退行性腰椎管狭窄症椎板减压术后远期随访分析

目的 :探讨退行性腰椎管狭窄症椎板切除减压术的远期疗效。方法 :5 6例患者术后随访 6年以上 ,根据JOA标准及影像学检查进行治疗前后评定。结果 :5 6例优良率占 6 0 7% ;6 2 5 %的患者日常活动无障碍。有 4例因减压节段有椎间盘突出而再次手术。两个以上椎板切除者和术前椎体间矢状旋转角 >10°者的疗效差。结论 :治疗腰椎管狭窄症可选择单纯椎板切除减压术 ,但术前矢状旋转角 >10°并需多个椎板切除者 ,减压的同时应采用器械固定或行脊柱融合术     

Lumbar spinal stenosis assessment with computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and myelography

Degenerative spinal stenosis of the lumbar spine is caused by many factors, some of which include: disc herniation, ligamentum flavum and facet hypertrophy, spondylolisthesis, and compression fracture. Most often the stenosis is caused by a combination of these factors. The imaging modalities in routine use to evaluate these conditions are computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography-myelogram. They each have their advantages and disadvantages although any one of these modalities can adequately diagnose lumbar stenosis. The overall accuracy rate of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography-myelogram has been reported to be similar and even complimentary. It is recommended that the least invasive modality be performed first. Magnetic resonance imaging should be the first choice because it does not require ionizing radiation or contrast injection. The aim of the current study is to present the common causes of lumbar stenosis. Where appropriate, each case is shown with images from each modality so that their similarities and differences can be highlighted.     

有限椎板切除减压与全椎板切除减压内固定术治疗腰椎管狭窄症的疗效对比(英文)

[目的]探讨采用有限椎板切除减压后路椎弓根螺钉内固定术与传统全椎板切除减压后路椎弓根螺钉内固定术治疗腰椎管狭窄症的疗效并进行对比研究。[方法]在63例腰椎管狭窄症患者中(年龄52⁶8岁,平均61.3岁),30例采用有限椎板切除减压后路椎弓根螺钉内固定术,33例采用传统全椎板切除减压后路椎弓根螺钉内固定术。观察两组手术时间、出血量及并发症的差异。术前、术后随访时分别采用ODI和VAS评分进行相关功能评价。随访时间最少为2年。[结果]两组患者术后下肢痛VAS、ODI评分较术前均明显下降,无明显差异。但有限椎板切除减压组患者的腰背痛VAS评分明显优于全椎板切除减压组(P<0.01),并且其手术时间和出血量明显少于后者。[结论]两种手术方法对腰椎管狭窄症患者均有较好的效果。但有限椎板切除减压术治疗下腰痛效果明显优于全椎板切除减压术,前者术中创伤较少,手术时间短,出血量少,且保留了竖脊肌、棘突、棘间和棘上韧带,并对这些脊柱后部结构元素进行解剖重建,起到了维持术后腰椎稳定的作用。     

Current assessment of spinal degenerative disease with magnetic resonance imaging.

Radiography (plain roentgenography, myelography, computed tomography (CT), computed tomographic myelography) has been used to identify morphologic changes involving the various components of the diskovertebral unit. Added to this armamentarium of imaging techniques is magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, with its superior ability to define anatomy, its improved contrast sensitivity, and its potential to provide unique biochemical and physiologic information. The authors review the current use of MR imaging in defining degenerative changes in the spine including the various patterns of herniation, annular tears, canal stenosis, and the use of gadolinium-diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid for previously unoperated and operated patients. Prospective studies have compared surface-coil MR imaging, CT, and myelography in the evaluation of disk herniation and stenosis and found an 82.6% accuracy between MR imaging and surgical findings for the type and location of the disease. Recent experience with precontrast and postcontrast MR imaging in the postoperative lumbar spine indicated that it was 96% accurate in differentiating scar from disk in 44 patients at 50 reoperated levels. Three-dimensional imaging is, more and more, becoming an integral part of routine MR imaging. The theoretical and practical advantages of three-dimensional imaging are several and include a theoretical increase in the signal-to-noise ratio over two-dimensional imaging (by the square root of the number of partitions selected), the ability to obtain thin contiguous slices from the volume without the problem of cross-talk found in two-dimensional imaging, more accurate slice thickness than that achieved in two-dimensional imaging, and a reduction in susceptibility artifacts. Different three-dimensional techniques are capable of providing either high or low signal intensity cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), with excellent suppression of CSF pulsation artifacts. Certain sequences provide a high enough signal intensity that a computer algorithm may be used to display the CSF in a rotating three-dimensional manner, similar to a myelogram. This three-dimensional myelographic image has the potential of providing the clinician with a global assessment of the CSF spaces, an advantage previously lacking with other imaging techniques.     

