原发性腹膜后肿瘤术后复发的再手术治疗

目的提高复发性腹膜后肿瘤的手术切除率和生存率。方法回顾性分析了我院１９８７年至１９９５年原发性腹膜后肿瘤术后复发而再手术治疗的患者３４例,其中恶性肿瘤３３例,良性肿瘤１例。共行手术５３次,完整切除肿瘤４２次（７９．２％）,姑息切除８次（１５．１％）,探查活检３次（５．７％）。结果复发性腹膜后肿瘤患者肿瘤完全切除者,１、２年生存率分别为７１．２％和６５．３％,而姑息切除和探查活检者均在１年内死亡。结论重视复发性腹膜后肿瘤的术前诊断、准备及术中处理是确保手术安全和提高生存率的关键,强调对复发性腹膜后肿瘤应积极争取完整手术切除。     

下肢恶性骨肿瘤保肢治疗51例

自１９７７～１９９７年我科收治下肢恶性骨肿瘤１０４例,其中保肢５１例。男３３例,女１８例。平均年龄３７岁。骨肉瘤１８例、恶性纤维组织细胞瘤２例、骨纤维肉瘤３例、软骨肉瘤８例、皮质旁骨肉瘤１例、横纹肌肉瘤１例、骨巨细胞瘤（Ⅱ～Ⅲ级）１６例、转移癌２例。ⅠＡ５例,ⅠＢ１８例,ⅡＡ６例,ⅡＢ２９例。手术分切刮加骨水泥、肿瘤切除加人工关节、假体置换、肿瘤段切除灭活再植、肿瘤切除异体半关节移植、单纯介入治疗。随防４６例,平均５８年,２年无瘤生存３８例,达８２６％,局部复发９例,占１９５％。死亡１８例,５年生存率达６４７％。所有病例术前均采用全身大剂量化疗或介入治疗。作者认为手术切除彻底,一般切到正常组织内２ｃｍ～５ｃｍ,术后继续化疗对防止肿瘤局部复发是可能的。对肿瘤侵犯广泛,手术难以彻底,或肢体功能丧失者,为防复发还是以截肢术为妥。对不同肿瘤采取不同的保肢方法,术后辅以综合治疗,可提高生存率     

腺泡状软组织肉瘤22例临床治疗分析

目的探讨腺泡状软组织肉瘤的临床治疗和预后。方法对１９７３～１９９６年间收治的２２例腺泡状软组织肉瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果２２例均接受手术治疗,其中１７例行肿瘤局部切除,５例行扩大切除。７例病理误诊为其他软组织肿瘤（占３２％）。９例术后进行了预防性辅助放疗和（或）化疗。对２１例患者随访４个月至９年。６例患者术后复发（占２８％）,１３例出现肺转移（占６２％）,５例在随访８个月至４年５个月时死亡（占２４％）,６例患者生存５年以上。全组经ＫａｐｌａｎＭｅｉｒｅ生存率计算其３年、４年、５年生存率分别为８３％、７５％及６６％。结论腺泡状软组织肉瘤多需病理学诊断,肿瘤局部切除是复发和转移最重要的因素,术后预防性辅助治疗对局部复发和转移没有明显的控制作用,对出现肺转移的患者采取多程标准化疗方案进行治疗,临床效果尚满意     

29例复发性腹膜后恶性纤维组织细胞瘤的临床分析

目的总结复发性腹膜后恶性纤维组织细胞瘤的诊治经验。方法回顾性分析1990～ 2 0 0 2年收治的 2 9例复发性腹膜后恶性纤维组织细胞瘤的临床与病理资料。结果 12例(4 1 4 % )患者在首次复发时完整切除肿瘤 ;有 7例患者分别在首次 (2例 )、2次 (3例 )和 3次 (2例 )复发时进行联合脏器切除。对 2 5例患者进行 6个月至 8年的随访 ,1、3年及 5年以上生存率分别为73 2 %、4 6 7%和 19 8%。结论外科手术切除肿瘤是提高复发性腹膜后恶性纤维组织细胞瘤生存率最重要的手段 ,联合脏器切除能提高肿瘤完整切除率。     

