Dental specialty,career preferences and their influencing factors among final year dental students in Saudi Arabia

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate evolving trends in dental post graduate specialty preferences and career aspirations among final year dental students in Saudi Arabia.

Physicochemical and mechanical characterization of a fiber-reinforced composite used as frameworks of implant-supported prostheses

ObjectivesTo characterize the physicochemical and mechanical properties of a milled fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) for implant-supported fixed dental prostheses (FDPs).MethodsFor FRC characterization, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transformed infrared spectrometry, simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were performed. For fatigue testing, 3-unit FRC frameworks were fabricated with conventional (9 mm² connector area) and modified designs (12 mm² connector area and 2.5 mm-height lingual extension). A hybrid resin composite was veneered onto the frameworks. FDPs were subjected to step-stress accelerated-life fatigue testing until fracture or suspension. Use level probability Weibull curves at 300 N were plotted and the reliability for 100,000 cycles at 300, 600 and 800 N was calculated. Fractographic analysis was performed by stereomicroscope and SEM.ResultsThe FRC consisted of an epoxy resin (∼25%) matrix reinforced with inorganic particles and glass fibers (∼75%). Multi-layer continuous regular-geometry fibers were densely arranged in a parallel and bidirectional fashion in the resin matrix. Fatigue analysis demonstrated high probability of survival (99%) for FDPs at 300 N, irrespective of framework design. Conventional FDPs showed a progressive decrease in the reliability at 600 (84%) and 800 N (19%), whereas modified FDPs reliability significantly reduced only at 800 N (75%). The chief failure modes for FRC FDPs were cohesive fracture of the veneering composite on lower loads and adhesive fracture of the veneering composite at higher loads.SignificanceMilled epoxy resin matrix reinforced with glass fibers composite resulted in high probability of survival in the implant-supported prosthesis scenario.     

牙菌斑液对牙釉质矿物的饱和程度与龋活动性的关系

为了解菌斑液对牙齿矿物饱和度随糖漱口的变化，以及与龋活动性的关系，作者选择２２例年龄相同的大学生，按龋齿情况，将其分为３组。第１组无龋（无龋组），第２组ＤＭＦＳ大于１０但无活动性龋（普通龋组），第３组ＤＭＦＳ大于１０且有活动性龋（活动性龋组），测定各受试者在静止时、用蔗糖液漱口后３ｍｉｎ和７ｍｉｎ时的菌斑液中有机酸、ｐＨ值、钙离子活度（有效离子浓度）和无机成分的含量，并计算对于釉质矿物的饱和度。结果表明，糖漱口之后菌斑液乳酸浓度升高、ｐＨ值降低、总钙和离子钙浓度增加。活动性龋组的菌斑液在糖漱口后ｐＨ值和饱和度降低的幅度明显大于无龋组和普通龋组。结论：牙菌斑液对牙齿矿物的饱和度是指示个体接受致龋食物后牙齿脱矿倾向的敏感指标。     

饰瓷对磨牙e.max双层全瓷冠断裂类型的影响

目的：通过抗折破坏实验研究饰瓷对磨牙e.max双层全瓷冠断裂强度和断裂类型的影响,为减少临床双层全瓷修复体崩瓷提供实验依据。方法：制作单层全瓷冠（IPS e.max Press）和双层全瓷冠（IPS e.max Press/Ce-ram）共40个（每组20个）,粘接于树脂代型后进行抗折破坏实验并记录断裂强度值;体视显微镜和扫描电子显微镜下观察断裂类型;能谱分析饰瓷-核瓷界面化学元素构成。结果：单层全瓷冠断裂强度值[（2665.4±759.2）N]与双层全瓷冠[（1431.1±404.3）N]间差异有统计学意义（P=0.000）。饰瓷内部及饰瓷-核瓷界面缺陷催生裂纹造成饰瓷崩裂是双层全瓷冠断裂的主要模式。结论：饰瓷对磨牙e.max双层全瓷冠断裂强度和断裂类型均有影响;饰瓷内部及饰瓷-核瓷界面缺陷是全瓷冠断裂的主要原因,提高饰瓷断裂强度及减少界面缺陷可减少因崩瓷造成的修复体失败。     

