检测B型利钠肽对急诊呼吸困难的鉴别诊断意义

目的:探讨B型利钠肽(B-type natriuretic peptide,BNP)用于甄别急诊呼吸困难中的充血性心力衰竭(congestive heart failure,CHF)的早期诊断意义.方法:130例急诊呼吸困难患者,根据临床资料及左心室射血分数(left ventricul ejection fraction,LVEF)分为CHF组(78例)和非CHF组(52例).采用干式快速免疫荧光法定量分析检测血液中的BNP浓度.结果:CHF组BNP浓度为(732±53)ng/L,显著高于非CHF组的(71±34)ng/L(P＜0.01);以BNP 100ng/L作为阈值区分呼吸困难是否为CHF所致,其敏感度、特异度、准确性分别为92%、96%、93%;在CHF组中,BNP浓度在不同心功能级别之间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),随心功能不全加重而升高.猝死者的BNP值高于存活者.结论:BNP水平对于CHF的诊断具有较高的灵敏度、特异度和准确性.对于鉴别呼吸困难是否为心源性具有重要意义.     

血清可溶性ST2与血BNP在心力衰竭患者中的相关性研究

目的观察心力衰竭患者血清可溶性ST2(sST2)水平变化,分析其与B型脑钠肽(BNP)的相关性,探讨sST2在心力衰竭诊断中的应用价值。方法选取2013年10月～2015年4月于陕西省人民医院已确诊的心力衰竭住院患者216例,按纽约心脏协会(NYHA)心功能分级标准分为心功能Ⅰ级组62例、心功能II级组58例、心功能III级组54例和心功能IV级组42例;并收集胸部X线片、心脏彩超和心功能正常的80例作为对照组。用ELISA法测定血清sST2浓度和用电化学免疫发光法测定血浆BNP水平;采用SPSS18．0统计软件包对数据进行统计学处理。结果心功能I～IV级组血清sST2均显著高于正常对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.001);心功能I～IV级组之间,心功能II级组高于心功能I级组(P＜0.05),心功能III,IV级组均显著高于心功能I,II级组(P＜0.001),而心功能IV级组虽然与心功能III级组有差异,但无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。而心功能I～IV级组血浆BNP水平均显著高于正常对照组(P＜0.001),并且随着心功能分级递增而逐渐升高,四组之间比较差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001)。 相关性分析,sST2与BNP呈正相关(r=0.453,P<0.01);根据心力衰竭诊断的ROC曲线下面积:sST2为0.812,灵敏度为83%,特异度为71%;BNP为0.913,灵敏度为88%,特异度为79%;两者联合诊断心力衰竭价值升高,ROC曲线下面积为0.941,灵敏度为92%,特异度为83%。结论血清sST2与血浆BNP呈正相关,可作为心力衰竭诊断的新的生化指标。sST2联合BNP检测可提高对心力衰竭的诊断价值。     

肾上腺髓质素在充血性心力衰竭中的价值分析

目的：观察充血性心力衰竭患者肾上腺髓质素（ADM）的水平变化以及在CHF中的诊断价值及其灵敏度和特异度。方法：CHF组共80例,（CHF）根据NYHA心功能分级标准将CHF组又分为心功能Ⅱ级组24例、Ⅲ级组26例、Ⅳ级组30例。又按射血分数（EF）将CHF组分为EF〈40%组42例和≥40%组38例。对照组50例,为非心力衰竭患者,用放射免疫法测定ADM的浓度,用心脏彩色多普勒超声心动图测定左室射血分数（LVEF）和左室舒张末内径（LVED）。结果：CHF组总体ADM水平与非心力衰竭组比较差异无显著性。ADM在NYHA心功能Ⅲ级组较Ⅱ级组显著升高（P〈0.05）。结论：ADM有助于不同心功能级别的诊断。     

