细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞/白细胞介素2治疗儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病微小残留病疗效观察

目的　探讨细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞 (CIK)及白细胞介素 2 (IL 2 )联合治疗儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病 (ALL)微小残留病 (MRD)的疗效。方法　用巢式PCR法扩增T细胞受体δ(TCRδ)及免疫球蛋白重链(IgH)基因重排检测MRD ,对 2 8例化疗 12个月以上MRD仍阳性者中 14例予CIK细胞 /IL 2输注治疗为治疗组 ,余为对照组。结果　对照组 14例中 8例复发 ,6例MRD转阴 ,并长期生存 ;治疗组MRD均转阴 ,中位随访期 18个月未见复发 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　CIK/IL 2治疗具有清除MRD、减少儿童ALL复发的作用     

Decreased induction morbidity and mortality following modification to induction therapy in infants with acute lymphoblastic leukemia enrolled on AALL0631: A report from the children's oncology group

Background

Infants with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have a poor prognosis. Intensification of therapy has resulted in fewer relapses but increased early deaths, resulting in failure to improve survival.

Procedure

AALL0631 is a Phase 3 study for infants (<366 days of age) with newly diagnosed ALL. Induction initially (Cohort 1) consisted of 3 weeks of therapy based on COG P9407. Due to excessive early mortality, induction was amended to a less intensive 5 weeks of therapy based on Interfant‐99. Additionally, enhanced supportive care guidelines were incorporated with hospitalization during induction until evidence of marrow recovery and recommendations for prevention/treatment of infections (Cohort 2).

Results

Induction mortality was significantly lower for patients in Cohort 2 (2/123, 1.6%) versus Cohort 1 (4/26, 15.4%; P = 0.009). All induction deaths were infection related except one due to progressive disease (Cohort 2). Sterile site infections were lower for patients in Cohort 2 (24/123, 19.5%) versus Cohort 1 (15/26, 57.7%; P = 0.0002), with a significantly lower rate of Gram positive infections during induction for patients in Cohort 2, P = 0.0002. No clinically significant differences in grades 3–5 non‐infectious toxicities were observed between the two cohorts. Higher complete response rates were observed at end induction intensification for Cohort 2 (week 9, 94/100, 94%) versus Cohort 1 (week 7, 17/25, 68%; P = 0.0.0012).

Conclusion

De‐intensification of induction therapy and enhanced supportive care guidelines significantly decreased induction mortality and sterile site infections, without decreasing complete remission rates. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:414–418. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Phase II study of gemcitabine in children with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia (ADVL0022): a Children's Oncology Group Report

BACKGROUND: To determine the response rate and toxicity to gemcitabine administered as 10 mg/m2/min x 360 min weekly for 3 weeks in children with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Gemcitabine is a deoxycytidine analog that inhibits DNA synthesis and repair and has a broad spectrum of antitumor activity. PROCEDURE: From April 2001 to April 2003, 23 male and 9 female eligible patients were recruited for the Children's Oncology Group (COG) phase II study of Gemcitabine (ADVL0022). RESULTS: One of 20 evaluable patients with ALL and none of 10 evaluable patients with AML had complete responses to gemcitabine; there were no partial responses. Grade 3 or 4 hematologic toxicity and liver toxicity were common during therapy. Only one patient was alive 1 year after entry. The estimated 1-year overall survival probability for the 32 patients was 4% (SE = 3%). CONCLUSIONS: Gemcitabine at the dose and schedule in this trial was not effective for children with relapsed AML or ALL.     

微小残留病在监测儿童急性T淋巴细胞白血病复发中的意义

目的 探讨徽小残留病(MRD)监测急性T琳巴细胞白血病患儿复发的临床指导意义.方法 采用四色流式细胞术对2006年8月1日-2008年4月1日32例急性T琳巴翻胞白血病住院患儿在治疗不同时间点进行追殊监测,分析不同MRD水平与患儿的临床反应及复发之间的关系.结果 诱导治疗第33天以及诱导治疗结束巩固治疗前(治疗12周)...     

