橄榄-脑桥-小脑萎缩与“十字征”八例

目的探讨MRI脑桥十字征的橄榄-脑桥-小脑萎缩(OPCA)患者临床与影像学特点。方法总结8例经临床诊断为OPCA,分析其临床特点及影像学特征表现。结果 8例患者的临床表现均以小脑性共济失调和脑干功能受损伴有自主神经功能障碍为主,MRI在脑桥轴位T2WI上均出现典型的"十字征"。结论以小脑性共济失调和脑干功能受损为主要表现的OPCA患者,多伴有自主神经功能障碍,脑桥十字征是MRI特征性表现之一,有助于该病的诊断。     

橄榄脑桥小脑萎缩20例临床分析

目的探讨橄榄脑桥小脑萎缩的临床表现和影像学检查特点,以便早期诊断并改善患者预后。方法回顾性分析经临床诊断的20例橄榄脑桥小脑萎缩患者的相关资料。结果橄榄脑桥小脑萎缩患者临床以小脑性共济失调、言语不清、排尿功能障碍、帕金森症状等最常见。16例患者头颅磁共振检查结果示脑萎缩,主要为小脑和脑干萎缩。结论橄榄脑桥小脑萎缩临床以小脑性共济失调为主要表现,言语障碍较继往报道发生率高,头颅磁共振可表现为小脑、脑干萎缩,并可一定程度上反映病程。     

多系统萎缩的临床与MRI特征

目的探讨多系统萎缩(MSA)的临床与MRI特征及其对临床亚型诊断的意义。方法回顾性分析28例MSA患者的临床及MRI资料。结果橄榄脑桥小脑萎缩(OPCA)以小脑体征(75.0%)突出,MRI表现为脑桥萎缩(91.7%)、小脑蚓部萎缩(91.7%),第四脑室扩大(83.8%),T2WI出现脑桥、小脑对称性高信号(63.6%)及脑桥十字征;纹状体黑质变性(SND)以锥体外系症状(80.0%)明显,MRI改变多位于基底节核团,表现为壳核萎缩(60.0%),T2WI示壳核外侧缘缝隙样高信号(80.0%);ShyDrager综合征(SDS)以自主神经症状(81.8%)为主,出现早且重,MRI未见特异性变化。结论MRI有助于提高MSA及其亚型诊断。脑桥萎缩、T2WI高信号改变,尤其是脑桥十字征的出现有助于OPCA诊断;壳核萎缩与T2WI壳核外侧缘缝隙样高信号改变支持SND诊断。     

影像学表现为"猫须征"的多系统萎缩1例报告

橄榄脑桥小脑萎缩(olivopontoeerebellar atrophy,OPCA)是一种原因不明的神经系统变性疾病,以小脑性共济失调伴脑干损害为主,起病隐匿,呈慢性进行性发展.由于该病和某些小脑变性疾病临床表现重叠,且无特异性生化标记物,熟悉该病的影像学特征性表现及寻求其他有意义的辅助诊断意义重大.头部影像学特异性表现及肌电图特征等常有助早期诊断.现报告1例头部MRI表现为"猫须征"的MSA患者如下.     

磁共振表现为脑桥十字征的多系统萎缩患者临床与影像学特点分析

目的 探讨磁共振表现为脑桥十字征的多系统萎缩患者临床与影像学特点,为认识多系统萎缩临床特征及为多系统萎缩的临床诊断提供依据.方法 总结3例经临床诊断的多系统萎缩患者,分析其临床特点及磁共振特征表现.结果 3例患者均以小脑性共济失调伴有自主神经功能障碍为主要表现,脑桥十字征是其主要的磁共振特征表现.结论 以小脑性共济失调...     

多系统萎缩患者143例临床和影像学特征分析

目的 探讨多系统萎缩(MSA)不同亚型的临床和影像学特征及其相关性.方法 对143例符合1999年Gilman诊断标准的MSA患者进行临床分型和诊断分级,根据Horimoto分期对108例影像学出现异常的患者脑桥十字征和壳核裂隙征进行分析,并探讨不同临床亚型及病程与影像学异常的相关性.结果 143例MSA患者男女比例为1.3:1,其中MSA小脑萎缩型(MSA-C)93例,MSA帕金森型(MSA-P)39例,两者同时出现的即为MSA-P+C型11例;很可能的MSA 90例,可能的MSA 53例.108例MSA患者影像学出现异常,其中MSA-C型患者36例(36/76,47%)出现脑桥十字征,10例(10/76,13%)出现壳核裂隙征;MSA-P型患者6例(6/24,25%)出现脑桥十字征,6例(6/24,25%)出现壳核裂隙征.MSA-C型中病程较短的患者脑桥十字征分期较早.结论 本组病例中MSA-C型患者明显多于MSA-P型,可能与种族遗传背景有关.脑桥十字征和壳核裂隙征为MSA患者的显著影像学特征,MSA临床分型与影像学特征具有一定的相关性,其中脑桥十字征在MSA-C型较为显著,壳核裂隙征在MSA-P型较为显著.     