Comparative study on the effect of ultrasonic instruments on the root surface in vivo

The present study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of different ultrasonic instruments on the root surface. Fourteen patients with 35 single root teeth designated for extraction were recruited to the present study. Teeth were assigned to four experimental groups: group 1, piezoelectric ultrasonic device; group 2, magnetostrictive ultrasonic device; group 3, hand instrumentation; and group 4, untreated teeth (control). After instrumentation, the teeth were extracted and the presence of residual deposits (roughness and root surfaces characteristics) were analyzed. The results showed that residual deposits were similar in all tested groups: piezoelectric, 8.7%; magnetostrictive, 9.7%; hand instrumentation, 11.1% and control, 76.4%. There were statistically significant differences between control and all the experimental groups (p < 0.0001). With respect to roughness parameters evaluation, R_a and R_z of the roots treated with the different instruments showed a similar pattern (p > 0.05), but for R_t and R_y, a significant difference was observed (p < 0.05) among hand instrumentation and ultrasonic devices. SEM analysis revealed a similar root surface pattern for the ultrasonic devices, but curettes showed many instrumental scratches, deep gouges, and a relatively large amount of dentin was removed. Within the limits of the study, although the instruments produced similar results, root surfaces instrumentated with curettes were rougher and had more root surface tissue removed than with the ultrasonic device.     

BLB种植体的临床应用及近期疗效观察

目的：评估BLB种植体的近期临床应用效果。方法：2003年2月-2005年12月，在北京通州区潞河医院口腔科用BLB种植体进行延期种植，共47枚，采用一期埋入、二期暴露的潜入式方法，全部为金属烤瓷冠修复，临床随诊观察半年至3年。结果：随诊期间无一例种植体脱落，4例因中央螺丝松动致修复体松动，2例发生种植体周围炎；种植体周围牙槽骨水平吸收小于0．2mm／年。结论：BLB种植体适合于常见牙列缺损的延期种植修复，近期疗效可靠     

INFLUENCE OF MICROLEAKAGE,SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND BIOFILM CONTROL ON SECONDARY CARIES FORMATION AROUND COMPOSITE RESIN RESTORATIONS: AN IN SITU EVALUATION

This study was carried out to evaluate in situ the influence of microleakage, surface roughness and biofilm control on caries formation around composite resin restorations. During 28 days, 12 volunteers wore palatal devices containing bovine enamel slabs restored with composite resin. Restorations were made without leakage, when the adhesive system was applied, or with leakage, when adhesive system was omitted. Half of the restorations in each group were finished and the remaining were finished and polished. In one side of the palatal device, biofilm was left to accumulate over the restored slabs, and in the other side dental slabs were brushed, to allow biofilm removal. There was an extraoral application of 20% sucrose solution (8x/day) over the enamel slabs. The formation of caries lesions (white spots) was evaluated by visual inspection under stereomicroscopy. Additionally, the dental slabs were sectioned and observed under polarized light microscopy. Data were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman''s correlation test at 5% significance level. Polishing and bonding were not significant factors regarding white spot formation (p>0.05). Biofilm control (brushing) was associated with reduction of caries formation close to the restorations (p<0.01). Polarized light microscopy confirmed the visual inspection findings. These results suggest that while microleakage and surface roughness did not influence caries lesion formation, biofilm control may prevent the enamel demineralization.     