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??Abstract??Objective To explore the feasibility of monitoring minimal residual disease ??MRD?? in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia ??ALL?? by detection of cloned IgH and TCRγ gene rearrangements using multiplex polymerase chain-reaction ??PCR?? and automated fragment analysis. Methods In this 1??3 matched case-control study?? 4 cases of very early bone marrow relapsed non-high risk ALL ??relapsed group?? and 12 cases of non-relapsed non-high risk ALL as control ??control group?? were enrolled in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from Jan. 2009 to Dec.2011. All patients were treated with Guangdong 2008 ALL protocol. Bone marrow samples were collected at four time points: at diagnosis?? the end of induction?? the beginning of reinduction and the third month of maintenace treatment. Cloned IgH and TCRγ gene rearrangements were amplified by multiplex PCR. The clonality of PCR production was analyzed by GENEMAPPERID softwares. Detectable clonality of IgH/TCRγ was defined as MRD positive. Results At diagnosis?? the frequency of cloned IgH and TCRγ in all patients was 100% and 56%. The positive rate of MRD was found to have no statistical difference between two groups at the end of induction?? while the difference of the MRD positive proportion between the two groups was statistically significant at the beginning of reinduction and the third month of maintenane therapy?? which was much more higher in relapse group than that of control group. Conclusion Detection of monoclonal IgH/TCRγ gene rearrangements by multiplex PCR with automated fragment analysis can be used as a method to monitor MRD during treatment for childhood ALL.     

A simple procedure to identify children with B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia who can be successfully treated with low or moderate intensity: Sequential versus single-point minimal residual disease measurement

Sequential monitoring of minimal residual disease (MRD) by molecular techniques or multicolor flow cytometry (MFC) has emerged over the past two decades as the primary tool to optimize treatment in pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). The aim of our study was to compare the prognostic power of repeated MFC–MRD measurement with single-point MRD assessment in children with BCP-ALL treated with the reduced-intensity protocol ALL-MB 2008. Data from consecutive MFC–MRD at day 15 and day 36 (end of induction, EOI) were available for 507 children with Philadelphia-negative BCP-ALL. They were stratified into standard risk (SR, n = 265), intermediate risk (ImR, n = 211), and high risk (HR, n = 31) according to the initial clinical characteristics defined in the ALL-MB 2008 protocol. Quantitative (relative to quantitative thresholds) and kinetic (logarithmic reduction) assessments of MFC–MRD at both time points effectively separated patients into three groups with different risk of recurrence. On the other hand, starting with low (for the SR group) and moderate (for the ImR group) induction therapy, a single MFC–MRD measurement at EOI proved sufficient to unequivocally identify patients in whom this therapy is highly effective and distinguish them from those who cannot be successfully treated with such therapy. Therefore, initiating treatment with low or moderate treatment from the start, together with careful consideration of initial clinical risk factors and just one EOI–MFC–MRD measurement is simple, inexpensive, and entirely sufficient for treatment optimization. Furthermore, for a large proportion of patients, this approach allows better adjustment, in particular also reduction of therapy intensity than sequential MRD measurements.     

儿童B系急性淋巴细胞性白血病微小残留病的相关因素及预后分析

目的：了解检测儿童B系急性淋巴细胞性白血病(ALL)微小残留病(MRD)在临床上的意义,探讨其相关因素及预后的关系。方法：用一种胞浆与胞膜、特异与敏感的标志相结合,CD45/SSC双参数图设门的三色流式细胞术(FCM)对67例儿童B系ALL在诱导治疗结束时(诱导第28～37d)进行MRD监测。结果：67例随访病人低危组为18例,中危组为35例,高危组为14例,MRD在3组之间差异有显著性(P<0.005),高危组的MRD(+)率明显较低、中危组高(P<0.005)。MRD与起病时的性别、年龄、白细胞数之间无相关性(P>0.05)。MRD在早期治疗反应上也无明显的统计学差异(P>0.05)。而MRD与复发及中位无事生存期密切相关,MRD(+)组复发率明显较MRD()组高(P<0.05),MRD(+)组中位无事生存期也短于MRD()组(P<0.005)。结论：检测MRD有助于了解疗效以及初步判断其预后以便调整治疗策略,是目前随访儿童ALL的有效方法。     

