高血压脑出血136例外科治疗分析

目的探讨高血压脑出血外科治疗的适应证、手术方法和疗效。方法对我院136例高血压脑出血住院手术患者的临床资料进行了回顾性分析。结果采用骨瓣开颅加用去骨瓣减压及小骨窗开颅术,治愈83例,残障13例,植物生存14例,死亡26例。结论正确运用微创技术和个体化治疗原则,可有效提高外科手术高血压脑出血的治愈率,降低死亡率、致残率。     

手术治疗108例高血压性脑出血疗效分析

目的:探讨高血压性脑出血的不同手术方式的治疗效果。方法:回顾1998年1月至2003年1月手术治疗高血压性脑出血108例,根据入院时的病情,出血部位及血肿量,将病人分级分型,分别采用小骨窗开颅血肿清除术,大骨瓣开颅血肿清除瓣去骨瓣减压术,血肿穿刺尿激酶冲洗引流术,观察手术效果。结果:生存病例按日常生活能力分为:良好(恢复正常工作与生活)26例;中(生活自理)46例;差(生活不能自理)23例;死亡13例。结论:根据高血压性脑出血病人的入院情况,选择适当的手术方式,积极防治并发症,可提高手术效果。     

Use of hinge craniotomy for cerebral decompression. Technical note

Decompressive craniectomy to relieve cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension due to traumatic brain injury is a generally accepted practice; however, the procedure remains controversial because of its uncertain effects on outcome, specific complications such as the syndrome of the sinking skin flap, and the need for subsequent cranioplasty. The authors developed a novel craniotomy technique using titanium bone plates in a hinged fashion, which maintains cerebral protection while reducing postoperative complications and eliminating subsequent cranioplasty procedures. The authors conducted a retrospective review of data obtained in all consecutive patients who had undergone posttraumatic cerebral decompression craniotomy using the hinge technique at a Level I trauma facility between 1990 and 2004. Twenty-five patients, most of whom were male (88%) and Caucasian (88%) with a mean age of 38.2 +/- 16.1 years, underwent the hinge craniotomy. The in-hospital mortality rate was 48%, and good cerebral decompression was achieved. None of the patients required surgery for flap replacement. Long-term follow-up data showed that one patient required subsequent cranioplasty due to infection and one patient presented with cranial deformities. None of the patients presented with bone resorption or sinking flap syndrome. The hinge technique effectively prevents procedure-related morbidity and the need for subsequent surgical bone replacement otherwise introduced by traditional decompressive craniectomy. A randomized controlled trial is required to substantiate these findings.     

标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术在治疗额颞叶对冲伤的临床应用

目的探讨标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术对额颞叶对冲伤的疗效。方法根据不同的时期,将78例严重颅脑外伤分为二组。其中30例采用额颞骨瓣开颅术作为前期组(1999-2001);48例采用标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术作为后期组(2002-2005),比较两组的疗效。结果两组间疗效评价采用出院时GCS评定,显示差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术在治疗重型颅脑损伤中能够明显提高疗效,改善预后。     

Clinical application of tentorium cerebelli hiatus incision in treatment of severe and most severe brain injuries

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骨膜为蒂的颞深筋膜瓣在标准外伤性大骨瓣开颅硬脑膜减张缝合中的应用研究

目的探讨骨膜为蒂的颞深筋膜瓣在标准外伤性大骨瓣开颅硬脑膜减张缝合中应用。方法分析研究重型颅脑损伤标准外伤性大骨瓣入路开颅的患者74例,分为人工脑膜组36例和骨膜为蒂的颞深筋膜组38例,2组均行开颅血肿清除术+去骨瓣减压术并减张缝合硬膜,观察术后的硬膜间积液等并发症和经济负担。结果骨膜为蒂的颞深筋膜组术后无并发症,经济负担轻,与对照组比较有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论骨膜为蒂的颞深筋膜瓣在标准外伤性大骨瓣开颅硬脑膜减张缝合的手术操作方法可以安全应用,是对标准外伤性大骨瓣开颅术的重要补充。     

早期微创穿刺与小骨窗开颅血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血的疗效分析

【摘要】〓目的〓比较早期微创穿刺引流术与小骨窗血肿清除术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的临床疗效。方法〓回顾性分析98例高血压性基底节区脑出血患者临床资料,根据资料,按不同的手术方法分为微创穿刺引流术(微创组,n=63例)和小骨窗开颅血肿清除术(小骨窗组,n=35例),评价两组患者手术和住院时间、意识障碍恢复时间、治疗1个月时神经功能缺损程度(NID)和3个月时日常生活活动能力(ADL)。结果〓微创组手术时间和住院天数显著短于小骨窗组,意识恢复时间无显著性差异;而1个月后微创组患者的NID明显低于小骨窗组(P<0.05);治疗3个月后随访,患者ADL达自理水平的较好状态者(Barthel指数≥80),两组有显著性差异(P<0.05),微创组优于小骨窗组。结论〓与小骨窗组相比,微创穿刺术可明显缩短高血压基底节区脑出血患者的手术时间和住院时间,,改善神经功能缺失程度。     

