阿芬太尼与瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉用于鼻内镜手术效果的比较

目的 比较全凭静脉麻醉(TIVA)应用阿芬太尼或瑞芬太尼对鼻内镜手术(ESS)效果的影响。方法 选择择期行鼻内镜手术的患者130例,男62例,女68例,年龄18～64岁,BMI 18～30 kg/m²,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。随机将患者分为两组：阿芬太尼组(A组)和瑞芬太尼组(R组)。A组麻醉诱导依次静脉注射咪达唑仑0.02 mg/kg、丙泊酚靶控输注(TCI)3μg/ml、阿芬太尼20μg/kg、罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg,麻醉维持采用丙泊酚靶控输注复合阿芬太尼泵注。R组麻醉诱导依次静脉注射咪达唑仑0.02 mg/kg、丙泊酚TCI 3μg/ml、瑞芬太尼1μg/kg、罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg,麻醉维持采用丙泊酚靶控输注复合瑞芬太尼泵注。记录术中高血压、心动过速、低血压、心动过缓等血流动力学不良反应发生情况,术后30、60 min、24 h的疼痛程度,拔管时间,术后24 h内补救镇痛情况和恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、呼吸抑制等不良反应发生情况。结果 与R组比较,A组术中低血压发生率明显降低(P<0.05),术后30、60 min无痛发生率明显升高(P<0.05),...     

两种麻醉维持方式对合并高血压病患者鼻内窥镜手术出血量的影响

目的观察两种麻醉维持方式对合并原发性高血压病患者行鼻内窥镜手术出血量的影响。方法选择Ⅰ或Ⅱ期原发性高血压病患者40例,男25例,女15例,年龄35~54岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,患者随机分为两组,每组20例。A组为全凭静脉麻醉组;B组为静-吸复合麻醉组。两组麻醉诱导方法相同,气管插管后,A组麻醉维持以丙泊酚及瑞芬太尼持续泵注至手术结束前5min停药;B组麻醉维持以吸入七氟醚,手术结束前5min停药。手术期间维持BIS值在40~60。麻醉诱导插管后至手术开始通过调节麻醉深度并辅以硝酸甘油及艾司洛尔适当降低BP并进行高容量血液稀释。记录术中出血量及手术时间。分别在手术开始前30min(T0)、手术开始后30min(T1)、90min(T2)及手术结束后30min(T3)采血测动脉血气、静脉血乳酸浓度、凝血功能。结果 A组手术出血量(175±32)ml明显少于B组(212±41)ml(P0.05)。两组患者手术时间差异无统计学意义。手术开始前15min,两组MAP逐渐下降、HR逐渐减慢,未见反跳性心率增快现象。两组患者各时点动脉血pH、PaCO2、静脉血乳酸浓度、凝血酶原时间及活化部分凝血活酶时间差异无统计学意义。结论采用全凭静脉麻醉有助于减少原发性高血压病患者鼻内窥镜手术中出血量。     

气道表面麻醉联合静注瑞芬太尼用于鼻内窥镜手术

目的 研究气道黏膜表面麻醉对鼻内窥镜手术静注瑞芬太尼控制性降压的影响.方法 60例ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级接受鼻内窥镜手术的患者随机均分为两组:表面麻醉联合全麻组(C组)与单纯全麻组(S组).以调节瑞芬太尼静脉输注速度为主要降压手段.C组气管导管尖端与套囊表面涂抹利多卡因软膏,并于气管插管前气管内注入2％利多卡因3 ml,手术开始前以1％丁卡因棉片行鼻腔黏膜表面麻醉.S组单纯全麻,未行表面麻醉.比较两组达同样降压目标和全麻深度所需全麻用药量、血管活性药频率、气管插管及拔管心血管反应、苏醒时间以及苏醒期疼痛程度.结果 C组所需全麻药用量、血管活性药的频率、气管插管和拔管心血管反应及苏醒期严重疼痛和烦躁发生率均低于S组(P＜0.01);C组苏醒时间短于S组(P＜0.05).结论 气道黏膜表面麻醉联合瑞芬太尼可有效达到降压目标,降低全麻用药量,减少气管插管及拔管心血管反应,提高苏醒期舒适度.     