"十字征"和橄榄体脑桥小脑萎缩

“十字征”(cross sign)即MRI的T2加权像上脑桥的十字形异常高信号影，由Savoiardo于1990年首次报道，见于橄榄体脑桥小脑萎缩(OPCA)的患者。我们报道1例MRI上典型的“十字征”表现，并结合文献复习分析如下，以提高广大临床医生对此征的认识。     

橄榄脑桥小脑萎缩

多系统萎缩(MSA)是一组原因不明的散发性成年起病的进行性神经系统多部位变性疾病,主要累及锥体外系、小脑、自主神经、脑干和脊髓。临床表现可归纳为三大综合征:表现为锥体外系功能障碍的黑质-纹状体变性(SND)、表现为自主神经功能障碍的Shy-Drager综合征(SDS)和表现为共济失调的散发性橄榄脑桥小脑萎缩(OPCA)。随着病情的进展,各综合征之间的临床症状与体征可重叠组合,最后发展为多系统受损。其中,橄榄脑桥小脑萎缩以小脑性共济失调和脑干损害为主要临床表现,累及小脑、小脑中脚、脑桥基底核和延髓做榄核。导致MRI出现萎缩和信号异常的病理基础是脑桥小脑束的脱髓鞘改变,     

橄榄脑桥小脑萎缩症的临床初步观察

目的 分析橄榄脑桥小脑萎缩症36例的临床表现、MRI特征和爱维治治疗的疗效.方法 采取病历回顾性分析,治疗半年后门诊或信函随访方法.结果 临床表现中最常见而突出症状是小脑性共济失调,其次是构音障碍,随着病程进展相继出现锥体束征和(或)锥体外系征.MRI是诊断的重要依据之一,均显示脑桥、小脑萎缩.爱维治静脉滴注治疗,结果显著好转22.2%,好转72.2%,无效5.5%.结论 橄榄脑桥小脑萎缩症并不少见,应用MRI检查,临床检出率将有所提高.爱维治治疗有效,提示结构上脑桥、小脑明显萎缩,但神经功能上尚有较大代偿能力或可塑性.     

多系统萎缩的临床分型和影像学改变特点分析

目的探讨多系统萎缩（multiple system atrophy，MSA）的临床表现类型与神经影像学改变新特征（脑桥“十字征”和“壳核裂隙征”）的关系，为临床尽早做出诊断提供依据。方法按照Gilman诊断标准回顾性分析11例MSA患者的临床表现、分型和头颅MRI资料。结果本组诊断为很可能MSA11例，其中橄榄体脑桥小脑萎缩（MSA-C型）8例。2例在发病后3年头颅MRI脑桥“十字征”达Ⅰ期；1例在病后2年达Ⅱ期；3例分别在病后1年、3年、5年达Ⅲ期；另外2例分别在病后2年和7年达Ⅳ期。8例“壳核裂隙征”均为0期。黑质纹状体变性（MSA-P型）2例：1例病后6年脑桥“十字征”0期，“壳核裂隙征”Ⅰ期，另1例发病后9年“壳核裂隙征”Ⅱ期，脑桥“十字征”Ⅳ期。Shy-Drager综合征（MSA-A型）1例：病程5年，MRI检查脑桥“十字征”和“壳核裂隙征”分期均为0期。结论临床表现与头颅MRI检查发现的脑桥“十字征”和“壳核裂隙征”可作为及早识别MSA-C型的神经影像学改变特征，“壳核裂隙征”可作为识别MSA-P型的神经影像学改变特征。     

