鼻内窥镜下经上颌窦开口切除上颌窦囊肿

目的：探讨鼻内窥镜下切除上颌窦囊肿的方法。方法：鼻内窥镜下经上颌窦开口单纯上颌窦囊肿摘除术36例，其中单侧囊肿30例，双侧囊肿6例。顶壁囊肿4侧，前壁囊肿6侧，后壁囊肿6侧，底壁囊肿9侧，内侧壁囊肿11侧，自然开口处囊肿2侧。同一侧同时有底壁和后壁囊肿的2侧，同时有内侧壁和底壁囊肿的有2侧。单纯使用粘膜钳切除18侧，对24侧底壁囊肿和内侧壁囊肿同时结合使用电动切割器切除囊肿。结果：所有囊肿均在鼻内窥镜下经上颌窦开口完全切除。术后无明显并发症。随访0．5～2a，无复发。结论：应用鼻内窥镜经上颌窦开口切除上颌窦囊肿创伤小，操作简便，治疗效果确切，是治疗上颌窦囊肿的有效方法。     

改良上颌窦根治术治疗上颌窦囊肿45例

近10余年来，我国鼻外科发展迅速，内窥镜鼻窦外科技术逐步普及。但我国地域广大、科学技术发展很不平衡。特别是边远地区和县、镇级医院，上颌窦根治、下鼻道开窗术仍然是解除局部病痛的基本手术方法。自2003年3月～2006年3月，笔者在传统的手术方法上加以改进，采用改良上颌窦根治术，治疗45例上颌窦囊肿的病人，收到了满意的效果。报道如下。     

上颌窦窦口的形态观察及其临床意义

目的：为了指导鼻内窥镜下功能性上颌窦手术。方法：对６０个头部标本（男３４，女２６）１２０侧进行了上颌窦口及其毗邻结构的观察测量。结果：上颌窦鼻通道的鼻开口口径为平均３．８ｍｍ，上颌窦通道长度为５．６ｍｍ，鼻内开口到前鼻棘连线与鼻底平面夹角为４５．２°，前鼻棘至鼻内开口的距离为３７．０ｍｍ，下鼻甲前端至鼻内开口距离为１９．５ｍｍ，中鼻甲前端至鼻内开口距离为１４．６ｍｍ。结论：上颌窦窦口为管状通道，该处的病变可以导致窦腔炎症，可以进行内窥镜下窦口扩大术，术中应避免损伤眼眶及鼻泪管。     

鼻内镜下中鼻道径路治疗上颌窦黏膜囊肿36例

上颌窦囊肿是临床常见病和多发病，囊肿较大时引起患者头昏、头痛，常影响患者生活质量，彻底切除的方法是上颌窦根治术。我科在局部麻醉下，经鼻内镜行中鼻道径路手术冶疗上颌窦黏膜囊肿36例，疗效满意，现报告如下。     

真菌性鼻窦炎50例临床分析

目的 探讨真菌性鼻窦炎的诊断要点和治疗方法.方法 50例患者术前均作鼻窦 CT扫描.其中非侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎22例,上颌窦受累16例(双侧均受累2例),蝶窦6 例,筛窦6例.鼻内镜下传统上颌窦根治术及钓突切除术23例,经鼻内钓突切除、前筛开放、上颌窦自然口扩大及经下鼻道钻孔上颌窦冲洗术21例,Wigland术式行蝶窦开放及病灶清除术6例.50例中同期行鼻中隔矫正术 11 例.术后定期清理及鼻窦冲洗,部分患者应用抗真菌药物及类固醇激素治疗.结果 术后病理报告50例均见真菌菌丝,部分病例见到孢子.随访2个月至5年,3例复发,48例治愈.结论 CT对本病的诊断有重要价值,应注意其与慢性化脓性上颌窦炎及上颌窦恶性肿瘤的区别;手术彻底清除病灶、通畅引流是其治疗的主要手段.     