Navigated control in functional endoscopic sinus surgery

This study designs and evaluates a mechatronic system to assist ENT surgery, taking as an example a navigation controlled shaver as used in paranasal sinus surgery. The on/off status of the shaver is regulated automatically, depending on the current position of the shaver tip. The working space for the navigation controlled shaver is planned preoperatively as a three-dimensional model and is based on the individual patient's CT data. Within this area the shaver reacts to signals from the surgeon. If the tip of the shaver moves outside the predefined working space, the shaver's automatic drive control is interrupted by an electrical pulse. The planning software was evaluated using CT data sets from 32 patients. The accuracy of the registration was analysed on an anatomical model with the aid of 451 measurements on titanium screws attached endonasally, whilst the implementation of the working space was evaluated on 5 technical models. The average time taken for segmenting the working space was found to be 4.23 minutes. The average accuracy of the shaver registration was 1.08 mm. The selected cavity was to be resected without any restrictions. The preoperatively determined working space was implemented with a mean deviation of 3.1 mm over all levels. The study proves the feasibility of a mechatronic assistance system taking as an example the navigation controlled shaver used in paranasal sinus surgery. In contrast to isolated CAS solutions, this conceptual approach provides for the redundancy of the surgeon and eases their cognitive burden. We can foresee numerous applications in ENT surgery of the future following the principle presented here, in the control systems of power tools such as cutters, high frequency scalpels and lasers.     

功能性鼻内镜手术中减少出血的麻醉管理研究进展

功能性鼻内镜手术(FESS)已被广泛应用于鼻窦炎和鼻息肉患者的临床治疗。外科医师必须依赖最佳的手术视野来确认解剖位置,但鼻腔空间狭小,即使是少量出血也会造成解剖结构难以辨别,导致手术时间延长,手术并发症的发生率增加。目前,鼻内镜手术出血原因主要包括3个方面,即手术因素、患者自身因素以及麻醉因素。本文从麻醉方式、机械通气、术中控制性降压、围术期用药等方面对能够减少鼻内镜手术中出血的麻醉技术进行综述,以期为该类手术的麻醉管理提供参考。     

Comparison of hypotensive epidural anesthesia and hypotensive total intravenous anesthesia on intraoperative blood loss during total hip replacement

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare hypotensive epidural anesthesia (HEA) and hypotensive total intravenous anesthesia (HTIVA) with propofol and remifentanil on blood loss during primary total hip replacement. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized clinical study. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: Forty ASA physical status I, II, and III patients presenting for primary total hip replacement. INTERVENTIONS: Patients received either HEA with bupivacaine (HEA group, n = 20) or HTIVA with propofol and remifentanil (HTIVA group, n = 20) to maintain mean arterial pressure between 50 and 60 mm Hg. MEASUREMENTS: Duration of hypotension, blood loss, blood transfusions, hemodynamics, and coagulation studies were recorded in both groups. MAIN RESULTS: Intraoperative blood loss, percentage of patients receiving blood substitution, and total packed red blood cells transfused were less in those patients receiving HEA than those receiving HTIVA (P = .001, .04, and .015, respectively). Mean central venous pressure was lower in the HEA group than in the HTIVA group intraoperatively (P = .019). Mean hemoglobin concentrations and coagulation studies were similar between the groups. Neurologic examinations of all patients were intact in the postoperative period. CONCLUSIONS: In spite the similar mean arterial pressure levels noted between groups, HEA results in less intraoperative blood loss than HTIVA during primary total hip replacement. This outcome may be associated with non-positive pressure ventilation, distribution of blood flow, and lower mean intraoperative central venous pressure in the HEA group.     