微小残留病在儿童急性B淋巴细胞白血病预后中的意义

目的探讨在微小残留病(MRD)指导治疗下,不同时间点MRD水平在儿童B细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病(B-ALL)预后中的意义。方法回顾分析417例初诊B-ALL患儿在治疗第15、33、90及180天MRD水平,并探究其与预后的关系。结果 417例患儿中,男240例、女177例,中位年龄5.0(3.0～10.0)岁,中位生存时间44.0(33.7～56.2)月,3年总生存(OS)及无事件生存(EFS)率为(90.9±1.4)% 和(85.2±1.7)%。417例患儿中,第15、33、90和180天4个时间点分别有336、415、414、414例接受了骨髓MRD检测。治疗第15天,MRD≥10%组的3年OS及EFS率均低于其他MRD水平组;治疗第33天,MRD≥1%组的3年OS及EFS率均低于其他MRD水平组;第90天或180天,MRD≥0.1%组的3年OS及EFS率均低于其他MRD水平组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。白细胞(WBC)≥50×10~9/L组3年OS及EFS率均低于WBC50×10~9/L组,3个时间点MRD均阴性组的3年OS及EFS率均高于3个时间点MRD至少1次阳性组,高危组的3年OS及EFS率均低于标危和中危组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。COX分析显示,第33天MRD≥0.1%和第180天MRD≥0.01%均是影响OS和EFS的独立危险因素(P均0.05)。结论 B-ALL患儿治疗第33和180天的MRD水平是提示预后的敏感指标。连续监测MRD在儿童B-ALL的治疗中至关重要。     

Children's Oncology Group's 2013 blueprint for research: acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Approximately 90% of the 2,000 children, adolescents, and young adults enrolled each year in Children's Oncology Group acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) trials will be cured. However, high‐risk subsets with significantly inferior survival remain, including infants, newly diagnosed patients with age ≥10 years, white blood count ≥50,000/µl, poor early response or T‐cell ALL, and relapsed ALL patients. Effective strategies to improve survival include better risk stratification, optimizing standard chemotherapy and combining targeted therapies with cytotoxic chemotherapy, the latter of which is dependent upon identification of key driver mutations present in ALL. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 957–963. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病微小残留病的检测及其临床意义

尽管目前儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病诱导缓解率已明显提高,但仍有部分患儿完全缓解后复发.微小残留病(MRD)的存在是导致其复发的主要原因.研究表明MRD的有无及其高低不但反映了个体对治疗的反应情况,还能用于临床危险度分型及移植后复发风险的评估.该文对MRD的检测方法及临床意义作一综述.     

Detectable minimal residual disease before allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation predicts extremely poor prognosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