前列腺癌130例治疗分析

为了提高前列腺癌的治疗效果，从１９８９年１月至１９９５年５月，分别采用去势治疗和根治手术治疗前列腺癌１０７例和２３例，观察随访２～７８个月，平均３１５个月，随访率７３８％。根治术组的１、２、３、５年生存率分别为７１４％、６６７％、５００％和３３３％，去势组则分别为６７９％、５１２％、２９７％和１０８％。两组死亡病例的生存期平均为１７４和２６０个月，但根治术组的病例生存质量较差。结果认为：根治手术提高了生存率，但一定程度降低了生存质量。主张对于Ａ期患者，采用前列腺包膜内切除，分化差的小肿瘤及时行根治手术；Ｂ期患者，只要患者条件允许，根治最为适宜；Ｃ１期患者，预期寿命长，亦可采用根治术；Ｃ２期和Ｄ期患者仅适用去势治疗。     

睾丸附件横纹肌肉瘤六例报告

报告睾丸附件横纹肌肉瘤６例，全部患者均行根治性睾丸切除、精索高位结扎术，术后４例行放疗和化疗，２例单纯化疗。随访结果３例术后２、３．５、５．５年死亡，其余生存８个月到１１年未见肿瘤复发和转移。本文结合文献复习，重点讨论了本病的诊断和治疗。     

侵犯前上纵隔的晚期甲状腺癌24例临床分析

为探讨甲状腺癌侵犯前上纵隔的机理，作者分析了１９６２～１９９４年治疗侵犯前上纵隔的晚期甲状腺癌２４例，其中乳头状腺癌１６例，滤泡样腺癌，髓样癌各３例，低分化癌２例，治疗方法均为甲状腺癌颈胸联合根治术，肿瘤完整切除１６例，肉眼残留８例，术后补充放疗９例，５年生存率６４．７％，１０年生存率４６．７％，生存５年以上者均为乳头状腺癌患者，提示影响预后的主要因素是病理类型。     

软组织肉瘤的治疗和预后分析

作者对１２１例四肢和躯干的原发性和局部复发性软组织肉瘤的治疗效果和预后因素进行了分析。其中恶性纤维组织细胞瘤３２例，占２６．４％。肿瘤分级Ｇ１２８例，为２３．１％；Ｇ２４１例，为３３．９％，Ｇ３５２例，为４３．０％。辅助放疗３７例，辅助化疗４１例。术后局部复发２８例。５年局部控制率为７２．３％。全组５年生存率为５９．９％，其中９６例局部复发肿瘤为５９．１％。多因素分析显示：肿瘤分级、部位、大小及围手术期输血是影响生存率的独立的预后因素。结果表明：（１）广泛切除术是治疗肢体软组织肉瘤的主要手段；（２）局部复发肿瘤经治疗仍可获得满意效果；（３）避免不必要的围手术期输血有可能提高生存率；（４）较有效的辅助治疗方案有待进一步研究。     

腹膜后软组织肉瘤复发的再手术治疗：附25例报告

目的 探讨复发性腹膜后软组织肉瘤的诊断和再手术治疗.方法 回顾性分析收治的手术后复发并再次手术的25例复发性腹膜后软组织肉瘤的临床资料.结果 25例复发性腹膜后软组织肉瘤均经手术及病理证实,因多次复发(1～5次,平均1.68次/例),共行手术42次,包括完整切除26次,部分切除11次,探查活检5次.手术中联合脏器切除共19例,合并大血管切除共5例.末次术后1,3,5年生存率分别是52.0%,40.0%,28.0%.累及重要血管的肿瘤的完整切除率(35.7%)比未累及重要血管(75.0%)者明显降低(P=0.013),而肿瘤是否累及临近脏器对手术完整切除率没有影响(P=0.462).结论 影像学检查对术前评估和手术切除范围有重要意义.对于复发性腹膜后软组织肉瘤,只要无明显手术禁忌,就应积极予以手术切除.     

腹膜后软组织肉瘤110例治疗分析

文内分析经手术病理证实的腹膜后软组织肉瘤１１０例的治疗效果。病理类型以脂肪肉瘤最多见（３１．８％）。肿瘤完全切除者５６例，占５０．９％；其中因肿瘤复发而行～４次完全切除手术者１８例。联合脏器切除占完全切除组的２３．２％。全组总５年和１０年生存率分别为３２．４％和１９．２％。肿瘤完全切除组的５年生存率为５５．６％；明显高于部分切除组（１１．１％）及探查活检组（６．６％），差别显著（Ｐ＜０．００１）。     