减少全膝关节置换术围手术期出血的探讨

背景：全膝关节置换术（TKA）是关节外科失血较多的手术之一,如何有效降低TKA围手术期失血一直是关节外科医师研究的重点。 目的：通过术中选择性应用止血带及术后适当关闭引流管对TKA失血量的影响,探讨减少TKA围手术期失血量的方法。方法：2013年1月至2013年5月,因膝骨关节炎拟行单膝TKA患者53例,根据术中应用止血带方式及术后引流管开放形式分为两组。观察组30例,采用截骨完成后短期应用止血带联合术后早期夹闭4 h引流管;对照组23例,术中全程使用止血带及术后引流管处于自然开放引流状态。记录术中出血量及术后引流量,根据患者身高、体重和手术前后红细胞压积（Hct）,通过Gross方程计算患者的总失血量,进而得出隐性失血量,记录两组术后输血的病例数,并计算平均输血单位,记录术后1、3、5 d的晨起体温,记录出院前后膝关节功能评分（HSS）。 结果：观察组的术中出血量明显多于对照组,术后引流量少于对照组,总出血量及隐性失血量少于对照组,均存在统计学差异（P＜0.05）;观察组的输血例数及平均输血单位均少于对照组;两组的围手术期晨起体温、膝关节HSS功能评分无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。 结论：采用截骨完成后短期应用止血带联合术后早期夹闭4 h引流管可明显减少TKA围手术期出血量。     

Efficacy of different dexmedetomidine regimens in producing controlled hypotensive anesthesia during functional endoscopic sinus surgery

BackgroundThe study was designed to assess the ability of dexmedetomidine in different regimens to produce controlled hypotensive anesthesia during functional endoscopic sinus surgery in adults and the need to add an additional hypotensive agent in the form of nitroglycerin to achieve the target MAP.MethodsIn this blinded randomized controlled trail, 45 Patients, aged from 18 to 50 years, ASA physical status I and II, underwent endoscopic sinus surgery were enrolled in the study. Before induction of GA, all patients received bolus dexmedetomidine 1 μ/kg iv more than 10 min. After induction, Patients were randomly allocated into three groups, group Dex-0.4, in which patients received dexmedetomidine infusion as 0.4 μg/kg/h, group Dex-0.8, in which patients received dexmedetomidine infusion as 0.8 μg/kg/h and group Dex-P, in which patients received saline infusion. The target MAP was 55–65 mmHg, if not achieved by the infused study drug, nitroglycerin infusion was added in a titrating manner started with 0.1 μg/kg/min and increased gradually till the target MAP is reached. The surgical field quality was assessed by using Fromme et al. bleeding score.ResultsThe intraoperative MAP in group Dex-P and group Dex-0.8 was maintained within target range at all time intervals. In group Dex-0.4, the MAP showed fluctuation to fall below and increased above the target range at different time intervals. Unlike the other two groups, no nitroglycerin infusion was needed in group Dex-0.8. Fromme et al. bleeding score showed the lowest values in Dex-0.8 group and the highest values in group Dex-0.4. The differences between the three groups were statistically significant with (P < 0.05).ConclusionDexmedetomidine as bolus 1 μg/kg iv followed by iv infusion of 0.8 μg/kg/h or dexmedetomidine as pre-induction bolus 1 μg/kg iv followed by nitroglycerine iv infusion significantly decreased the mean arterial blood pressure to target values and provide satisfactory field quality.     