Double concentric craniotomy for a craniocerebral penetrating nail. Case report and technical note

BACKGROUND: Craniocerebral penetrating injuries from nail-gun accidents are rare and usually are discovered immediately after the trauma. Several surgical procedures have been described to extract a foreign body that is infixed in the skull and has penetrated the surrounding structures; blind extraction, craniectomy, and craniotomy. CASE DESCRIPTION: We report the case of a 25-year-old ex-carpenter who presented with jacksonian seizure at the left limb. Plain radiography of the skull revealed the unexpected presence of a nail hammered in the right parietal bone, penetrating the underlying structures of the frontoparietal area up to a depth of 3 cm. The patient was operated on; a small craniotomy (1 x 1 cm) just around the head of the nail, and a concentric larger frontoparietal bone flap, involving the first craniotomy, were performed. The larger bone flap was elevated first, whereas the small bone flap with the nail infixed was carefully elevated along the axis of the nail, under direct vision of the nail tract. CONCLUSIONS: Double concentric craniotomy is the only technique that permits the removal of a foreign body that has penetrated both the skull and the brain, under direct vision, without transmitting any undue forces to the underlying structures. With this technique, control of bleeding can also be easily achieved.     

额颞部对冲性脑损伤的临床特点与治疗分析

目的:探讨额颞部对冲性脑损伤的临床特点、手术指征、手术时机及手术方式。方法:回顾分析320例额颞部对冲性脑损伤的临床表现、影像学检查、手术指征、术后处理及预后。手术治疗260例,非手术治疗60例。手术采用改良翼点开颅血肿清除术,其中去骨瓣减压194例,骨瓣复位或漂浮复位66例。气管切开106例,亚低温治疗45例。结果:恢复良好225例,中残32例,重残15例,植物生存状态3例,死亡45例。结论:伤后进行性意识障碍,CT显示一侧或两侧额颞广泛脑挫伤并硬膜下血肿,持续较长时间脑水肿是其临床特点。伴有脑干损害时,意识障碍重,昏迷时间较长。弥漫性脑肿胀、脑室受压、环池闭塞者预后差。改良翼点开颅是理想的手术方式。大骨瓣减压联合亚低温治疗能显著提高重型额颞脑损伤抢救成功率。     

Hinge/floating craniotomy as an alternative technique for cerebral decompression: a scoping review

Neurosurgical Review - Hinge craniotomy (HC) is a technique that allows for a degree of decompression whilst retaining the bone flap in situ, in a ‘floating’ or ‘hinged’...     

Superolateral orbital exposure and reconstruction

Based upon experience with 10 cases of surgical excision of orbital tumors, we describe a modification of the supraorbital and lateral approaches to the orbit. This technique gives a wide superior and lateral exposure of the orbital contents for microsurgical removal of orbital tumors. It is particularly applicable to large orbital neoplasms, tumors in the orbital apex, growths with intra-cranial extension, and medial orbital tumors. Two separate bone flaps are removed: (a) a craniotomy (or cranio-orbital) flap that includes the superior and lateral orbital rim and (b) a smaller, more posterior flap that includes the remainder of the roof and lateral wall of the orbit. After excision of a tumor, the orbital walls can be reconstructed in their entirety or the surgeon can leave out the smaller, posterior flap for orbital decompression. After reconstruction there are no significant anatomic, functional, or cosmetic deficits.     

Extensive duraplasty with autologous graft in decompressive craniectomy and subsequent early cranioplasty for severe head trauma

