罗格列酮抗炎作用的研究进展

罗格列酮具有增加胰岛素敏感性、降低胰岛素抵抗而调节血糖的作用,临床广泛用于糖尿病的治疗。近年发现罗格列酮还在全身多器官、多系统的急慢性炎症病变中发挥着重要的抗炎作用。探索罗格列酮抗炎作用的机制可能为炎性疾病的治疗带来新的希望。     

Advances in interleukin-6 therapy]

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) exhibits multiple biologic activities such as regulation of immunological responses and hematopoiesis, promotion of acute inflammation, and stimulation of some malignant and non-malignant cell growth. The IL-6 receptor system consists of an IL-6 specific binding molecule, IL-6R and a signal transducer, gp130. Following gp130 dimerization, IL-6 activates multiple signaling pathways (Ras dependent MAPk cascade, STAT1-STAT3 heterodimer pathway, and STAT3 homodimer pathway). Several other cytokines including oncostatin M, IL-11, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and cardiotropin-1 (CT-1) use gp130 as a common signal transducing molecule and therefore have similar biological activities. Two major in vivo functions of IL-6 are reported. Firstly, IL-6 acts as a growth factor of some malignant and non-malignant cells such as malignant plasma cells in multiple myeloma, mesangial cells in the kidney, and keratinocytes. Secondly, IL-6 mediates inflammatory and immune responses in rheumatoid arthritis, Castleman disease, psoriasis, cardiac myxoma, cachexia, and other inflammatory conditions. Recently, a humanized anti-IL-6 receptor antibody was developed. Neutralization of IL-6 activity by the humanized anti-IL-6 receptor antibody may be a new therapeutic approach for IL-6 related diseases such as multiple myeloma, Castleman disease and rheumatoid arthritis.     

支气管哮喘的细胞因子治疗进展

哮喘是一种慢性气道炎症性疾病,它的发生和发展与多种细胞因子密切相关.目前哮喘还没有有效的预防和治愈方法,细胞因子抑制剂已经作为潜在的治疗手段而被广泛研究.其中IL-4、IL-5、TNF-α抑制剂的临床研究已经取得了突破性的进展.IL-13和IL-9的临床试验正在研究中.对哮喘动物模型的大量研究发现了胸腺基质淋巴细胞生成素(TSLP),IL-17等新的相关细胞因子,这为哮喘细胞因子治疗提供了新的思路.而多种细胞因子抑制剂的联合使用也为治愈哮喘提供了可能.同时,哮喘个体化医疗的研究为逆转哮喘提供了有力保障.     

Advances in therapy with antileukotriene drugs

Evidence from clinical trials and experience derived from managing patients with asthma justify a broader role for leukotriene (LT) blockers in asthma management than that recommended by the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program and the NIH Heart, Lung and Blood Institute treatment guidelines. Many published clinical trials, reviews, and case reports have suggested important new applications of LT blockers (ie, montelukast, zafirlukast, pranlukast, and zileuton) in several diseases in which leukotrienes play a pathogenic role. These include paranasal sinus disease, allergic fungal sinusitis, migraine, chronic urticaria, atopic dermatitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, allergic conjunctivitis, mastocytosis, bronchiolitis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial cystitis, and irritable bowel syndrome. Although double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials are needed to confirm the effects that these drugs may have in these diseases, the aim of this short review is to delineate the future roles that these drugs may have in the management of these conditions.     

术后麻痹性肠梗阻的治疗进展

术后麻痹性肠梗阻多见于腹部手术后,确诊需除外机械性肠梗阻;治疗措施主要包括早期肠内营养、抗炎、应用生长抑素和外周μ受体拮抗剂。     

质子泵抑制剂预防非甾体类抗炎药相关性胃病的研究进展

2006年9月美国食品及药物管理局(Food and Drug Adminstration,FDA)公告指出:非甾体类抗炎药(nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,NSAIDs)基本都是潜在的心血管风险和消化道出血风险.     