Moderate controlled hypotension with sodium nitroprusside does not improve surgical conditions or decrease blood loss in endoscopic sinus surgery

STUDY OBJECTIVES To determine if moderate controlled hypotension can improve the dryness of the surgical field in endoscopic sinus surgery.STUDY DESIGN: Randomized, prospective study.SETTING: University-affiliated hospital.PATIENTS: 32 ASA physical status I and II adult patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery. INTERVENTIONS: All patients were premedicated orally with chlorazepate. Patients in Group H received 12.5 mg captopril orally prior to surgery. Anesthesia was provided using an intravenous (IV) technique supplemented with nitrous oxide (N(2)O); anesthesia was maintained with boluses of 2 mcg/kg fentanyl and a propofol infusion at rates between 3 and 9 mg/kg/h at the discretion of the anesthetist. In Group H, sodium nitroprusside was infused at a rate of 1 to 2.5 mcg/kg/min to maintain moderate controlled hypotension with mean blood pressure of 65 to 75 mm Hg.MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Arterial blood pressure was assessed via the radial artery. Readings were recorded prior to intubation, immediately after intubation, at the start of surgery, then at 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes intraoperatively, and at the end of surgery. Intraoperative blood loss, dryness of the surgical field, adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) hormone, arginin-vasopressin (AVP), cortisol, and the preoperative and postoperative psychomotoric function were examined. At the start of surgery and thereafter, MAP increased in Group N but not in Group H. Throughout surgery, MAP was significantly lower in Group H than in Group N. Blood loss, dryness of the surgical field, ACTH, AVP, and cortisol levels, and psychomotoric function were not significantly different between the groups.CONCLUSION: Intravenous anesthesia supplemented with N(2) is as effective as moderate controlled hypotension when blood loss, visibility in the surgical field, ACTH, AVP, and cortisol are examined.     

胸段硬膜外复合静脉全麻与全凭静脉麻醉在开胸手术中的比较

目的 比较胸段硬膜外复合静脉全麻与全凭静脉麻醉对开胸手术患者血流动力学、麻醉药维持剂量、术后苏醒、躁动及疼痛的影响.方法 64例择期行剖胸手术患者,ASA Ⅱ级～Ⅲ级,采用完全随机设计的方法分为2组.A组:胸段硬膜外复合静脉全麻组,患者预先用10 ml 0.25%布比卡因和0.1 mg芬太尼硬膜外给药.术中硬膜外0.25%布比卡因和芬太尼10μg/ml,5 ml/h复合丙泊酚维持.B组:全凭静脉麻醉组,丙泊酚-端芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉.观察并记录不同时间点2组心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、所需麻醉维持药量、术毕清醒及出现疼痛时间.结果 2组患者各观察点血流动力学变化比较,差异无统计学意义;胸段硬膜外复合静脉全麻组麻醉维持不需要静脉镇痛药瑞芬太尼和肌松药阿曲库铵,只需复合充分的丙泊酚镇静,就能满足手术需求;术后苏醒早;拔管时间(11±4)min,相对于全凭静脉麻醉组(23±16)min明显缩短(P<0.05):躁动例数显著减少;术后出现疼痛时间(7.4±2.6)min相对于全凭静脉麻醉组(0.5士0.3)min明显延长(P<0.01).结论 胸段硬膜外复合静脉全麻用于开胸手术快通道麻醉是一种安全、经济、有效并有利于患者术后恢复的麻醉方法.     

Anaesthetic strategies to reduce perioperative blood loss in paediatric surgery

In adults, a number of measures to reduce perioperative blood loss have been established. These techniques serve to reduce patients' exposure to homologous blood. Most adults are concerned with this issue especially since many patients became infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) during the 1980s through exposure to blood components. While blood-saving strategies are widely used in adults, they are mostly neglected in infants. However, it is these young patients with their whole life in front of them who, it could be argued, would benefit especially from any potentially avoidable infection (HIV, hepatitis, etc.) or immunological complications. In infants and small children, these blood-sparing techniques may not be as effective as in adults and technical limitations may prevent their application. However, some of these measures can be used and may serve to prevent or reduce exposure to homologous blood. In the following review, blood-saving techniques established in adults are described and their applicability for paediatric patients discussed.     

