廓再造 外耳道成形2例。结果听力重建50例,术后1月听力均有提高,语言频率平均提高25dB以上;其中术后随访6月～5年的38例,29例(76%)语言频率听力平均提高5～40dB。再造耳廓全部成活,其中1例出现耳廓挛缩;外耳道再造52例中,出现外耳道狭窄4例,外听道再闭锁者2例,均经及时处理得到缓解。未出现面瘫及迷路漏管等并发症。结论Ⅰ期整复治疗先天性外、中耳畸形和外耳道闭锁并存患者,并利用自体肋软骨再造耳廓可获得满意效果。     

先天性外中耳畸形的听力重建与同步耳廓再造

目的 总结同步进行外耳道、鼓室成形术与应用多孔高密度聚乙烯（MEDPOR）再造耳廓技术治疗先天性外、中耳畸形的手术经验.方法 25例（25耳）外、中耳畸形患者,采用Ⅰ期外耳道、鼓室成形术联合耳后皮下皮肤扩张器埋置术,Ⅱ期应用MEDPOR作支架进行耳廓再造.术后随访1～5年,观察疗效并总结临床经验.结果 术后1个月语频气导听力提高15dB HL以上者21耳（84%）,其中听力提高30dB HL以上、气骨导间距少于15dBHL者10耳（40%）,仍能保持听力稳定者17耳（68%） MEDPOR耳廓再造18耳一期愈合,外形良好,7耳支架外露,需要再次手术修复.结论 听力重建与MEDPOR耳廓再造同步进行可获得较满意的听力提高水平和耳廓外形.     

先天性外耳中耳畸形的一期听力重建整形术

耳廓、中耳先天性畸形常同时与外耳道闭锁并存,导致传导性耳聋。听力重建术包括外耳道与鼓室成形术,通常需分次进行手术。自199S年3月～2002年3月我们对10例(10耳)患者一期进行耳廓、外耳道再造,鼓室成形。取得了满意的效果。现报告如下:     

先天性小耳畸形全耳廓成形及听力重建术

目的:探讨先天性小耳畸形的临床特点及全耳廓成形及听力重建术的方法和效果。方法:统计、整理2005-01-2010-10期间在我科住院治疗的58例(62耳)小耳畸形患者的资料,本组患者均为先天性耳廓畸形伴外耳道闭锁、听骨链畸形、重度传导性聋。所有患者术前行颞骨CT检查并三维重建,听力学检查。手术分2期进行,一期行耳廓一次成形,外耳道重建,中耳重建手术;二期行耳后植皮,颅耳角再造,对术前、术后的资料进行回顾性分析。结果:耳廓成形加外耳道、中耳重建术后再造耳廓外形良好,耳廓和外耳道口位置接近正常,大部分患者术后听力获得改善。结论:对先天性耳廓畸形并外耳道闭锁的患者,术前应精心设计,根据多层螺旋CT三维重建结果确定听力重建入路及中耳畸形程度,全耳廓成形及听力重建术后可以同时改善耳廓外形和提高听力。     

鼓窦径路手术治疗先天性外耳道闭锁中耳畸形——附89例临床分析

目的 :探讨鼓窦径路治疗先天性外耳道闭锁中耳畸形的效果及重建耳道再闭锁的预防方法。方法 :回顾性分析 1993～ 1998年 5年间收治的 89例 (94耳 )先天性外耳道闭锁中耳畸形病人 ,均采用鼓窦径路重建外耳道 ,鼓室成形术 ,其中 型 80耳、加高 型 11耳、内耳开窗 3耳。康宁克通 A注射、扩张子扩张等预防耳道再闭锁。结果 :94耳均顺利找到鼓窦 ,开放鼓室 ,行听力重建 ,术后语言频率平均听力提高 2 0 d B以上者 80耳 (85 .1% ) ,提高 2 5 d B以上者 49耳(5 2 .1% )。再造耳道有闭锁征象者经康宁克通 A注射、扩张子扩张取得良好效果。结论 :鼓窦径路治疗先天性外耳道闭锁具有易掌握、安全、省时、效果可靠等特点 ,再造耳道有闭锁征象时应及时处理。     