B型钠尿肽在心力衰竭中的临床应用价值

目的探讨血浆B型钠尿肽(BNP)浓度对心功能的评价作用及其在诊断充血性心力衰竭(CHF)中的临床应用。方法采用化学发光微粒子酶免疫分析法测定92例CHF患者、45名正常对照者血浆BNP浓度。依据美国纽约心脏病协会(NYHA)分级方案对心力衰竭患者进行心功能分级。结果CHF组血清BNP浓度为(376.2±153.5)pg/mL,明显高于对照组[(16.2±9.7)pg/mL](P<0.05)。CHF组NYHA分级Ⅰ级血浆BNP浓度为(23.5±10.6)pg/mL、Ⅱ级为(106.8±85.1)pg/mL、Ⅲ级为(430.1±198.6)pg/mL、Ⅳ级为(782.5±263.2)pg/mL,各组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论CHF患者血浆BNP水平随着心力衰竭严重程度的增加而升高。BNP可以客观准确评价心功能,可以作为临床诊断CHF的实验室指标之一。     

脑钠肽在充血性心力衰竭中的价值分析

目的：观察充血性心力衰竭（CHF）患者脑钠肽（BNP）水平的变化,以及在CHF中的诊断价值及其灵敏度和特异度。方法：心力衰竭组共80例,平均年龄（64±15）岁。根据NYHA心功能分级标准将心力衰竭组又分为心功能Ⅱ级组24例、Ⅲ级组26例、Ⅳ级组30例。又按射血分数（EF）将心力衰竭组分为EF〈40％组42例和≥40％组38例。对照组50例,为非心力衰竭患者,平均年龄（63±6）岁。用放射免疫法测定BNP的浓度,用心脏彩色多普勒超声心动图测定左室射血分数（LVEF）和左室舒张末内径（LVED）。结果：心力衰竭组总体BNP水平较非心力衰竭组显著升高（P〈0．05）。BNP在NYHA心功能Ⅲ级组较Ⅱ级组显著升高（P〈0．05）;仅BNP水平Ⅳ级组较Ⅱ级组显著升高（P〈0．05）。BNP水平EF〈40％组高于≥40％组（P〈0．05）。结论：BNP有助于不同心功能级别的辅助诊断。     

脑钠肽、同型半胱氨酸及肌钙蛋白I在慢性心力衰竭中的表达及临床意义

目的探讨脑钠肽(BNP)、同型半胱氨酸(HCY)及肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)在慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者中的表达及临床意义。方法选取该院CHF患者128例作为观察组,心功能分级Ⅱ级~Ⅳ级,检测不同治疗时间观察组和健康对照组血清BNP、HCY及cTnI水平,并进行组间比较。Spearman相关分析BNP、HCY、cTnI及左室射血分数(LVEF)的相关性,并绘制受试工作特征曲线(ROC)评价BNP、HCY及cTnI在CHF患者中的诊断价值。结果观察组血清BNP、HCY及cTnI水平明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),而观察组LVEF[(41.34±6.27)%]低于对照组[(64.50±6.38)%]。心功能Ⅱ级~Ⅳ级组血清BNP、HCY及cTnI水平均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);且随着心功能分级越高,血清BNP、HCY及cTnI水平升高差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。心功能Ⅱ级~Ⅳ级组LVEF均低于对照组(P0.01);且随着心功能分级越高,LVEF也随之下降,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。CHF患者不同治疗时间血清BNP水平比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),治疗第7天和第15天血清HCY及cTnI水平低于治疗前和治疗第3天,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),且治疗第15天血清HCY水平明显低于治疗第7天,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。ROC曲线显示,BNP、HCY、cTnI及联合检测的曲线下面积(AUC)及95%CI分别为0.836(0.742~0.907)、0.714(0.625~0.793)、0.647(0.573~0.712)、0.885(0.812~0.960),三项联合检测的AUC高于单项检测,灵敏度及特异度为91.4%和87.3%。Spearman相关显示,BNP与HCY和cTnI的水平均呈正相关,相关系数分别为(r=0.764,P0.05)、(r=0.730,P0.05);而BNP和HCY的水平与LVEF均呈明显负相关,相关系数分别为(r=-0.684,P0.05)、(r=-0.573,P0.05)。结论血清BNP、HCY及cTnI在CHF患者中明显升高,联合检测对CHF的诊断及预后判断具有重要意义。     