The Influence of Precondensation Mercury Content and Mulling on the Transverse Strength of Amalgams Condensed After a Delay

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of changing the precondensation mercury content (initial mercury content) on the final strength of amalgams when the condensation was delayed. Another purpose was to study the effect on the transverse strength of mulling the amalgam mix after the delay. The material consisted of ten different brands of alloy. Three different alloy-mercury ratios were used with each alloy brand; Mix I about 50% Hg, Mix II about 54% Hg and Mix III about 59% Hg. Rectangular amalgam test pieces, measuring 2 × 2 × 12 mm, were condensed after a 5 minutes delay by hand using a load of about 17 kg/cm². The transverse strength test was performed after one week using three point loading. The five minutes delay of the condensation reduced the strength of the amalgams by 1 to 42 per cent depending on the brand of alloy and precondensation mercury content. The three preamalgamated amalgams were affected less by the delay than the other amalgams. Increasing the precondensation mercury content reduced the effect of the delay on the final strength. The «mulling» of the amalgam mix also decreased the effect of the delay. It was concluded that a moderate excess of initial mercury gives the dentist a longer condensing time thus allowing him to perform the condensing procedure with care.     

A Titration Method for the Determination of Acid and Alkali Production by Micro-Organisms

The purpose of this investigation was to study the influence of changing the precondensation mercury content (initial mercury content) on the early and final transverse strength of different amalgams. The material consisted of five conventional lathe cut alloys, two of which were zinc free, of one dispersion strengthened and one spherical alloy and of three lathe cut preamalgamated alloys. The amalgam was mixed with mercury using three different alloy-mercury ratios. Thus the precondensation mercury content of Mix I was about 50 per cent, of Mix II about 54 and of Mix HI about 59 per cent for all amalgams except the spherical brand. Rectangular amalgam test pieces, measuring 2 × 2 × 12 mm, were condensed by hand using a load of about 17 kg/cm². The transverse strength test was performed either after one hour or one week using three point loading. The results show that for some of the amalgams an increase of the precondensation mercury content resulted in a slight reduction of the early strength. Furthermore the results show that the early strength was lower for the preamalgamated amalgams than for the other amalgams. Increasing the precondensation mercury content did not significantly effect the final strength of six amalgam brands but increased the strength of three brands and reduced the strength of one brand. It was concluded that it is safer to use a moderate excess of initial mercury in clinical amalgam work than to try to reduce the initial mercury content as much as possible.     

SEALING ABILITY OF CEMENTS IN ROOT CANALS PREPARED FOR INTRARADICULAR POSTS

This research evaluated the sealer ability of 2 temporary filling materials (white Cimpat and IRM) and 1 restorative cement (glass ionomer), in canals prepared for root posts. Sixty human palatal roots of maxillary first molars were used. They were divided into 3 groups, according to the cements used: Group I (Cimpat), Group II (IRM) and Group III (glass ionomer). The roots were rendered impermeable, filled with the respective cements and soon after immersed into 0.2% Rhodamine B dye and maintained for 72 hours in an oven for 37°C. Microleakage was measured with a light microscope, cutting the roots longitudinally in buccolingual direction. The results showed that Group I presented significantly more leakage than Groups II and III, which were not significantly different from each other.     

Genes expressed in dental enamel development are associated with molar-incisor hypomineralization

Genetic disturbances during dental development influence variation of number and shape of the dentition. In this study, we tested if genetic variation in enamel formation genes is associated with molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH), also taking into consideration caries experience. DNA samples from 163 cases with MIH and 82 unaffected controls from Turkey, and 71 cases with MIH and 89 unaffected controls from Brazil were studied. Eleven markers in five genes [ameloblastin (AMBN), amelogenin (AMELX), enamelin (ENAM), tuftelin (TUFT1), and tuftelin-interacting protein 11 (TFIP11)] were genotyped by the TaqMan method. Chi-square was used to compare allele and genotype frequencies between cases with MIH and controls. In the Brazilian data, distinct caries experience within the MIH group was also tested for association with genetic variation in enamel formation genes. The ENAM rs3796704 marker was associated with MIH in both populations (Brazil: p = 0.03; OR = 0.28; 95% C.I. = 0.06–1.0; Turkey: p = 1.22e?012; OR = 17.36; 95% C.I. = 5.98–56.78). Associations between TFIP11 (p = 0.02), ENAM (p = 0.00001), and AMELX (p = 0.01) could be seen with caries independent of having MIH or genomic DNA copies of Streptococcus mutans detected by real time PCR in the Brazilian sample. Several genes involved in enamel formation appear to contribute to MIH.     