虚拟耳镜对鼓室成形术前后鼓室结构的观察

目的 探讨虚拟耳镜在鼓室成形术中的临床评估作用.方法 应用虚拟耳镜观察耳病患者102例(204耳),72例(75耳)完成鼓室成形术和外耳道鼓室成形术,其中慢性中耳炎53例(55耳),先天性外耳道闭锁1 9例(20耳).结果 23耳慢性化脓性中耳炎胆脂瘤型,虚拟耳镜观察19耳听骨链破坏,手术证实23耳均有听骨腐蚀;32慢性化脓性中耳炎骨疡型,虚拟耳镜观察29耳听骨链不同程度破坏,手术证实23耳锤骨和砧骨侵蚀,11耳镫骨头或镫上结构缺失;20耳先天性外耳道闭锁,中耳畸形,术前提示18耳听骨畸形,2耳小鼓室无听骨链,手术证实17耳外耳道闭锁,听骨严重畸形,2耳镫骨缺失,1耳前庭窗闭锁.2耳术后突然听力下降,复查虚拟耳镜发现移植听骨与鼓膜脱离.虚拟耳镜与手术探查符合率,中耳炎为92%,先天性外耳道闭锁、中耳畸形为100%.结论 虚拟耳镜为鼓室成形术术前病变程度及术后疗效评估提供可靠的影像学依据.     

鼓窦径路手术治疗先天性外耳道闭锁中耳畸形附89例临床分析

目的：探讨鼓窦径路治疗先天性外耳道闭环锁中耳畸形的效果及重建耳道再闭锁的预防方法。方法：回顾性分析1993－1998年5月间收治的89例（94耳）先天性外耳道闭锁中耳畸形病人,均采用鼓窦径路重建外耳道,鼓室成形术,其中Ⅱ型80耳、加高Ⅲ型11耳、内耳开窗3耳。康宁克通A注射、扩张子扩张等预防耳道再闭锁。结果：94耳均顺利找到鼓窦,开放鼓室,行听力重建,术后语言频率平均听力提高20dB以上者80耳（85．1％）,提高25dB以上者49耳（52．1）。再造耳道有闭锁征象者经康宁克通A注射、扩张子扩张取得良好效果。结论：鼓窦径路治疗先天性外耳道闭锁具有易掌握、安全、省时、效果可靠等特点,再造耳道有闭锁征象时应及时处理。     

先天性外耳道闭锁的外科治疗（附13耳分析）

对先天性外耳道闭锁畸形１３例（１８耳）中的１３耳进行了手术治疗，行单纯外耳道成形术３耳，鼓室开放术１耳，鼓室成形术９耳。术后听力明显提高９耳，其中语言频率范围达到实用听力水平６耳。本文分析了外、中耳各部位畸形的相互关系，并对手术方法、操作技术进行了讨论。     

先天性耳畸形的手术治疗(附24例报告)

目的探讨治疗先天性耳畸形的不同手术方式及疗效，评估同期行耳廓成形及听力重建术的可行性。方法回顾性分析1985～2003年本科收治的24例(24耳)先天性耳畸形的患者，分别为单纯外耳道成形术6耳，外耳道-鼓室成形术10耳，同期行耳廓耳道成形及鼓室成形术8耳。结果行听力重建术的18耳，术后1个月纯音测听言语频率平均气骨导差缩小10～30dB；外耳道成形24耳中，5耳耳道狭窄；耳廓再造8耳均成活，近期耳轮、对耳轮出现，但远期效果较差，耳廓有不同程度的缩小变形。结论外耳道成形及听力重建术是治疗先天性耳畸形有效的手段，而同期行耳廓成形是可行的；以扩张后的薄皮瓣行耳廓成形效果较好，耳后带蒂皮瓣修复外耳道能有效防止外耳道再闭锁。     