Objective： To compare the effect of extensive duraplasty and subsequent early cranioplasty on the recovery of neurological function in management of patients with severe traumatic brain injuries received decompressive craniectomy. Methods： The computer-aided designation of titanium armor plate was used as a substitute for the repair of skull defect in all the patients. The patients were divided into three groups. Twenty-three patients were in early cranioplasty group who received extensive duraplasty in craniectomy and subsequent cranioplasty within 3 months after previous operation （Group I）. Twenty-one patients whose cranioplasty was performed more than 3 months after the first operation were in the group without duraplasty （Group Ⅱ）; while the other 26 patients in the group with duraplasty in previous craniotomy （Group Ⅲ）. Both the Barthel index of activity of daily living （ADL） 3 months after craniotomy for brain injuries and 1 month after cranioplasty and Kamofsky Performance Score （KPS） at least 6 months aftercranioplasty were assessed respectively. Results： The occurrence of adverse events commonly seen in cranioplasty, such as incision healing disturbance, fluid collection below skin flap, infection and onset of postoperative epilepsy was not significantly higher than other 2 groups. The ADL scores at 3 months after craniotomy in Groups Ⅰ-Ⅱ/were 58.9±26.7, 40.8±20.2 and 49.2±18.6. The ADL scores at 1 month after cranioplasty were 70.2±425.2, 50.8±24.8 and 61.2±21.5. The forward KPS scores were 75.4±19.0, 66.5±24.7 and 57.6±24.7 respectively. The ADL and KPS socres were significantly higher in group I than other 2 groups. Conclusion： The early cranioplasty in those with extensive duraplasty in previous craniotomy is feasible and helpful to improving ADL and long-term quality of life in patients with severe traumatic brain injuries.     

Simple reconstruction of frontal sinus opened during craniotomy using small autogenous bone piece: technical note

BACKGROUND: Accidental opening of the frontal sinuses during craniotomy can lead to various postoperative complications. We report a simple and reliable reconstruction method using no exogenous or autogenous material obtained from another site. METHODS: This method involves packing a small wedge-shaped piece of bone obtained from the bone flap of the craniotomy into the nasal recess of the exposed sinus. The large opened frontal sinus is reconstructed as a new minimized frontal sinus with mucous membrane and bony roof in the nasal recess. RESULTS: Eleven patients with large frontal sinus opening during craniotomy (7 cases of bifrontal craniotomy for the basal interhemispheric approach) underwent frontal sinus reconstruction by packing of a small bone piece into the nasal recess. No patients suffered postoperative complications related to the opened frontal sinus such as pneumocephalus or cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. CONCLUSIONS: Packing of a small bone piece from the bone flap is a quick and reliable method to reconstruct the frontal sinus opened during craniotomy.     

New type of combined surgical treatment of frontobasal injuries (author's transl)

The surgical treatment of frontobasal injuries by a new, combined method has been reported. The frontobasal injury was exposed by bifrontal craniotomy. After the intradural examination and the dressing of the brain injuries the dural defect was also extradurally searched and dressed. Thereafter--taking the advantage of the bifrontal exploration--the paranasal sinus (frontal sinus, ethmoideal system) was cleaned, then the base of the anterior scala was covered with pedicled galea flap or periosteum plate. In case of the treatment of the open injuries, following the removal of the bone fragments, the dural brain injuries and the paranasal sinus injuries were similarly treated, according to the above mentioned principles. This method makes possible to prevent the liquorrhoeic complications as well as the delayed septic complications of the paranasal sinus. The method is recommended to the operative treating of the frontobasal injuries after many years of favourable experiences and supported by good follow-up results.     

Postoperative infection after duraplasty with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene sheet

Dural reconstruction is a significant problem in many cases of decompressive craniotomy and dural defect. Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) sheet have been used as a dura mater substitute for duraplasty. The outcomes of 83 consecutive patients at our institution were reviewed who underwent external decompression and closure with the ePTFE sheet between August 1995 and December 2000. Eight cases of infection occurred. Seven patients had infection with subdural empyema after cranioplasty with autologous bone. Three patients improved after removal of only the infected bone. One patient improved after removal of the infected bone and ePTFE sheet. One patient experienced wound infection after the original operation. Four patients subsequently developed local and severe inflammation with skin erythema until the ePTFE sheet was removed. Four patients had severe recurrent infections which required subsequent therapy such as vascularized free rectus abdominis muscle flap transfer. Duraplasty with ePTFE sheet might promote infection and poor circulation in the skin flap. The ePTFE sheet should be removed at an early stage in a patient with infection.     

Cosmetic Frontotemporal Craniotomy Using an Osteotome: Technical Note

A frontotemporal craniotomy is usually performed using a “keyhole,” made at the union of the zygomatic arch and frontal bone. Consequently, skull depression may occur postoperatively, leading to temporal area deformities and poor cosmetic results. To prevent these complications, we describe our technique for frontotemporal craniotomy using an osteotome to prevent cosmetic deformities. After the temporal muscle is dissected and reflected with the scalp flap, a total of 3 burr holes are made in the frontal and temporal bones. In the lateral greater wing of the sphenoid, where a keyhole is usually made, a bone incision is made anteriorly-posteriorly with an osteotome. The bone flap is lifted upward, and the osteotome is inserted from behind to continue the incision. At craniotomy closure, the bone flap is fixed using a cranial bone flap fixation clamp. This procedure involves almost no removal of frontal or inferior temporal bone, resulting in virtually no bone defect. The absence of skull depression or deformity in the temples postoperatively leads to excellent cosmetic results. Our technique for frontotemporal craniotomy using an osteotome does not create bone defects, and use of titanium clamps for bone flap fixation provides normal skull bone alignment. This procedure provides excellent postoperative cosmetic results.     