下颌第一磨牙种植固定桥的受载分析

目的 观察下颌第一磨牙种植固定桥的位移和应力分布规律。方法 采用了三维有限元法进行受载分析。结果 发现第二双尖牙的最大位移值较大;由于固定桥的支架作用,垂直分散载荷下天然基牙和种植基牙的位移均值之间差异无显著性。基牙颈部为应力集中区,第二双尖牙根尖的应力较小。集中载荷加于基牙时,位移和应力值明显增加。结论 提示应注意末端种植基牙的载荷和咬合状态,该设计是临床可使用的特殊固定桥。     

Improvements in Dental Health and Dentists’ Workload in Norway, 1992 to 2015

ObjectivesThere has been a marked improvement in dental health in Norway during the last few decades. What effect has this had on provision of dental services, and how has private dental practitioners’ assessment of their workload changed?MethodsThe data were from 2 large surveys of private dental practitioners carried out in 1992 (n = 1056) and 2015 (n = 1237). An analysis of nonresponders showed that they were evenly distributed according to their age, gender, and the region in which their practice was located. Thus, the samples were representative of private dental practitioners. For 1 representative week in practice, the practitioners were asked to report the number of visits and the number of patients who received 1 or more of the following items of treatment: filling, crown, bridge, denture, root filling, extraction, and periodontal treatment. As a measure of patient supply, the responses from the following questions were used: “Based on an overall assessment of economy, workload, and other personal factors, is the number of regular patients adequate? If not, do you wish to have more patients or fewer patients?”ResultsFrom 1992 to 2015, the annual number of visits per practitioner decreased by 23%. The number of patients per practitioner who received fillings, crowns, bridges, dentures, root fillings, or extractions decreased by 50% or more. The decrease was largest for practitioners younger than 35 years and for men. The proportion of practitioners who reported a deficit of patients increased from 20% to 37%.ConclusionsMany dentists will have too few patients and a fall in income in the years to come is expected.     

桩核材料对牙本质应力分布的影响

目的 研究6种不同材料行桩核修复前后牙本质的应力分布情况,为临床桩材料的选择提供理论依据。方法 采用螺旋CT扫描数据建立上颌中切牙烤瓷桩核冠的三维有限元模型,在此模型上对用铸造Ni-Cr合金、铸造钛合金、铸造金合金、玻璃纤维树脂、聚乙烯纤维树脂及普通复合树脂6种材料行桩核修复前后的牙本质应力分布情况进行数值分析。结果 在6种材料中,与桩修复前的烤瓷熔附金属冠修复牙相比较,临床最常用的铸造Ni-Cr合金桩修复使桩尖周围牙本质的最大主应力和Von Mises应力分别升高了152％和162％;聚乙烯纤维树脂桩修复后,牙本质中的应力分布情况无明显改变。其他材料行桩修复后牙本质中应力分布的差异较大。桩植入后对牙本质应力分布模式的影响与桩的弹性模量密切相关。结论 与牙本质弹性模量接近的聚乙烯纤维树脂更适合用于桩修复。     

Adhesive bonding of resin composite to various titanium surfaces using different metal conditioners and a surface modification system

Objective

This study evaluated the effect of three metal conditioners on the shear bond strength (SBS) of a prosthetic composite material to cpTi grade I having three surface treatments.

Material and Methods

One hundred sixty eight rivet-shaped specimens (8.0x2.0 mm) were cast and subjected to polishing (P) or sandblasting with either 50 mm (50SB) or 250 mm (250SB) Al₂O₃. The metal conditioners Metal Photo Primer (MPP), Cesead II Opaque Primer (OP), Targis Link (TL), and one surface modification system Siloc (S), were applied to the specimen surfaces, which were covered with four 1-mm thick layers of resin composite. The resin layers were exposed to curing light for 90 s separately. Seven specimens from each experimental group were stored in water at 37ºC for 24 h while the other 7 specimens were subjected to 5,000 thermal cycles consisting of water baths at 4ºC and 60ºC (n=7). All specimens were subjected to SBS test (0.5 mm/min) until failure occurred, and further 28 specimens were analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Data were analyzed by 3-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc Tukey''s test (α=0.05).