先天性外耳道闭锁的外科治疗

对先天性外耳道闭锁畸形１３例中的１３耳进行了手术治疗，行单纯外耳道成形术３耳，鼓室开放术１例，鼓室成形术９耳。术后听力明显提高９耳，其中语言频率范围达到实用听力水平６耳。本文分析了外，中耳各部位畸形的相互关系，并对手术方法，操作技术进行讨论。     

Satisfactory surgical option for congenital microtia with defects of external auditory meatus (EAM) and middle ear

CONCLUSIONS: Improved appearance and hearing and increased efficiency are achievable for congenital microbia with defects of external auditory meatus (EAM) and middle ear. First the site of the external auditory meatus (EAM) orifice must be located according to the results of the temporal CT scan, then the auricle can be reconstructed employing the three-stage method. At the third stage, the EAM and middle ear can be reconstructed at the same time. OBJECTIVE: To select the best approach for reconstruction of congenital microtia with defects of the EAM and middle ear. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study analyzed 498 cases (528 ears) of auricle reconstruction by the three-stage method and 77 cases (91 ears operation/120 ears) of EAM and middle ear reconstruction. RESULTS: For auricular reconstructions, the effects of reconstructed auricles were classified into four grades according to their structure verisimilitude and the bilateral symmetry. The majority of patients/families were satisfied. For 52 ears with normal movement of stapes, reconstructions of EAM and middle ear improved hearing by 15-50 dB, but long-term improvement was not ideal. In bilateral patients, 20 of 24 ears with reconstructed EAMs exhibited relapse of stenosis or atresia. For patients whose EAMs were reconstructed first, scar developed around the orifice and affected the skin flap and later auricle reconstruction, while reconstructing the auricle first sometimes resulted in the location of the EAM orifice deviating from an ideal position.     

Evaluation of canal wall down tympanoplasty with canal reconstruction for draining ear with middle ear cholesteatoma

OBJECTIVES: We studied the postoperative stability of canal wall down tympanoplasty with canal reconstruction for middle ear cholesteatoma with preoperative otorrhea. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 155 ears with middle ear cholesteatoma treated with canal wall down tympanoplasty with canal reconstruction were evaluated retrospectively. A comparison was made between the group of 80 ears which showed otorrhea, preoperatively, and the group of 75 without preoperative otorrhea. Problems observed in the tympanic membrane or reconstructed external auditory canal were evaluated both at the postoperative initial stage and more than 1 year after surgery. Postoperative hearing prognosis was also studied. RESULTS: 1) In the postoperative initial stage, local infection and necrosis of materials for canal reconstruction were significantly more likely to be observed in ears with preoperative otorrhea. 2) In ears with postoperative local infection, necrosis of materials for canal reconstruction occurred more frequently, and the period until drying of the reconstructed external auditory canal was significantly extended. 3) No significant difference was seen in postoperative status of the tympanic membrane and reconstructed ear canal at least 1 year after surgery. 4) The presence of preoperative otorrhea had no influence on hearing prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: When canal wall down tympanoplasty with canal reconstruction is used for ears with preoperative otorrhea, careful attention should be paid to local treatment at the postoperative initial stage. However, no significant problem occurred in the outcome of preoperative ear draining at least 1 year after surgery.     

筋膜外植法鼓室成形术的手术体会

目的 探讨筋膜外植法在鼓室成形术中的应用及价值.方法 回顾分析筋膜外植法鼓室成形术63耳,随访观察患者的外耳道宽敞度、鼓膜形态及听力恢复情况.结果 本组病例包括中耳胆脂瘤25耳,慢性化脓性中耳炎38耳.手术方式分别为筋膜外植法鼓室成形术、筋膜外植法鼓窜成形术+完肇式乳突根治术和筋膜外植法鼓室成形术+开放式乳突根治术三种类型,中耳胆脂瘤和慢性化脓性中耳炎患者实施三种手术的数最分别为4、17、4耳和19、18、1耳.术后切口全部Ⅰ期愈合.随访0.5～3.5年,外耳道宽敞,鼓膜形态良好,听力提高或维持术前水平,未有听力下降者.按时随访者未发现有明显并发症.结论 筋膜外植法鼓室成形术具有操作流程规范、术野暴露充分、病变清除彻底等优点,在慢性中耳炎的外科治疗中具有积极意义.     