血浆BNP检测对心力衰竭患者心功能分级评价中的作用

目的探讨血浆B型钠尿肽(B-type natriuretic peptide,BNP)浓度在诊断慢性心力衰竭(chronic heart fail-ure,CHF)及心功能分级评价中的作用。方法采用化学发光微粒子酶免疫分析法测定89例CHF患者及40名健康对照者血浆BNP浓度。依据美国纽约心脏病协会(New York Heart Association,NYHA)分级方案对CHF患者进行心功能分级。结果血浆BNP诊断CHF临界值为111.7pg/ml,灵敏度88.16%,特异性94.29%;CHF组血浆BNP浓度为574.3±176.2pg/ml,明显高于对照组66.7±17.5pg/ml,P<0.05。CHF患者NYHA心功能Ⅰ级到Ⅳ级血浆BNP逐渐升高,各级之间BNP浓度比较,P<0.05;血浆BNP水平与NYHA分级间存在明显的正相关,r=0.835,P<0.001。各级NYHA分级CHF患者经治疗后血浆BNP水平显著下降,与治疗前相比,P<0.05。结论 CHF患者血浆BNP水平随着心力衰竭严重程度的增加而升高,血浆BNP可以准确评价心功能,可作为临床诊断、疗效观察以及预后判断CHF的客观指标。     

脑利钠肽对急性呼吸困难的鉴别诊断意义

目的　探讨血清脑利钠肽 (brainnatriureticpeptide,BNP)水平变化在急性呼吸困难患者中鉴别诊断的意义。方法　酶联免疫吸附法检测 5 6例充血性心力衰竭 (congestiveheartfailure ,CHF)患者 (CHF组 )和 38例有急性呼吸困难表现的非CHF患者 (非CHF组 )的血清BNP 32浓度 ,并与 30例健康成人作为正常对照组。结果　 (1)CHF组、非CHF组和对照组的BNP水平分别为 (86 7 5± 334 5 )、 (113 6± 2 8 6 )、(10 9 3± 37 6 )ng/L ,CHF组BNP水平明显高于非CHF组和对照组 ,差异均有显著性 (P <0 0 1)。 (2 )血清BNP水平对CHF的诊断界值为 12 0ng/L时 ,其灵敏度、特异性和阴性预测值分别为 10 0 %、 86 7%和86 8%。 (3)CHF组BNP水平在心功能不同分级之间有显著差异 ,与NYHA分级呈正相关 (r=0 82 5 ,P <0 0 1) ;与左心室射血分数呈负相关 (F =- 0 75 6 ,P <0 0 1)。结论　血清BNP水平对于心原性呼吸困难的鉴别诊断具有重要临床意义。     

血清BNP、GDF-15水平动态监测在充血性心力衰竭患者病情评估中的价值

目的探讨血清脑利钠肽(BNP)、生长分化因子-15(GDF-15)水平动态监测在充血性心力衰竭(CHF)患者病情评估中的应用价值。方法选择我院2017年12月～2019年3月收治的CHF患者71例为观察组,另选择同期健康体检者70例为对照组。两组均进行检测血清GDF-15、BNP水平,分析血清GDF-15、BNP水平变化及相关性。结果观察组血清GDF-15、BNP均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);Ⅲ级患者血清GDF-15、BNP水平低于Ⅳ级患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);经Spearman相关性分析结果显示:血清GDF-15、BNP水平与不同心功能分级呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论血清GDF-15、BNP在CHF患者体内呈异常高表达,且与不同心功能分级呈正相关,二者联合检测可作为评估CHF患者心功能指标,为临床诊断、预后判断提供参考依据。     

老年女性慢性心力衰竭患者血清N末端-B型钠尿肽前体及糖类抗原125水平的变化

目的观察老年女性慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者N末端-B型钠尿肽前体(NT-pro BNP)、糖类抗原125(CA125)水平变化及意义。方法选取50例老年女性慢性心力衰竭患者作为观察组,另选择50名同期进行健康体检的老年女性作为对照组。按照纽约心功能分级分级标准心功能分Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级,检测两组血清中NT-pro BNP和CA125的水平。结果观察组血清NT-pro BNP水平为[1490.50(459.28,3263.25)]ng/L,明显高于对照组[94.07(43.71,191.43)]ng/L,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);观察组血清CA125水平为[106.80(55.24,225.75)]μg/L,明显高于对照组[14.84(7.79,19.06)]μg/L,两者比较有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论血清NT-pro BNP和CA125水平的升高对诊断老年女性慢性心力衰竭具有一定的意义。     