与鼻内窥镜术有关的中鼻道及窦口应用解剖

目的:为上颌窦和额窦冲洗及内窥镜术提供解剖学基础。方法:作者对60侧成人尸体头部正中矢状切面标本进行解剖,观测了中鼻道、额隐窝、额鼻峡(管)、上颌窦口、半月裂孔的形态、大小、位置、及上颌窦口和额鼻管口的角度及与周围结构的关系。结果:上颌窦口内径3.0±0.2mm,距鼻小柱前下缘46.0±4.0mm,鼻小柱至上颌窦口与鼻腔底平面之间的夹角为38.4±6.2°,鼻额管外口(额鼻峡)内径2.8±0.3mm,距鼻小柱前下缘47.9±3.4mm,鼻小柱至额鼻管外口与鼻腔底平面之间的夹角为56.7±7.3°。结论:经窦口行额窦及上颌窦冲洗及功能性鼻内窥镜术时应注意额鼻管、上颌窦口的位置、角度及毗邻关系。     

内镜经泪前隐窝入路治疗上颌窦前内下壁病变

目的　探讨鼻内镜下经泪前隐窝径路治疗上颌窦病变的临床效果。 方法　回顾性分析了2008年1月~2018年1月三家医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科收治的采用内镜辅助下经泪前隐窝入路治疗的各种上颌窦病变患者67例的临床资料。 结果　上颌窦内下壁囊肿20例,上颌窦内下壁息肉6例,内翻性乳头状瘤2例,真菌球性鼻-鼻窦炎23例,变态反应性真菌性鼻-鼻窦炎13例,慢性侵袭性真菌性鼻-鼻窦炎1例。所有患者术后定期随访半年以上未见复发。 结论　鼻内镜下泪前隐窝入路能够充分显露上颌窦腔,彻底切除上颌窦内的病变,手术操作方便,能够有效治疗上颌窦各种良性病变,如有明显的泪前隐窝及齿槽隐窝存在,可作为上颌窦前内下壁病变的首选手术入路。     

内镜经泪前隐窝入路治疗上颌窦前内下壁病变

目的　探讨鼻内镜下经泪前隐窝径路治疗上颌窦病变的临床效果。 方法　回顾性分析了2008年1月~2018年1月三家医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科收治的采用内镜辅助下经泪前隐窝入路治疗的各种上颌窦病变患者67例的临床资料。 结果　上颌窦内下壁囊肿20例,上颌窦内下壁息肉6例,内翻性乳头状瘤2例,真菌球性鼻-鼻窦炎23例,变态反应性真菌性鼻-鼻窦炎13例,慢性侵袭性真菌性鼻-鼻窦炎1例。所有患者术后定期随访半年以上未见复发。 结论　鼻内镜下泪前隐窝入路能够充分显露上颌窦腔,彻底切除上颌窦内的病变,手术操作方便,能够有效治疗上颌窦各种良性病变,如有明显的泪前隐窝及齿槽隐窝存在,可作为上颌窦前内下壁病变的首选手术入路。     

鼻内镜手术治疗真菌性上颌窦炎36例

目的：研究鼻内镜手术治疗真菌性上颌窦炎的临床疗效。方法：回顾分析我院2009年1月～2012年6月收治的36例真菌性上颌窦炎患者,在30°鼻内镜上颌寞开放术后,换70°鼻内镜下清除上颌窦内真菌团块,对窦腔高度水肿及息肉样变粘膜,一并切除。结果：术后所有病例均经过6个月的随访,未发现有复发及真菌团块残留的患者。36例患者均达到治愈,未见手术并发症。结论：70°鼻内镜具有大角度,能显示上颌窦腔内全视野的特点,便于术中彻底清除上颌窦腔内干酪样团块,杜绝了术中真菌团块的残留,减少了术后复发。     

影响鼻内窥镜手术疗效的原因分析

鼻内窥镜外科技术旨在恢复鼻窦上皮功能形态以及上颌窦、筛窦和蝶窦的通气、引流功能。回顾性分析我科2002年9月～2004年9月经鼻内窥镜手术治疗43例慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉患者的临床资料，并对提高本手术疗效的方法进行探讨。     

The histochemical and microscopical differentiation of the respiratory glands around the maxillary sinus of the rat