多系统萎缩44例的临床与神经电生理特点分析

目的 探讨临床和神经电生理检查对于多系统萎缩(MSA)的诊断价值。方法 对44例MSA患者分组分析其临床特点、肌电图(EMG)、神经传导速度(NCV)、躯体感觉诱发电位(SEP)、运动诱发电位(MEP)、脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)及视觉诱发电位(VEP)。并比较临床表现和电生理检查结果在各组间的差异。结果 本组患者以自主神经功能障碍和小脑生共济失调的异常率最高(88．6％)。帕金森综合征出现率在各组间差异有显著意义(P值分别为0．027、0．007、0．025)，卧立位血压异常在拟诊组和可能组间差异有显著意义(76．5％、18．2％)。EMG和NCV的异常率为38．1％，各组间出现率有不同。各种诱发电位的异常出现率在分组比较中无显著性差异。结论 仅凭临床表现无法对：MSA进行分组。各项神经电生理检查中以BAEP的阳性率最高。EMG和NCV结果在各组之间的差异提示该项检查对于MSA的分组可能有一定的帮助。     

Olivopontocerebellar atrophy: toward a better nosological definition.

Olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) is a pathological label implying not only olivopontocerebellar changes, but also cases with more widespread lesions involving the CNS. This polytopic pathological background accounts for clinical complexity, essentially defined as cerebellar-plus syndrome. The term "OPCA" is applicable to an increasing number of neurodegenerative syndromes, including autosomal dominant ataxia, complicated spastic paraplegia, multiple-system atrophy (MSA), and many cases of idiopathic late-onset cerebellar ataxia (ILOCA), some of whom also turn out to have MSA. OPCA may also be part of the pathological hallmark of other disorders, such as prion disorders, mitochondrial encephalomyopathies, and hereditary metabolic diseases. Sporadic OPCA and ILOCA with cerebellar-plus presentation and neuroimaging evidence of brainstem and cerebellar atrophy may represent interchangeable eponyms. Just a quarter of such cases evolve to MSA within 5 years of the onset of symptoms. Therefore, the assumption that MSA and sporadic OPCA necessarily are one and the same disease is no longer tenable. Our review suggests that the label "OPCA" is useful to designate a clinicopathological syndrome that has a variety of etiologies carrying a poor prognosis, particularly if associated with autonomic failure as occurs in MSA.     

橄榄桥脑小脑萎缩的临床观察及随访研究

目的 :探讨橄榄桥脑小脑萎缩 (OPCA)患者病情的发生、发展和转归的规律及可能影响因素。方法 :对确诊的 38例 (家族性 2例 ,散发性 36例 )进行脑脊液、头颈 CT、 MRI检查及临床特点分析 ,并对其中 2 8例进行了 1～ 12年随访。结果 :1SOPCA和 FOPCA平均发病年龄分别为 4 6 .9岁和 2 0岁 ;平均病程分别为 6 .7年和 14 .5年。 2受累系统症状出现频率为小脑共济失调 92 .1% ,锥体束征 86 .8% ,构音障碍 84 .2 % ,自主神经损害 76 .3%。 3病程第一年内头颅 CT和 MRI分别有 16 .7%和 70 %的异常。 4平均确诊时间为 4 .1年 ,目前治疗无法改变其转归 ,随访 2 8例死亡 3例 ,死因分别为吸入性肺炎、窒息及全身衰竭。结论 :OPCA受累系统以小脑最多 ,无遗传家族史者病情发展较快 ,多死于并发症。核磁共振为首选辅助检查 ;随访有助于早期确诊。     

Quantitative autoradiographic study of L-glutamate binding sites in normal and atrophic human cerebellum.

In the present work the distribution of L-glutamate binding sites in the different layers of human cerebellum of normal individuals and of seven patients who died with olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) was examined with the technique of quantitative autoradiography. Specific L-[3H]glutamate binding was higher in the molecular than in the granule cell layer of normal cerebellar tissue. A significant decrease of L-[3H]glutamate specific binding was observed in the molecular layer of all OPCA tissues. In the granule cell layer L-[3H]glutamate binding was decreased only in two patients who suffered from late-onset sporadic OPCA and in one patient who suffered from a form of OPCA inherited in a dominant manner. Quisqualate-sensitive binding sites were the most abundant binding sites in the molecular layer of normal cerebella, whereas N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA)-sensitive binding sites were the most abundant type in the granule cell layer. A significant decrease of quisqualate-sensitive and an increase in NMDA-sensitive binding sites were observed in the molecular layer of OPCA cerebellar tissues. No significant changes were observed in the granule cell layer of these tissues.     