Retroperitoneal sarcomas: grade and survival

BACKGROUND: The survival of patients with retroperitoneal sarcomas depends on the feasibility of complete resection and the grade of the tumor. HYPOTHESIS: A high rate of complete resection, wide rather than local excision when feasible, and a policy of prompt reoperation for local recurrence all improve survival. METHODS: A review of 130 consecutive patients with retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcomas (1977-2001). RESULTS: The complete resectability rate was 95%, being 99% (78/79) for the primary tumors and 90% (46/51) for tumors referred with local recurrence. Local recurrence after complete resection occurred in 41% (32/79) of those with primary tumors and in 61% (31/51) of those referred with local recurrence (P =.06). The local recurrence rate was 63% after local excision and 39% after wide resection (P =.02). Of 83 patients with relapse, 37 (45%) were rendered surgically disease free. The estimated 5-year (10-year in parentheses) survival from the first surgery at our center was 65% (56%) for patients with primary tumors and 53% (34%) for patients referred with local recurrence (P =.23). For the primary tumors, the 5- and 10-year survival rates were 70% and 60%, respectively, after wide resection and 47% and 39%, respectively, after local excision (P =.04). For the primary tumors, the 5-year survival was 92%, 54%, and 48% for grades I, II, and III, respectively (P =.02). For those referred with local recurrence, the figures were 76%, 45%, and 19% for grades I, II, and III, respectively (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: A high resectability rate (95%) is possible in retroperitoneal sarcomas. The survival estimates are similar to those following resection of extremity soft tissue sarcomas given an effective reoperation policy for local recurrences. Wide resection lowers the local recurrence and improves survival significantly. Survival varies significantly according to the grade of the tumor.     

Improved survival following complete excision of retroperitoneal sarcomas.

Charts and slides of 47 patients with primary retroperitoneal sarcomas (excluding pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma) were reviewed to determine clinical presentation, histologic features, extent of surgical resection, operative morbidity and mortality, use of radiation and/or chemotherapy, and survival data. Most patients presented with pain and a palpable mass. Leiomyosarcomas and liposarcomas were the most common tumors. Eighteen of the 47 patients (38%) had complete tumor excision; 68% required resection of adjacent organs. Operative morbidity was 33% with no mortality. After complete resection, the disease-free 5-year survival was 50% and the overall survival was 70% at 5 years; 10-year disease-free survival was 25% with an overall 58% survival at 10 years. Eleven patients (61%) developed recurrent disease with a median interval of 5 years following complete excision. Six patients received adjuvant radiation and/or chemotherapy with four remaining disease-free from 46 to 61 months. Eighteen patients underwent partial excision of tumor and 11 patients underwent biopsy only; these groups had similar survival curves with only 4% alive at 5 years. Their operative morbidity was 18% and mortality was 7%; median time to clinical evidence of tumor progression was 12 months. Sixty per cent of these patients received therapeutic radiation and/or chemotherapy, but their survival was the same as those undergoing surgery alone. These data emphasize the importance of an aggressive surgical approach in the treatment of retroperitoneal sarcomas. Complete tumor resection and total excision of recurrences will allow many patients long-term survival.     

Long-term results with primary retroperitoneal tumors

Primary retroperitoneal tumors represent a variety of lesions, with different treatments and prognoses. Of 182 patients in our study, retroperitoneal tumor was recognized preoperatively in only 39% of them. Sarcomas were most common (43% of patients), followed by lymphomas (23%), benign tumors (11%), undifferentiated malignant tumors (11%), carcinomas (8%), and germ cell tumors (4%). In 81 patients since 1960, the resection rate was 50%. Operative determinants of resectability were pathologic category and grade and extent of tumor. Resection included segments of the gastrointestinal tract (30% of the patients), kidney (25%), and pancreas, bladder, spleen, aorta, and vena cava (for each, 5% or less of the patients). The operative mortality was 6%. Tumor caused late death in 95% of the patients. Pathologic findings were a significant determinant of survival in the 81 patients. For sarcomas, 69% of the patients underwent resection, and the 1- and 5-year actuarial survival rates were 80% and 43%, respectively. Sixty percent of these patients underwent multiple operations. For lymphomas, most patients were treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy; the 1- and 5-year survival rates were 67% and 35%, respectively. Benign tumors, almost all resected, yielded a 5-year survival rate of 100%. Undifferentiated tumors and carcinomas, most treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, had a 1-year survival rate of less than 33%. Other determinants of survival were age, weight loss, grade of tumor, and extent of tumor. Patients who underwent palliative resection had the same survival rate as patients who underwent biopsy alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Long-Term Results of Two Prospective Trials of Preoperative External Beam Radiotherapy for Localized Intermediate- or High-Grade Retroperitoneal Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Background The reported data on surgery plus radiotherapy for retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcomas (RPS) have been mostly from retrospective studies. We evaluated the long-term outcome of patients with operable RPS who were treated with protocol-based preoperative radiotherapy followed by complete surgical resection. Methods Data from two prospective trials that included preoperative radiotherapy and surgery for patients with radiographically resectable RPS were combined to define long-term relapse rates and survival. Results Seventy-two patients with intermediate- or high-grade RPS were treated with preoperative radiotherapy (median dose, 45 Gy; range, 18.0–50.4 Gy). Fifty-four patients (75%) had primary RPS, whereas 18 (25%) had recurrent disease. The median tumor size was 15.5 cm. Sixty-four patients completed the planned preoperative radiotherapy; 57 (89%) underwent laparotomy with curative intent, and 54 (95%) had a macroscopically complete (R0 or R1) resection. With a median follow-up of 40.3 months, 28 patients (52%) who received preoperative radiotherapy and underwent a macroscopically complete resection had recurrences. For the 54 patients who underwent R0 or R1 resection after preoperative radiotherapy, the 5-year local recurrence–free, disease-free, and overall survival rates were 60%, 46%, and 61%, respectively. The median overall survival has not been reached (>60 months). Conclusions Patients with intermediate- or high-grade RPS treated with preoperative radiotherapy plus complete resection had a median survival >60 months. This compares favorably to historical data for similar patients treated with surgery alone.     