To investigate the histochemical and microscopical characteristics of the lateral and maxillary glands, as well as their topographical relationship with the maxillary sinus, 25 adult specimens were used. The tissues were fixed in neutral buffered formalin and serial sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, trichrome, Sudan black B, ninhydrin-Schiff, PAS, alcian blue, and mucicarmine. The objectives were to ascertain: (1) the general morphology of the lateral nasal wall and of the maxillary sinus, (2) the topographical relation between the glands and the maxillary sinus, (3) the microscopical and histochemical characteristics of the maxillary gland, and (4) the microscopical and histochemical characteristics of the lateral nasal gland. In all specimens, the sinus was surrounded by glandular tissue. The lateral gland occupied the submucosa anterior and inferior to the sinus, the maxillary gland extended from the anterior to the posterior recess superior to the sinus. The maxillary gland showed the typical morphology characteristic of a serous gland. The gland drained into the sinus by numerous excretory ducts. The epithelium of the proximal ducts was simple columnar and in the distal ducts, pseudostratified columnar ciliated. The latter type of epithelium, without goblet cells, was found in the maxillary sinus. The lateral gland showed a morphology characteristic of mucous glands. Although the gland contained neither free lipids nor proteins, it was PAS-positive. A high concentration of acid glucoproteins was detected in the lateral gland. The excretory system of this gland was lined throughout by either a simple columnar or a simple cuboidal epithelium. The possible contribution of the glands to the functioning of the upper part of the respiratory system was discussed.     

The Morphological Interaction Between the Nasal Cavity and Maxillary Sinuses in Living Humans

To understand how variation in nasal architecture accommodates the need for effective conditioning of respired air, it is necessary to assess the morphological interaction between the nasal cavity and other aspects of the nasofacial skeleton. Previous studies indicate that the maxillary sinuses may play a key role in accommodating climatically induced nasal variation such that a decrease in nasal cavity volume is associated with a concomitant increase in maxillary sinus volume. However, due to conflicting results in previous studies, the precise interaction of the nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses, in humans, is unclear. This is likely due to the prior emphasis on nasal cavity size, whereas arguably, nasal cavity shape is more important with regard to the interaction with the maxillary sinuses. Using computed tomography scans of living human subjects (N=40), the goal of this study is to assess the interaction between nasal cavity form and maxillary sinus volume in European‐ and African‐derived individuals with differences in nasal cavity morphology. First, we assessed whether there is an inverse relationship between nasal cavity and maxillary sinus volumes. Next, we examined the relationship between maxillary sinus volume and nasal cavity shape using multivariate regression. Our results show that there is a positive relationship between nasal cavity and maxillary sinus volume, indicating that the maxillary sinuses do not accommodate variation in nasal cavity size. However, maxillary sinus volume is significantly correlated with variation in relative internal nasal breadth. Thus, the maxillary sinuses appear to be important for accommodating nasal cavity shape rather than size. Anat Rec, 296:414–426, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

慢性鼻-鼻窦炎患者嗅觉功能与鼻内镜评分、鼻窦CT评分的相关性

目的:研究慢性鼻-鼻窦炎(chronic rhinosinusitis,CRS)患者嗅觉功能与Lund-Kennedy鼻内镜评分、Lund-Mackay鼻窦CT评分的相关性研究分析.方法:选择CRS住院患者200例.其中CRS(不伴鼻息肉)患者:95例;CRS(伴有鼻息肉)患者:105例,每组患者均进行病史采集,嗅觉功能检测、鼻内镜评分以及鼻窦CT评分.应用SPSS 13.0统计软件,对以上两个评分结果与嗅觉功能进行相关性分析.结果:CRS(不伴鼻息肉)或(伴有鼻息肉)患者中,Lund-Mackay鼻窦CT评分结果和Lund-Kennedy鼻内镜评分结果均是:随着嗅觉功能的下降,分数逐渐增加(P<0.01).结论:CRS患者与Kennedy鼻内镜评分和Lund-Mackay鼻窦CT评分均具有相关性;与CRS(不伴鼻息肉)患者的嗅觉功能最密切相关的是Lund-Mackay鼻窦CT评分;与CRS(伴有鼻息肉)患者的嗅觉功能最密切相关的是与Lund-Kennedy鼻内镜评分.     