多系统萎缩36例临床分析

本文分析３６例多系统萎缩（ＭＳＡ）的临床表现，其中橄榄桥脑小脑萎缩（ＯＰＣＡ）２６例，纹状体黑质变性（ＳＮＤ）３例，Ｓｈｙ－Ｄｒａｇｅｒ二氏综合征（ＳＤＳ）７例。全部病例均经ＣＴ扫描或ＭＲＩ检查。资料提示９０％病例在中年后起病，性别无明显差异，病程平均４．５年，在首发症状出现后平均３年出现神经系统其它部位受损症状。比较其症状，小脑症状：ＯＰＣＡ＞ＳＤＳ＞ＳＮＤ；锥体外系体征：ＳＮＤ＞ＳＤＳ＞ＯＰＣＡ；植物神经改变：ＳＤＳ＞ＯＰＣＡ＞ＳＮＤ。     

Multiple system atrophy. Clinical and MR observations on 42 cases

Probable or possible multiple system atrophy (MSA) was diagnosed on strict clinical criteria in 42 patients: 20 with combined parkinsonism and cerebellar ataxia, 9 with striatonigral degeneration (SND) and 13 with olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA). All patients were then studied with 0.5 and/or 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance (MR) units. MR imaged putaminal abnormalities in all 9 patients with SND and posterior fossa obnormalities consistent with OPCA in all 13 patients with this diagnosis. Of the 20 patients with parkinsonism and cerebellar involvement, classified as probable MSA, 7 presented putaminal abnormalities only, 3 abnormalities consistent with OPCA only and 10 a combination of both. These findings show strong MRI support for the clinical diagnosis of MSA.

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Sommario In base a precisi criteri clinici 42 pazienti furono riconosciuti affetti da atrofia multisistemica (MSA) probabile o possibile. Venti pazienti presentavano parkinsonismo e atassia cerebellare; in 9 fu fatta diagnosi di degenerazione strio-nigrica (SND) e in altri 13 di atrofia olivopontocerebellare (OPCA). Tutti i pazienti furono sottoposti a risonanza magnetica 0.5 e/o 1.5 T. La RM mostrava alterazioni nei putamen nei 9 pazienti con SND e alterazioni in fossa posteriore come attese nell'OPCA nei 13 casi diagnosticati affetti da OPCA. In 10 dei 20 pazienti con parkinsonismo e atassia cerebellare le alterazioni nei putamen e in fossa posteriore erano associate. I nostri dati confermano che la RM è un supporto diagnostico fondamentale nella diagnosi di MSA.

     

The distribution and dynamic density of oligodendroglial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) in multiple system atrophy: a correlation between the density of GCIs and the degree of involvement of striatonigral and olivopontocerebellar systems

The distribution and dynamic density of oligodendroglial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) were studied based on 30 cases of multiple system atrophy (MSA), including striatonigral degeneration (SND), olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) and Shy-Drager syndrome. GCIs were widely spread throughout the central nervous system, including the striatonigral and olivopontocerebellar systems. Inclusion-bearing cells appeared to be oligodendrocytes which usually had larger and lighter nuclei than those of normal-looking oligodendrocytes. The distribution of GCIs was similar in all cases, irrespective of the degrees of OPCA and SND, but the frequency of GCIs varied from case to case. We classified all the cases into two categories based on the degree of neuropathological changes of SND (mild and severe) and, independently, into three groups based on that of OPCA (minimal, moderate, and severe), i.e., a total of six groups. An association between the frequency of GCIs and the severity of the lesions was obtained. For example, many GCIs exist in the cerebellar white matter in the cases in which OPCA was not histologically confirmed. More GCIs were seen in the cases with moderate OPCA. In the cases with severe OPCA, GCIs were rarer and smaller, in proportion to the devastation of fibers; no GCIs were seen in the cases with more severe OPCA. The incidence of GCIs showed a positive correlation to the severity of OPCA but not that of SND in the corticopontine tracts, of both OPCA and SND in the pyramidal tracts, and of SND but not of OPCA in the pencil fibers of the putamen. It is suggested that GCIs may represent either a change synchronous with neuronal degeneration or a phenomenon preceding neuronal changes, especially in the cerebellar white matter. Thus, they may represent the early changes in MSA and may be a useful neuropathological hallmark for diagnosis of MSA, even in cases with minimal OPCA and SND. Received: 11 September 1996 / Revised: 6 November 1996 / Accepted: 6 December 1996