Operative management of primary retroperitoneal sarcomas: a reappraisal of an institutional experience

OBJECTIVE: To review our recent experience with primary retroperitoneal sarcomas, determine prognostic factors for disease recurrence and patient survival, and compare them to our previous results. BACKGROUND: Medical therapies have shown little efficacy in the management of retroperitoneal sarcomas, making total surgical extirpation the best chance for patient cure. METHODS: The case histories of all patients operated upon for retroperitoneal sarcomas between January 1983 and December 1995 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Ninety-seven patients underwent attempted surgical resection of a primary retroperitoneal sarcoma. There were 54 (56%) men and 43 (44%) women, with a mean age of 59 years. Seventy-six (78%) patients underwent gross total resection, 13 (14%) had residual disease, and 8 (8%) underwent biopsy only with an actuarial 1-year survival of 88%, 51%, and 47%, respectively (P = 0.001). The actuarial 5- and 10-year survivals for patients who underwent gross total resection were 51% and 36%, respectively. Thirty-three patients (43%) developed locoregional recurrence, and 20 patients (26%) developed distant metastases at a median time of 12 months. The cumulative probability at 5 years was 44% for locoregional recurrence and 29% for distant metastases. On univariate analysis, factors associated with improved survival were complete resection of the tumor (P = 0.001), nonmetastatic disease at presentation (P = 0.01), low-grade tumors (P = 0.02), liposarcomas (P = 0.003), and no disease recurrence (P = 0.0001). Contrary to previous reports, the histologic subtype (P = 0.04) was the only significant factor predicting survival on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with our earlier experience, the rates of complete resection and overall survival have improved. Local control continues to be a significant problem in the management of retroperitoneal sarcomas. Because new surgical options for this problem are limited, further outcome improvement requires novel adjuvant therapies.     

Management of retroperitoneal sarcomas

The records of 116 adult patients who underwent operative treatment for retroperitoneal sarcomas at the Mayo Clinic during the years 1963 to 1982 were reviewed. Clinical, pathologic, and treatment variables were analyzed for their influence on recurrence and death from disease. Leiomyosarcomas, liposarcomas, and malignant fibrous histiocytomas represented 93% of the tumors. The primary tumor was completely excised in 54% of patients. Recurrent tumor developed in 68% of patients (median time to recurrence, 1.3 years). Tumor fixation to adjacent structures (T3 tumor) or a high-grade tumor (G2-4) identified patients at increased risk for recurrent disease. Five-year and 10-year survival rates were 40% and 22%, respectively. Survival was significantly better for patients who had (1) complete surgical excision of their tumors, (2) low-grade tumors (G1), (3) tumors not fixed to adjacent retroperitoneal structures (T1 and T2 sarcomas), and (4) tumors without metastases when initially seen. Complete surgical excision offers patients with retroperitoneal sarcomas the best chance for long-term survival, but recurrent disease remains a vexing problem. The therapeutic challenges in the treatment of retroperitoneal sarcomas continue to be the development of therapy that will increase the rate of complete resection, decrease the rate of local recurrence, and enhance patient survival.     