右美托咪啶在全麻鼻内镜手术控制性低血压中的应用

目的 探讨右美托咪啶在全麻鼻内镜手术控制性低血压中应用的安全性及有效性.方法 对60例择期全麻下行鼻内镜手术患者按随机数字表法随机分为两组(每组30例),采用硝普钠(N组)、右美托咪啶(D组)行控制性低血压,维持平均动脉压( MAP)在60 mm Hg～70 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa).记录诱导前5min(T0)、手术开始后30 min(T1及拔管即刻(T2)时的心率(HR)、MAP及达标时间、手术时间、降压持续时间、拔管时间、出血量及尿量,对术野质量和苏醒期清醒镇静程度进行平定并观察有无副作用.结果 两 组患者年龄、体重、性别比、手术时间、控制降压持续时间组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).所有患者术中MAP均能维持在目标范围.两组患者T0时点MAP、HR组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P ＞.05)；降压达标时间D组(16.7±3.7) min较N组(10.1±1.8) min慢(P＜0.05)；T2、T1时点与T0时点比较,N组HR(105+7)、(82±5)次/min较(78±6)次/min明显增快(P＜0.05),D组HR(74±7)、(69±8)次/min较(79±8)次/min明显减慢(P＜0.05)；组间比较,T2、T1时点N组HR(105±7)、(82±5)次/min明显高于D组(74±7) 、(69±8)J/min(P＜0.05).N组拔管时出现反跳性高血压,D组拔管时MAP(84+10) mm Hg仍低于诱导前水平(95±8) mm Hg(P＜0.05).D组术野质量评定(scores of surgical field quality,SSFQ)(1.2±0.4)分优于N组的(1.9±0.5)分(P＜0.05)；N组的拔管时间(14.5±1.8) min要短于D组的(16.5±2.7)min(P＜0.05)；N组苏醒期清醒镇静评分(1.5±A5)分优于D组的(2.0±0.3)分(P＜0.05),但N组有6例出现术后躁动；D组出血量(111±45) ml较N组的(191±43)ml少(P＜0.05),D组尿量(390±105) ml较N组的(230±83) ml多(P＜0.05).所有患者术后随访无术中知晓、呼吸抑制等麻醉并发症发生.结论在全麻鼻内镜手术中应用右美托咪啶行控制性低血压安全可行,能提供更好的术野质量,同时副作用更少,值得推广应用.     

Electrosurgical dissection to reduce blood loss in head and neck surgery

We prospectively determined the intraoperative blood loss in 250 patients who underwent major head and neck surgical procedures over a 13-month period to demonstrate the efficacy of electrosurgical dissection for reducing blood loss and to determine those factors predictive of the need for blood replacement. Transfusions were required in 30 (12%) of the 250 patients, and a total of 66 units of packed red blood cells was administered. Two patients were transfused preoperatively, 16 patients intraoperatively, and 14 patients postoperatively. Factors predicting the necessity for blood replacement included the patient's preoperative hematocrit level, intraoperative blood loss, the duration and type of procedure, and the surgeon's level of experience. The principles of electrosurgical dissection are discussed.     

The effect of intravenous tranexamic acid on blood loss and surgical field quality during endoscopic sinus surgery: a placebo-controlled clinical trial

Study Objectives

To evaluate the effects of intravenous (IV) tranexamic acid on blood loss and surgical field quality during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS).

Design

Randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial.

Setting

Operating room and postoperative recovery area of a university-affiliated hospital.

Patients

84 consecutive, adult, ASA physical status 1 and 2 patients undergoing FESS.

Interventions

Patients were randomized to receive either IV tranexamic acid 10 mg/kg (TA group) or sterile water 0.1 mL/kg (placebo group) as a bolus dose immediately after induction of anesthesia.

Measurements

Amount of blood loss and bleeding and satisfaction scores were obtained from the surgeon.