BACKGROUND: The level of minimal residual disease (MRD) prior to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been shown to be an independent prognostic factor for outcome of pediatric patients with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Retrospective studies which used (semi-) quantitation of clone-specific immunoglobulin/T-cell receptor (Ig/TCR) rearrangements have documented the feasibility and practicality of this technique. This approach has also been disputed due to the occurrence of clonal evolution and generally high MRD levels prior to HSCT. PROCEDURE: In our prospective study, MRD before and after HSCT was monitored using quantitative real-time PCR in a cohort of 36 children with ALL consecutively transplanted in our center between VIII/2000 and VII/2004. RESULTS: In 25 of 36 patients, MRD level prior HSCT was assessed. Seventeen patients were classified as MRD-negative and eight were MRD-positive up to 9 x 10(-2). In MRD-positive subgroup, seven events (six relapses) occurred post-transplant in striking contrast to only one relapse in MRD-negative subgroup (event-free survival (EFS) log-rank P < 0.0001). MRD proved to be the only significant prognostic factor in a multivariate analysis (P < 0.0001). Adoptive immunotherapy including donor lymphocyte infusions in patients with adverse dynamics of MRD after HSCT had only limited and/or temporary effect. Clonal evolution did not present a problem precluding MRD monitoring in any of patients suffering a post-transplant relapse. CONCLUSIONS: We show that MRD quantitation using clonal Ig/TCR rearrangements successfully assesses the risk in pediatric ALL patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT. As our ability to treat detectable MRD levels after HSCT is very limited, alternative strategies for MRD-positive patients prior HSCT are necessary.     

Development of acute lymphoblastic leukemia following treatment for acute myeloid leukemia in children with Down syndrome: A case report and retrospective review of Children's Oncology Group acute myeloid leukemia trials

Children with Down syndrome have a 150‐fold increased risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and 20‐fold increased risk of developing acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Although the risk of developing AML and ALL is significantly increased in children with Down syndrome, the development of both malignancies in the same patient is very rare. We describe a patient with Down syndrome who developed ALL 6 years after being diagnosed with AML. We performed a literature review and Children's Oncology Group query and discovered eight published cases and five cases of ALL following AML in pediatric patients with Down syndrome, as well as six cases of ALL following AML in non‐Down syndrome patients. There was a similar cumulative incidence of ALL after treatment for AML in the Down syndrome and non‐Down syndrome populations. Overall survival in patients with Down syndrome who developed ALL after treatment for AML was comparable to overall survival for patients with Down syndrome with de novo ALL with an average follow‐up of 7 years after ALL diagnosis. Clinical data collected were used to discuss whether this phenomenon represents a secondary leukemia, second primary cancer, or mixed‐lineage leukemia.     

Clinical benefit of a high‐throughput sequencing approach for minimal residual disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia

The molecular detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) is standard of care in acute lymphoblastic leukemia to personalize the stratification of patients to appropriate intensity chemotherapy regimens. High‐throughput sequencing (HTS) techniques are driving changes to MRD methodologies. Our study demonstrates HTS can identify suitable diagnostic markers, even in cases where traditional screening has been unsuccessful. Markers identified by HTS were used to track MRD using standard real‐time quantitative PCR. We show, with six patient examples, clinical benefits of utilizing HTS to screen diagnostic samples and its necessity when traditional screening techniques fail. This is practical evidence that current MRD diagnostic marker screening should be replaced by an HTS approach.     

Impact of pretransplant minimal residual disease on the post‐transplant outcome of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia

There are few reports on the clinical significance of MRD before HSCT in pediatric ALL. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical significance of FCM‐based detection of MRD (FCM‐MRD) before allogeneic HSCT in pediatric ALL. Of 38 pediatric patients who underwent allogeneic HSCT for the first time between 1998 and 2014, 33 patients were in CR and five patients were in non‐CR. The CR group was further divided into two groups based on the pretransplant FCM‐MRD level: the MRD^neg (<0.01%; 30 patients) group and the MRD^pos (≥0.01%; three patients) group. There were significant differences in the three‐yr event‐free survival rates between the CR and non‐CR group, and between the MRD^neg and MRD^pos group. The three‐yr cumulative RI in the MRD^neg group were 27.3% ± 8.8%, whereas two of the three patients in the MRD^pos group relapsed within one yr after HSCT. The clinical outcome of the MRD^pos group was as poor as that of the non‐CR group in pediatric ALL. Therefore, an improvement in pretransplant treatment that aims to achieve a more profound remission would contribute to reducing the risk of relapse.