Soft tissue sarcomas of the head and neck in adults

We reviewed the clinical records and pathologic material of 176 adults with primary soft tissue sarcomas treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center between 1950 and 1985. Seventy-two patients (41%) had low-grade sarcomas and 104 (59%) had high-grade sarcomas. All but 18 patients underwent some form of excision as initial therapy. Adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy combined with surgical excision showed no significant effect. A significantly increased risk of treatment failure was associated with large tumor size, positive surgical margins, bone involvement, local recurrence, metastatic spread, and high histologic grade. Except for recurrence, the p value by univariate analysis in the log-rank test for comparison of survival according to these clinical and pathologic characteristics was p less than 0.0001. Although the overall survival was 75% at 2 years, 55% at 5 years, and 46% at 10 years, only 20% of the patients with high-grade sarcomas were alive 10 years after treatment. Most patients with rhabdomyosarcoma, high-grade peripheral nerve tumor, and high-grade fibrous histiocytoma and all patients with high-grade angiosarcoma died of disease less than 5 years after diagnosis. New therapeutic strategies are needed to improve the survival of adult patients with high-grade soft tissue sarcomas of the head and neck.     

Retroperitoneal and Truncal Sarcomas: Prognosis Depends Upon Type Not Location

Background Prognostication of truncal and retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcomas has traditionally been predicated on tumor location and grade. Objective To compare outcomes for patients with retroperitoneal or truncal sarcomas. Methods Retrospective analysis of a prospective cancer data registry from 1977 to 2004 was performed and outcomes were determined. Results The study group numbered 312 patients (median age 58 years, 54% male, 56% Caucasian, 14% black, 29% Hispanic). The most common tumor types were liposarcoma (35.9%), leiomyosarcoma (30.1%), and malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) (19.5%). Tumor distributions were retroperitoneal (38.9%), pelvic (24.7%), abdominal (18.6%) and thoracic (17.9%). Median overall survival was 74 months. Operative resection was undertaken in 89.4% of cases and multiple surgeries (range 2–5) in 42.2%. Negative resection margins were obtained in 72.7% of patients. Univariate analysis comparing retroperitoneal versus truncal location demonstrated no significant differences in survival. Survival was improved in lower grade tumors (P < 0.02). Liposarcoma and fibrosarcoma were associated with improved survival (P < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis of pre-treatment variables showed increasing age, grade, histopathology (leiomyosarcoma and MFH) and metastasis to be associated with worse outcomes. Multivariate analysis of the treatment variables showed that surgery and negative resection margins were associated with improved survival (P < 0.001). No advantage for chemoradiotherapy could be demonstrated. Conclusions Successful operative resection can confer prolonged disease-free survival and cure for truncal and retroperitoneal sarcomas. Histological subtype, not location, is predictive of long-term survival. Future studies should focus on histological subtype rather than tumor location for truncal and retroperitoneal sarcomas.     

The treatment of soft-tissue sarcomas of the extremities: prospective randomized evaluations of (1) limb-sparing surgery plus radiation therapy compared with amputation and (2) the role of adjuvant chemotherapy.

Between May 1975 and April 1981, 43 adult patients with high-grade soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities were prospectively randomized to receive either amputation at or above the joint proximal to the tumor, including all involved muscle groups, or to receive a limb-sparing resection plus adjuvant radiation therapy. The limb-sparing resection group received wide local excision followed by 5000 rads to the entire anatomic area at risk for local spread and 6000 to 7000 rads to the tumor bed. Both randomization groups received postoperative chemotherapy with doxorubicin (maximum cumulative dose 550 mg/m2), cyclophosphamide, and high-dose methotrexate. Twenty-seven patients randomized to receive limb-sparing resection and radiotherapy, and 16 received amputation (randomization was 2:1). There were four local recurrences in the limb-sparing group and none in the amputation group (p1 = 0.06 generalized Wilcoxon test). However, there were no differences in disease-free survival rates (71% and 78% at five years; p2 = 0.75) or overall survival rates (83% and 88% at five years; p2 = 0.99) between the limb-sparing group and the amputation treatment groups. Multivariate analysis indicated that the only correlate of local recurrence was the final margin of resection. Patients with positive margins of resection had a higher likelihood of local recurrence compared with those with negative margins (p1 less than 0.0001) even when postoperative radiotherapy was used. A simultaneous prospective randomized study of postoperative chemotherapy in 65 patients with high-grade soft-tissue sarcomas of the extremities revealed a marked advantage in patients receiving chemotherapy compared with those without chemotherapy in three-year continuous disease-free (92% vs. 60%; p1 = 0.0008) and overall survival (95% vs. 74%; p1 = 0.04). Thus limb-sparing surgery, radiation therapy, and adjuvant chemotherapy appear capable of successfully treating the great majority of adult patients with soft tissue sarcomas of the extremity.