Micro and nanoparticle deposition in human nasal passage pre and post virtual maxillary sinus endoscopic surgery

Realistic 3-D models of the human nasal passages were developed pre and post virtual uncinectomy and Middle Meatal Antrostomy. A 3-D computational domain was constructed by a series of coronal CT scan images from a healthy subject. Then a virtual uncinectomy intervention and maxillary antrostomy were performed on the left nasal passage by removing the uncinate process and exposing the maxillary sinus antrum. For several breathing rates corresponding to low or moderate activities, the airflows in the nasal passages were simulated numerically pre and post virtual routine maxillary sinus endoscopic surgery. The airflow distribution in the nasal airway, maxillary and frontal sinuses were analyzed and compared between pre and post surgery cases. A Lagrangian trajectory analysis approach was used for evaluating the path and deposition of microparticles in the nasal passages and maxillary sinuses. A diffusion model was used for nanoparticle transport and deposition analysis. The deposition rate of the inhaled micro and nanoparticles in the sinuses were evaluated and compared for pre and post operation conditions. The results showed that after maxillary sinus endoscopic surgery, the inhaled nano and microparticles can easily enter this sinus due to penetration of the airflow into the sinus cavity. This was in contrast to the preoperative condition in which almost no particles entered the sinuses. These results could be of importance for a better understanding of the effect of sinus endoscopic surgery on patient exposure to particulate pollution and inhalation drug delivery. The significantly higher airflow rate and particle deposition in the sinus could be a reason for the discomfort reported by some patient after maxillary sinus endoscopic surgery.     

影像导航系统在鼻内镜手术中的应用

目的 总结影像导航技术在鼻内镜手术中的应用经验。方法 回顾性分析本院2007年5月至2010年9月采用美敦力Stealth Station LandmarX导航系统实施鼻内镜手术的患者33例（导航组）,包括慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉21例,孤立性蝶窦炎4例,额窦炎3例,鼻内翻性乳头状瘤2例,上颌窦骨瘤1例,鼻窦骨性纤维结构不良...     

The maxillary sinus: evolution and function in aging

The maxillary sinus, or Highmore's antrum, is located in the maxillary bone. The maxillary, above the buccal cavity, below the orbital cavity and outside the nasal fossa, is going to take a part in the formation of the three cavities which surround it. Although voluminous, it is consists of a light bone. This distinctive feature is essentially due to the fact that the maxillary has a cavity. The maxillary sinus occupies the upper 2/3s of this maxillary bone. It is the largest of the facial structure's cavities. Its volume is very variable, depending on the individual, the condition of their edentulousness and their age. We find small, average or large sinuses. This sinus communicates with the corresponding nasal fossa by a canal. It opens at the level of the nasofrontalis duct by a meatic ostium, an ostium located at the top of the meatus nasi medius, i.e. under the floor of the sinus. This highly positioned drainage location easily explains the problems that sinus pathologies can come up against. The sinus is lined with a mucous membrane and we can point out that in the normal condition this mucous membrane adheres weakly to the bone. It is more or less thick as a function of the pathologies to which the sinus has been subjected, or even as a function of the geographical location where the individual lives. The imaging of this sinus as a function of age is not obvious due to the fact that it is invisible throughout embryonic and foetal development, and that it only becomes visible to X-rays relatively late, at about 6 years old. Its role is important at the level of the growth of the facial structure because it is always easier to have growth around cavities. It also has a mechanical role concerning the transmission of shockwaves during traumas. In old individuals, due to the condition of the edentulousness, the volume of the sinus is larger; in fact one can note the resorption of the alveolar bone. The maxillary sinus is a cavity which plays a very important role throughout an individual's existence because of the previously mentioned reasons, and which could be used during surgical reconstructions, by the partial filling of this space, to increase the quantity of usable bone (grafts...).     

上颌窦癌63例临床诊治分析

目的探讨上颌窦癌的临床诊治经验。方法回顾性分析1995～2001年间经病理证实的上颌窦癌63例,鳞癌36例,腺癌17例,其他类型10例。分别采用术前放疗 手术、手术 术后放疗以及单纯放疗的治疗方法。结果早期误诊23例。术前放疗 手术组、手术 术后放疗组、单纯放疗组的5年生存率分别为50%、55.6%、37.5%。结论为避免上颌窦癌的早期误诊,应熟悉上颌窦癌早期症状,提高队该病的认识。手术和放疗相结合的综合治疗5年存率高于单纯的放射治疗,应根据病情尽量采用综合治疗手段。