A case of brain herniation due to delayed bone flap sinking

Marked depression of the skin flap after external decompressive craniotomy, affecting the brain function, is known as sinking flap syndrome. However, to our knowledge, there have been no reports of delayed sinking of the entire bone flap after the procedure, inducing neurological symptoms. We encountered a patient with neurological symptoms due to sinking of the entire bone flap 15 years after the first operation. A 59-year-old male underwent clipping by craniotomy due to subarachnoid hemorrhage resulting from the rupture of a left internal carotid aneurysm 15 years earlier. He was discharged, but developed paresis in the right upper and lower limbs 6 months before symptom onset. CT showed sinking of the free bone flap, while MRI revealed left uncal herniation. After uncal resection and free flap fixation, the symptoms improved. This case confirmed the necessity of firm bone flap fixation at the time of cranial closure.     

Cranioplasty with autogenous autoclaved calvarial bone flap in the cases of tumoural invasion

Summary When a bone flap is raised in the course of a craniotomy, the ideal is to replace it at the end of the procedure. When it is invaded by tumoural cells, it cannot be replaced due to the risk of tumoural recurrence. In these cases we have autoclaved the bone flap to be able to replace it with no fear of tumoural recurrence.Between October 1989 and October 1995 sixty-two patients required autoclaving of the bone flap in the course of a craniotomy due to tumoural invasion (thirty-five meningiomas, sixteen bone tumours, five metastases, and eight scalp tumours).The infiltrated bone flaps were removed, cleaned, autoclaved for 20 minutes at 134 °C and 1 kg/cm² and re-implanted.Patients were followed-up for 10 to 58 months (average 41 months). At every follow-up visit skull x-ray studies, clinical examination, and photographs were done. When needed a CT scan was performed to assess the thickness of the bone flap.On follow-up roentgenograms partial resorption was observed in twelve cases (19.3%). CT scan studies showed loss of thickness in another thirty-five cases (56.4%). Meanwhile the external aspect remained unchanged.In six cases (3.2%) biopsies of the bone flaps were taken at a second surgical procedure. They showed newly formed bone partly re-populated by osteocytes but retaining areas of sequestered bone.We conclude that autoclaved bone, if replaced with direct contact with living bone, it is gradually repopulated with osteocytes. Cranial vault autoclaved autologous bone flap is a good alternative when the original bone flap is invaded but not destroyed by tumoural cells.     

去骨瓣减压术后硬脑膜扩大成形治疗重型颅脑损伤

目的:探讨重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术减少术后并发症的手术防治方法.方法:39例重型颅脑损伤患者,中线移位大于0.5 cm者29例.单侧去骨瓣20例,双侧去骨瓣9例.额颞去骨瓣后将硬脑膜做成向额顶和向颞顶掀起的硬膜瓣,关颅时将硬膜瓣与颢肌骨面减张缝合,封闭硬膜腔.结果:术后3 d内CT复查:骨窗后缘处隆起脑组织钝角移行34...     

Long-term complications of decompressive craniectomy for head injury

There is currently much interest in the use of decompressive craniectomy for intracranial hypertension. Though technically straightforward, the procedure is not without significant complications. A retrospective analysis was undertaken of 164 patients who had had a decompressive craniectomy for severe head injury in the years 2004 to 2009 at the two major hospitals in Western Australia. Eighty-six patients had a bifrontal decompression and seventy-eight had a unilateral decompression. Two patients died due to post-operative care issues. Complications attributable to the decompressive surgery were: herniation of the cortex through the bone defect (42 patients, 25.6%), subdural effusion (81 patients, 49.4%), seizures (36 patients, 22%), hydrocephalus (23 patients, 14%), and syndrome of the trephined (2 patients, 1.2%). Complications attributable to the subsequent cranioplasty included: sudden death due to massive cerebral swelling in 3 patients (2.2%), infection requiring removal of the bone flap in 16 patients (11.6%), and bone flap resorption requiring augmentation in 10 patients (7.2%). After excluding simple complications such as subdural effusion and brain herniation through the skull defect and some patients who died as a direct consequence of traumatic brain or extracranial injury, 81 patients (55.5%) had at least one complication after decompressive craniectomy. The occurrence of at least one complication after decompressive craniectomy was significantly associated with an increased risk of prolonged stay in the hospital or rehabilitation facility (odds ratio 2.54, 95%confidence interval 1.22,5.24, p=0.013), after adjusting for predicted risk of unfavorable outcome.