Main Results

Blood loss in the TA group was 184 ± 64 mL and in the placebo group, 312 ± 75 mL on average (P < 0.01). The median (range) bleeding score in the TA group was significantly lower than the placebo group [2 (1-3) vs 2.5 (2-4); P < 0.0001]. The surgeon was more satisfied with the surgical field in the TA group than the placebo group [median score: 4 (3-5) vs 3 (1-5), P < 0.001].

Conclusion

Intravenous tranexamic acid effectively reduces bleeding and improves the surgical field during FESS.     

Controlled hypotensive anesthesia to reduce blood loss in radical cystectomy for bladder cancer

Controlled intraoperative hypotension has been reported to reduce blood loss in major cancer operations. We did a retrospective evaluation on the effects of induced controlled hypotensive anesthesia using enflurane or trimethaphan compared to standard normotensive anesthesia in 37 consecutive patients who were undergoing single stage radical cystectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy and bilateral ureteroileal cutaneous urinary diversion. Group 1 contained 16 patients who received induced hypotensive anesthesia and group 2 contained 21 patients who received normotensive anesthesia. Average age, pathological stage, and hematocrit values preoperatively and 5 days postoperatively were not significantly different. The average blood loss in group 1 was 821 plus or minus 78 cc and in group 2 it was 1,740 plus or minus 132 cc, a difference of 919 cc (p less than 0.001). Concomitantly, total blood replacement was significantly different. The hypotensive group required an average of 1.38 plus or minus 0.25 units or 700 plus or minus 100 cc and the normotensive group averaged 3.25 plus or minus 0.45 units or 1,600 plus or minus 225 cc (p less than 0.05). In addition, only 69 per cent of the hypotensive group required blood replacement compared to 90 per cent of the normotensive group. Our data demonstrate that controlled hypotensive anesthesia markedly reduces blood loss for radical bladder cancer surgery.     

全凭静脉麻醉与静-吸复合麻醉下腰椎手术中神经电生理监测的比较

目的比较全凭静脉麻醉与静-吸复合麻醉在腰椎手术中对体感诱发电位(SSEP)及运动诱发电位(MEP)的影响。方法选择择期行全麻腰椎手术患者60例,随机均分为两组,每组30例。麻醉维持时T组丙泊酚TCI血浆靶浓度为3.0~3.5μg/ml,I组吸入1%七氟醚复合丙泊酚泵注,两组均维持BIS在40~50。记录清醒时(T0)、插管后5 min(T1)、切皮时(T2)以及椎管减压时(T3)的SSEP和MEP等相关参数,并记录运动诱发电位未引出情况。结果与T0时比较,T1~T3时两组P38、N45波潜伏期明显延长(P0.05),波幅明显降低(P0.05),但组间差异无统计学意义。两组无一例出现术中单侧或双侧下肢的MEP消失。结论与单纯丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉比较,复合1%七氟醚麻醉并不影响腰椎手术中SSEP及MEP的监测,可用于行神经电生理监测的脊柱手术。     

The tumescent technique to significantly reduce blood loss during burn surgery

Introduction: burn surgery is complicated by blood loss. The tumescent technique of subdermal injection of epinephrine has been utilized to decrease intraoperative blood loss. We hypothesized that this would safely decrease blood loss during burn surgery. Methods: twenty patients utilized the tumescent technique. The tumescent group had subdermal injections of epinephrine beneath the excision and donor site plus thrombin spray and warm saline soaked laparotomy pads. Ten patients grafted prior to adopting the tumescent technique utilized thrombin spray and warm saline soaked laparotomy pads for hemostasis. Blood loss was determined by operative estimation and calculation. Data were analyzed by Student's t-test and paired t-test. Results: the two groups were demographically similar. The tumescent group had significantly less total blood loss and blood loss per unit area excised. There were no clinically detectable arrythmias, changes in heart rate or blood pressure noted. Conclusions: the tumescent technique significantly reduced intraoperative blood loss. It is safe, inexpensive and easy to use. The subdermal epinephrine/saline injection creates a smooth, tense surface which assists with debridement and donor harvest.