椎管扩大成形治疗腰椎管狭窄症长期疗效观察

目的 :介绍一种椎板减压后椎板棘突复合体翻转 90°回植椎管成形术治疗腰椎管狭窄症的方法 ,评价其在治疗腰椎管狭窄症中的应用效果。方法 :对 33例腰椎管狭窄症患者采用全椎板复合体切取后 ,翻转 90°回植重建椎管后壁的方法进行治疗 ,分别于术前、术后 1年及术后 5年进行下腰痛JOA评分及影像学检查。结果 :33例患者均获得随访 ,术后 3个月复查CT示 :椎管成形术后 ,椎管扩大显著 ,大部分椎板棘突复合体已与周围骨质完全融合固定 (88% )。术后 1年时下腰痛评分较术前有显著性差异 ,术后 5年评分与术后 1年无显著性差异。结论 :椎板棘突复合体回植椎管成形术有利于脊柱稳定性的重建 ,减少硬脊膜疤痕粘连的机会 ,椎管扩大明显 ,长期疗效肯定 ,值得临床推广使用。     

Long-term follow-up of children with magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound after treatment of brain tumors

This paper compares the results of MRI and US follow-up examinations of 46 children who had undergone surgery for brain tumors. The cases included 42 posterior fossa tumors, 3 supratentorial tumors and 1 upper cervical spinal cord tumor. US examination proved to be less specific and sensitive than MRI. However, when a bone window is available, US is, because of the ease of its application, better suited for frequent routine examinations. Long-term follow-up should, therefore, consist of frequent regular US examinations combined with yearly MRI examinations.     

Degenerative lumbar spinal canal stenosis: intra- and inter-reader agreement for magnetic resonance imaging parameters

Purpose

To assess the inter- and intra-reader agreement of commonly used quantitative and qualitative image parameters for the assessment of degenerative lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LSS) by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods

In this ethical board approved cross-sectional multicenter study, MRI of 100 randomly selected patients (median age 72.5 years, 48 % female) of the prospective Lumbar Stenosis Outcome Study (LSOS) were evaluated by two independent readers. A set of five previously published core imaging parameters as well as nine qualitative and five quantitative additional parameters regarding LSS and degenerative changes of the lumbar spine were assessed to calculate κ and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for the inter-reader agreement. Additional repeated image evaluations were performed by one reader to calculate the intra-reader agreement.

Results

κ values for the core image parameters ranged between 0.42 (compromise of the foraminal zone) and 0.77 (relation between fluid and cauda equina) for inter-reader agreement and between 0.59 (compromise of the foraminal zone) and 0.8 (compromise of the central zone) for intra-reader agreement. The inter-reader agreement for the non-core parameters showed κ values of 0.27–0.69 and ICC values of 0.46–0.85. The intra-reader agreement showed κ values of 0.53–0.69 and ICC values of 0.81–0.88.

Conclusions

The inter- and intra-reader agreement of commonly used quantitative and qualitative image parameters for the assessment of LSS showed quite a variability with previously defined core parameters having good to excellent inter- and intra-reader agreements.