Migraine and genetic and acquired vasculopathies

It is remarkable that migraine is a prominent part of the phenotype of several genetic vasculopathies, including cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL), retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy (RVCL) and hereditary infantile hemiparessis, retinal arteriolar tortuosity and leukoencephalopahty (HIHRATL). The mechanisms by which these genetic vasculopathies give rise to migraine are still unclear. Common genetic susceptibility, increased susceptibility to cortical spreading depression (CSD) and vascular endothelial dysfunction are among the possible explanations. The relation between migraine and acquired vasculopathies such as ischaemic stroke and coronary heart disease has long been established, further supporting a role of the (cerebral) blood vessels in migraine. This review focuses on genetic and acquired vasculopathies associated with migraine. We speculate how genetic and acquired vascular mechanisms might be involved in migraine.     

Fibrinogen and fibrin structure and functions

Fibrinogen molecules are comprised of two sets of disulfide-bridged Aalpha-, Bbeta-, and gamma-chains. Each molecule contains two outer D domains connected to a central E domain by a coiled-coil segment. Fibrin is formed after thrombin cleavage of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) from fibrinogen Aalpha-chains, thus initiating fibrin polymerization. Double-stranded fibrils form through end-to-middle domain (D:E) associations, and concomitant lateral fibril associations and branching create a clot network. Fibrin assembly facilitates intermolecular antiparallel C-terminal alignment of gamma-chain pairs, which are then covalently 'cross-linked' by factor XIII ('plasma protransglutaminase') or XIIIa to form 'gamma-dimers'. In addition to its primary role of providing scaffolding for the intravascular thrombus and also accounting for important clot viscoelastic properties, fibrin(ogen) participates in other biologic functions involving unique binding sites, some of which become exposed as a consequence of fibrin formation. This review provides details about fibrinogen and fibrin structure, and correlates this information with biological functions that include: (i) suppression of plasma factor XIII-mediated cross-linking activity in blood by binding the factor XIII A2B2 complex. (ii) Non-substrate thrombin binding to fibrin, termed antithrombin I (AT-I), which down-regulates thrombin generation in clotting blood. (iii) Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)-stimulated plasminogen activation by fibrin that results from formation of a ternary tPA-plasminogen-fibrin complex. Binding of inhibitors such as alpha2-antiplasmin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2, lipoprotein(a), or histidine-rich glycoprotein, impairs plasminogen activation. (iv) Enhanced interactions with the extracellular matrix by binding of fibronectin to fibrin(ogen). (v) Molecular and cellular interactions of fibrin beta15-42. This sequence binds to heparin and mediates platelet and endothelial cell spreading, fibroblast proliferation, and capillary tube formation. Interactions between beta15-42 and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, an endothelial cell receptor, also promote capillary tube formation and angiogenesis. These activities are enhanced by binding of growth factors like fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cytokines like interleukin (IL)-1. (vi) Fibrinogen binding to the platelet alpha(IIb)beta3 receptor, which is important for incorporating platelets into a developing thrombus. (vii) Leukocyte binding to fibrin(ogen) via integrin alpha(M)beta2 (Mac-1), which is a high affinity receptor on stimulated monocytes and neutrophils.     

Telemedicine and teleradiology technologies and applications

Summary. Telemedicine and teleradiology hold the key for improving future health care delivery. In this paper we first review current communication and computer technologies used in telemedicine and teleradiology. Five examples in teleradiology applications are given including hospital-integrated picture archiving and communication systems, tele-neuro-imaging, telemammography, university consortium teleradiology service, and teleradiology for second opinion. Parameters important to teleradiology applications like costs, image quality, system reliability, and turn around time are considered. Data security is discussed, including patient confidentiality and image authenticity-which will be a major issue in future teleradiology applications.     