Results

On 50SB surfaces, OP groups showed higher SBS means than MPP (P<0.05), while no significant difference was found among OP, S, and TL groups. On 250SB surfaces, OP and TL groups exhibited higher SBS than MPP and S (P<0.05). No significant difference in SBS was found between OP and TL groups nor between MPP and S groups. The use of conditioners on 250SB surfaces resulted in higher SBS means than the use of the same products on 50SB surfaces (P<0.05).

Conclusion

Sandblasting associated with the use of metal conditioners improves SBS of resin composites to cpTi.     

Histologic studies on osseointegration: Soft tissues response to implant surfaces and components. A review

It is important to clarify the potential response of different types of cells to different implant materials and topographies. Thus, in vitro studies are performed using cell cultures, in order to evaluate, among other characteristics, the morphology, orientation, proliferation and adhesion of the cells. Histology evaluation are performed in animals or humans to describe the physiological response to different surfaces.     

无口腔保健干预牙菌斑液成分的研究

目的 研究长期无口腔保健干预的牙菌斑液粘代谢规律及其致龋力。方法 选择长期不刷牙者４３人,分为无龋组２７人,高龋组１６人,采集１０％蔗糖漱口前后的菌斑,检测菌斑提取液的ｐＨ值、有机酸和无机离子的浓度。结果 糖漱口后,长期菌斑提取注的ｐＨ值,、铵离子浓度降低,乳酸、甲酸升高,与禁食后新形成菌斑的糖代谢规律一致。但糖漱口前后两组菌斑提取液中的单一成分差异均无显著性。结论 长期菌斑与短期菌斑的糖代谢规律     

PULPAL TEMPERATURE INCREASE WITH HIGH-SPEED HANDPIECE,ER:YAG LASER AND ULTRASOUND TIPS

The aim of this study was to compare intrapulpal temperature increase produced by high-speed handpiece, Er:YAG laser and CVDentus ultrasound tips during cavity preparation. Thirty bovine mandibular incisors with an enamel/dentin thickness of 4 mm at buccal surface had their roots amputated and were allocated to the following groups (n=10): Group I- high-speed handpiece; Group II- noncontact Er:YAG laser (250 mJ/4Hz); and Group III- CVDentus ultrasouns tips. All devices were used with water cooling. Class V cavities were prepared to a depth of 3.5 mm, measured with a periodontal probe. A type T thermocouple was placed inside the pulp chamber to determine the temperature increase (°C), which was recorded by a data acquisition system ADS 2000 IP (Lynx Technology) linked to a notebook computer. Data were analyzed statistically by oneway ANOVA and Tukey''s test (p=0.05). The mean temperature rises were: 1.10°C (±0.56) for Group I, 0.84°C (±0.55) for Group II, and 3.00°C (± 1.34) for Group III. There were no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) between Groups I and II, but both of them differed significantly from Group III (p<0.05). In conclusion, the use of Er:YAG laser and high-speed handpiece for cavity preparation resulted in similar temperature increase. Although ultrasound tips generated significantly higher intrapulpal temperature increase, it remained below the critical value of 5.5°C and may be considered safe for use.     

口腔健康宣教对拔牙患者牙科焦虑心理的作用

目的 评价口腔健康宣教能否作为预防拔牙患者牙科焦虑心理有效方法.方法 实验组和对照组各40例拔牙患者在术前30分钟、术前2分钟应用牙科焦虑量表(MDAS)测评焦虑程度,两次测评之间实验组患者接受口腔健康宣教.结果 实验组术前2分钟的焦虑程度显著性低于术前30分钟(P＜0.05),同时也显著低于对照组术前2分钟(P＜0.01),两组术前30分钟焦虑程度无显著性差异.结论 口腔健康宣教能显著减轻拔牙患者术前焦虑.