抗血管生成在胃癌治疗中的研究进展

胃癌的生长、转移依赖于肿瘤血管生成。当血管生成开关打开,肿瘤内有足够的新生血管长入,提供营养并带走代谢产物,肿瘤便获得了进一步生长、转移的能力。已知包括血管内皮细胞生长因子、整合素、基质金属蛋白酶和表皮生长因子受体在内的20多种细胞因子与胃癌微血管密度（microvessel density, MVD）相关,是胃癌血管靶向治疗的有效靶点。     

Water intoxication associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy

Two cases of rheumatoid arthritis, who developed severe hyponatremia after treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are presented. Early diagnosis was followed by rapid correction with hypertonic saline. It is suggested that NSAIDs, like piroxicam, diclofenac and indomethacin, may be added to the list of drugs which can induce syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).     

Advances in therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is a lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by the progressive accumulation of clonal small mature-looking lymphocytes, usually of B cell origin. In addition to a better understanding of many biological features, during the last 10-15 years a great progress has been made in the prognostic characterization of the disease. The therapeutic achievements, however, have been less impressive. The possibility to identify patients with different prognosis has renewed interest in the treatment of this disorder. A considerable number of controlled trials have been performed or are in course, and new perspectives for CLL treatment are emerging. Basically four different kinds of measures are used: 1) chemotherapy, 2) radiotherapy, 3) adjuvant measures and 4) new modalities.     

Mycobacterium avium complex: Advances in therapy

DisseminatedMycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is one of the most common opportunistic infections in AIDS patients and is increasingly recognized as a significant pathogen in chronic pulmonary disease in nonimmunocompromised patients. Important progress in therapy has occurred over the last several years. In AIDS patients, multidrug therapy has been shown to be beneficial in terms of reducing circulating bacteremia and improving clinical symptoms. Clarithromycin and azithromycin, two broad-spectrum antimicrobials with minimal activity againstMycobacterium tuberculosis, have emerged as potent, well tolerated agents pivotal to treatment regimens. In AIDS patients, rifabutin prophylaxis reduced the frequency of MAC bacteremia by 50 % in two placebo controlled trials. Despite these advances, there remains a need for determining the optimal combination regimens for therapy, and more effective drugs for prophylaxis which are beneficial both in terms of survival and functional capacity of patients.     

空化增效高强度聚焦超声治疗研究进展

高强度聚焦超声（HIFU）已被证实是一种安全、有效的无创实体肿瘤消融方法,但目前面临的主要问题是治疗时间相对较长、治疗效率低。在HIFU治疗中可以通过空化实现增效,通过何种方式产生空化效应,如何提高空化对热效应的增效作用一直是研究者关注的问题。本文分别从体外引入空化核、声学驱动产生空化核两个角度,综述在HIFU治疗中通过微泡造影剂、相变纳米液滴、双频HIFU、脉冲波增强热效应、调强峰值声压增强HIFU的治疗效果。 【关键词】高强度聚焦超声;空化效应;热效应;增效;综述     

Advances in gene therapy for bladder cancer

The efficacy of various currcntly available therapeutic strategies for bladder cancer is not always suffcient, especially for the advanced disease, recurrent superficial cancer, and treatment-resistant carcinoma in situ. Advances in genetic and molecular biology have led to novel approaches for cancer treatment. Gene therapy is currently one of the most promising strategies against various malignancies, and several clinical trials have been approved worldwide. Various strategies for modulating the genetic state have been applied in bladder cancer treatment, and encouraging results have been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. Although the therapeutic genes work dramatically when the transgenes are effectively expressed in the targeted cells, however, a sufficient rate of transduction cannot always be achieved. The most significant obstacle for clinical application of cancer gene therapy might be the method for sufficient delivery and expression of the therapeutic genes. Bladder is an easily accessible organ because of its anatomy; however, a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer on the bladder mucosa may protect integration of exo-delivered genetic vectors. Various strategies are applied for improving the transduction efficacy of the therapeutic genes into the bladder cancer cells. These strategies include the modification of adenoviral fibers, cotransduction of the materials for enhancing the viral infectivity, and disruption of the GAG layer. Recent advances in the field of gene therapy for bladder cancer are briefly summarized in this review.     

溶瘤腺病毒抗肿瘤策略研究进展

溶瘤腺病毒是一类经过基因工程改造,能够选择性地在肿瘤细胞中复制并溶解、杀伤肿瘤细胞的腺病毒,但不影响正常细胞功能。至今,已尝试多种方式提高溶瘤腺病毒的抗肿瘤活性和安全性,包括改变腺病毒传导方式,利用特异性启动子和增强子驱动治疗基因的表达以及协同放化疗、免疫治疗等。