     

Assessment of lumbar spinal canal stenosis by magnetic resonance phlebography

 There is evidence to suggest that cauda equina intermittent claudication is caused by local circulatory disturbances in the cauda equina as well as compression of the cauda equina. We evaluated the role of magnetic resonance phlebography (MRP) in identifying circulatory disturbances of the vertebral venous system in patients with lumbar spinal canal stenosis. Extensive filling defects of the anterior internal vertebral venous plexus were evident in patients with lumbar spinal canal stenosis (n = 53), whereas only milder abnormalities were noted in patients with other lumbar diseases (n = 16) and none in normal subjects (n = 13). The extent of the defect on MRP correlated with the time at which intermittent claudication appeared. In patients with lumbar spinal canal stenosis, extensive defects of the internal vertebral venous plexus on MRP were noted in the neutral spine position, but the defect diminished with anterior flexion of the spine. This phenomenon correlated closely with the time at which intermittent claudication appeared. Our results highlight the importance of MRP for assessing the underlying mechanism of cauda equina intermittent claudication in patients with lumbar spinal canal stenosis and suggest that congestive venous ischemia is involved in the development of intermittent claudication in these patients. Received: January 16, 2002 / Accepted: August 5, 2002 Offprint requests to: M. Manaka     

老年退行性腰椎管狭窄症患者全椎板切除术后远期X线变化

目的：观察老年退行性腰椎管狭窄症患者全椎板切除减压术后远期腰椎X线影像变化情况。方法：1991年1月～2001年12月,我院行单纯全椎板切除术治疗老年退行性腰椎管狭窄症患者132例,其中X线资料完整者63例,男32例,女31例,年龄65～83岁,平均72.3岁。分析术前和术后X线资料,观察末次随访时手术节段及其相邻上、下节段的椎体间相对距离、相对位移、椎体间活动角度及椎体间冠状面活动度和水平面旋转度的改变。结果：术后随访5～15年,平均7.3年,125个全椎板切除减压节段末次随访时与术前比较,椎体间相对距离明显降低（P=0.001）,椎体间相对位移略有增大（P=0.1）,椎体间活动角度明显增大（P=0.01）,椎体间冠状面活动角度略有增大（P=0.1）,椎体间水平面相对旋转度明显增大（P=0.01）。112个减压相邻上、下节段手术前后比较,上述指标变化均不明显（P〉0.05）。结论：退行性腰椎管狭窄症患者行全椎板切除减压术后减压节段X线影像退变迹象明显,减压相邻上、下节段退变迹象较轻。     

Utility of repeat magnetic resonance imaging in surgical patients with lumbar stenosis without disc herniation

BACKGROUND CONTEXT

Routine use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a diagnostic tool in lumbar stenosis is becoming more prevalent due to the aging population. Currently, there is no clinical guideline to clarify the utility of repeat MRI in patients with lumbar stenosis, without instability, neurological deficits, or disc herniation.

Radiographic predictors of residual low back pain after laminectomy for lumbar spinal canal stenosis: minimum 5-year follow-up