15例先天性中耳畸形临床特点及治疗

目的分析单纯中耳畸形的临床特点,探讨先天性单纯中耳畸形的诊断治疗方法。方法先天性中耳畸形患者15例（15耳）。男11例,女4例。年龄11～37岁,平均年龄（20.4±6.21）岁,单侧发病7例,双侧发病8例。平均气骨导差（50.33±7.73）dB HL,均行颞骨薄层CT扫描。显微镜下行鼓室探查及鼓室成形术,根据不同的畸形情况采用相应的听骨链重建技术。结果 15例中11例颞骨CT显示不同程度的听骨链异常。术中进行镫骨足板开窗或足板全切除4例（4耳）、前庭开窗2例（2耳）、外半规管开窗2例（2耳）、镫骨上结构存在、足板活动正常,行IIIa型鼓室成形术7例（7耳）。结论影像学检查对先天性中耳畸形的诊断十分重要,手术是主要治疗手段,多数病例可通过手术重建听骨链,恢复中耳传音功能,提高听力。但手术涉及内耳比例高,病例选择要慎重同时要做好充分术前准备。     

Analysis of surgical reconstructions of canal and middle ear via "direct entrance" approach in 53 ears with congenital aural atresia]

OBJECTIVE: To recognize the indication of surgical reconstruction via the "direct entrance" surgical approach (superoanterior surgical approach) for congenital atresia of the external acoustic canal and malformations of the middle ear. METHODS: A series of 53 ears operated on via the superoanterior surgical approach during 10 years from January 1988 to December 1997 was analyzed. RESULTS: The tympanic cavity was encountered without difficulty in 52 ears. Facial paralysis occurred postoperatively in one ear, which recovered after two months. The hearing improvement was observed in 45 ears (84.9%), of which 24 ears had hearing improvement greater than 30 dB and the air-bone conduction gap was within 15 dB (45.3%). A long-term (1-9 years) follow-up of 25 ears demonstrated that the hearing levels in 18 ears were kept unchanged. Postoperative stenosis of the canal occurred in one ear of a 2 years-old child. CONCLUSION: Based on the scanning images of the temporal bone by high-resolution computed tomography before the operation, the authors classified the bony structures of the paths of external acoustic canals into four types. Our results indicated that the selerotic and the diploetic paths of external acoustic cmeati could be indications for the "direct entrance" surgical approach, whereas the mixed type, either containing a little small cells or diploetic bone in sclerotic bone, might be suitable for this surgical approach also.     

New surgical techniques for the treatment of auricular atresia

The rehabilitation of patients having severe malformation of the auricle with congenital auricular atresia requires plastic surgery and audiologic treatment. After classifying these malformations, various options involving hearing aids and surgery are presented. The main focus is on our new technique of combined auricular reconstruction with construction of the external ear canal and tympanoplasty, the so-called atresia-operation. It is characterised by three steps combining plastic and otologic surgery with prefabrication of the tympanic membrane and the external ear canal. Finally, our current rehabilitation concept for these patients is presented.     

乳突根治加鼓室成形术临床疗效观察

目的 :在传统乳突根治术的基础上 ,探讨保留部分外耳道后壁鼓室成形术的方法 ,以期提高化脓性中耳乳突炎病人的干耳率 ,提高听力的可能性。方法 :对 2 6例 (2 9耳 )化脓性中耳乳突炎患者进行乳突根治术 ,保留部分外耳道后上壁 ,一期重建中耳传音结构。结果 :2 6例 (2 9耳 )术后 8个月～ 2 4个月随访 ,术后干耳并听力提高达实用听力水平 (2 5d B以上 ) 2 6耳 ,治愈率达 89.7% ,复发 3耳 ,复发率为10 .3%。结论 :对于耳咽管功能良好的化脓性中耳乳突炎病人在彻底清除乳突中耳病变的同时 ,行保留部分外耳道后壁及鼓环的鼓室成形术 ,更接近中耳生理结构 ,即清除炎性病变 ,又提高听力 ,值得推广。