创伤高血糖与感染和MODS早期诊断和干预

本文详细介绍了创伤后血糖应激适度理论,以及高血糖与感染和多器官功能不全综合征的关系;提出涉及胰岛B细胞功能不全的MODS实验诊断新方案和极化液个体化干预新措施,可早期发现创伤MODS、降低感染率及MODS发生率和病死率。     

腹膜后纤维化与肾积水发生关系的临床研究

目的：探讨腹膜后纤维化（RPF）导致肾积水的原因及诊治经验。方法：回顾分析2004年1月—2010年12月24例腹膜后纤维化致肾积水患者的诊治资料。结果：（1）RPF患者常见首发症状为腰背痛或腹痛（69.2%）;（2）红细胞沉降率（ESR）增快和血清IgG4升高最常见。超声检查仅提示上尿路积水。RPF的静脉肾盂造影（IVP）和CT尿路成像（CTU）表现具有特征性。IVP肾盂输尿管显影不良时,CTU能较清晰的显示上尿路影像。CT扫描发现腹膜后软组织肿块9例（37.5%）,优于超声检查;（3）输尿管松解和腹腔化手术治疗22例;行肾切除术1例;行输尿管置双J管术1例。最终确诊为继发性RPF8例,其中4例为术前诊断,3例为术中腹膜后软组织肿块冷冻活检证实,1例为术后病理证实;（4）特发性RPF手术后肾积水均获长期缓解,而继发性RPF的预后取决于原发疾病及其治疗方案。结论：影像学检查是诊断RPF的重要手段,CTU优于超声检查和IVP。输尿管松解和腹腔化手术可以使特发性RPF输尿管梗阻得到长期的缓解,术中对肿块进行冷冻活检有助于鉴别特发性和继发性RPF,及时调整治疗方案。     

探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与支原体感染的关系及临床治疗观察

目的探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与肺炎支原体（MP）感染的关系及临床疗效观察。方法采用回顾性研究方法对于现将2005年3月至2008年3月在我院的55例确诊慢性顽固性咳嗽患儿,主要表现为肺炎支原体感染为临床特点进行分析,并进一步临床治疗研究。结果①临床特点：在55例确诊慢性咳嗽的患儿中,以慢性顽固性咳嗽为主要症状。58％（32／55）的病例无肺部体征;②外周血：85％（47／55）的病例外周血变化不大,WBC（4—10）×10 9／L之间,嗜酸性粒细胞增多;③特别检查：47．27％（26／55）肺炎支原体IgM（MP—IgM）抗体阳性,83．64％（46／55）PeR技术检测肺炎支原体特异性DNA;④X光报告为多种形式。结论肺炎支原体（MP）感染是引起儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽的病因之一,对儿童慢性咳嗽,特别是顽固性咳嗽的诊治中应更加重视。     

Acetaminophen and acetylcysteine dose and duration: Past,present and future

Abstract

Acetylcysteine has been utilized successfully in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose since the 1970s. Although prospective trials as to efficacy and safety of acetylcysteine were conducted, there were no randomized controlled trials. This commentary addresses the reasons for this, and the background to choice of dose of acetylcysteine utilized in the oral and IV dosing regimens. Nomograms to predict possible hepatotoxicity based upon time of ingestion of acetaminophen were developed from a relatively arbitrary definition of toxicity as an aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (ALT/AST) greater than 1000 IU/L. While these have proved generally useful, patients still continue to develop hepatic damage after acetaminophen overdose, particularly if they present late after ingestion. The optimum management of these patients remains unclear, and one area of uncertainty is the dose and duration of acetylcysteine in various circumstances. This article discusses the issues that need to be elucidated to better target changes in acetylcysteine dose. The potential for measurements of other markers to improve treatment selection is the subject of further research.     

Physician and Nurse Practitioner Teamwork and Job Satisfaction: Gender and Profession

Designing interprofessional primary care teams composed of physicians and nurse practitioners (NPs) is a national priority. We assessed how profession and gender affect teamwork and job satisfaction among primary care physicians and NPs by using survey data from 186 physicians and 398 NPs practicing in New York State. Our regression models show profession (NP vs physician) moderates the associations of gender with teamwork and job satisfaction. Among NPs, men had higher job satisfaction than women. Among physicians, women had higher job satisfaction than men. Our results can benefit interprofessional primary care teams to optimize their professional and gender mix.