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study of patients who underwent laminectomy for unification. OBJECTIVE: To identify radiographic predictors of residual low back pain (LBP) after laminectomy for lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LCS). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Residual LBP is a common complication of laminectomy and no radiographic predictors of its occurrence have been identified previously. METHODS: Clinical results and radiographic findings in 49 patients (21 males and 28 females, minimum 5-year follow-up) who underwent single level laminectomy for LCS were retrospectively reviewed. Patients who had an improvement in LBP scores in the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scoring system during the follow-up periods were classified as the recovery group, whereas those without improvements were classified as the nonrecovery group. Patients' clinical data (sex, duration of symptoms, age at surgery, JOA scores) and radiographic parameters (including lumbar lordotic angle, lumbar range of motion (ROM) and the intervertebral rotational angle) were analyzed to detect the factors significantly related with the occurrence of residual LBP. RESULTS: The average preoperative JOA score of 14.8+/-5.1 points improved to 21.6+/-5.5 points at the final follow-up providing an average recovery rate of 48.1+/-36.8%. Thirty-four and 15 patients were classified into the recovery and the nonrecovery groups, respectively. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that significant predictors of residual LBP were preoperative lumbar lordosis angle and lumbar ROM. The mean preoperative lumbar lordosis and ROM in the nonrecovery group were significantly smaller than those in the recovery group (lordosis: 25.3+/-15.8 degrees vs. 37.8+/-13.6 degrees, P=0.006 and ROM: 22.1+/-10.6 degrees vs. 31.2+/-9.9 degrees, P=0.006). In addition, increase of the postoperative lumbar ROM was significantly larger in the nonrecovery than that in the recovery group (P=0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that preoperative lordosis angle and lumbar ROM were the significant radiographic predictors for residual LBP after laminectomy for LCS. Patient with flatback and limited lumbar mobility before surgery are prone to suffer residual LBP. It is suggested that these sagittal radiographic parameters should be taken into account when choosing laminectomy as the surgical option for LCS.     

Surgical treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis. Five-year follow-up

We carried out a retrospective review of 155 patients with lumbar spinal stenosis who had been treated surgically and followed up regularly: 77 were evaluated at a mean of 6.5 years (5 to 8) after surgery by two independent observers. The outcome was assessed using the scoring system of Roland and Morris, and the rating system of Prolo, Oklund and Butcher. Instability was determined according to the criteria described by White and Panjabi. A significant decrease in low back pain and disability was seen. An excellent or good outcome was noted in 79% of patients; 9% showed secondary radiological instability. Surgical decompression is a safe and efficient procedure. In the absence of preoperative radiological evidence of instability, fusion is not required.     

腰椎间盘突出症术后磁共振成像改变

腰椎间盘突出症经保守治疗无效后多需手术治疗,术后疗效评价除患者症状和体征外,磁共振成像(MRI)以其独特的优点得到了广泛应用.腰椎间盘突出症术后MRI改变以6个月为界限分为近期和远期两个阶段,并在手术累及的椎旁肌、椎板和黄韧带、硬膜、髓核和纤维环、软骨终板、腰椎间隙等方面表现出各自的MRI变化.术后化脓性椎间盘炎在MRI上可较早发现且有明显的T1 、T2像特征表现,还可与非化脓性椎间盘炎相鉴别.术后增强MRI能较好地鉴别术后复发和硬膜外瘢痕组织形成.术后神经根增强的意义尚待进一步研究.     

有限椎板减压内固定治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症的疗效分析

目的:探讨有限椎板切除减压内固定治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症的疗效.方法:2002年9月～2007年3月共收治45例退行性腰椎管狭窄症患者,男16例,女29例,年龄36～80岁,平均61.3岁,病程5个月～20年,平均16个月.依据Hansraj等的经典与复杂型腰椎管狭窄症分型标准及引起症状的"责任"部位,经典的腰椎管狭窄症患者采用有限椎板切除椎管减压术(A组,14例):复杂型腰椎管狭窄症患者行有限椎板切除椎管减压并脊柱融合内固定术(B组,10例)或行全椎板切除减压并脊柱融合内固定术(C组,21例).采用日本骨科学会(JOA)15分法及Eule法对术前和末次随访时的神经功能与自觉症状进行评估,计算改善率,并对结果进行统计学分析.结果:随访9个月～5年,平均3.4年,末次随访时JOA评分改善率A组58.2%±34.0%,B组61.7%±23.6%,C组56.4%±26.8%,优良率A组78%,B组80%,C组76%,三组间无统计学差异.Eule法评估除A组与C组分别有1例术后疼痛加重外,其余病例腰腿痛症状均改善.结论:有限椎板切除减压是治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症的一种可靠术式,只要把握好手术适应证与减压范围,无论单纯有限减压还是减压并植骨融合内固定均可获得良好的疗效.