定点医院药学部门应对新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情的策略与效果分析探讨

在全面抗击新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情工作中,承担救治任务的医院是抗击疫情主要阵地,而药品是感染者救治的物资基础之一,药学服务是感染者救治的重要技术支持。因此,医院从人员管理、药品供应、药品管理、调剂环境管理以及用药安全等方面着手,制定一系列措施,建立起应对疫情的医院药学服务与药品保障模式,有效保障疫情诊治和防控工作的有序开展。     

“涝疫结合”下医院药事应急管理与药学服务实践

目的：为遇到重大灾害事件药学部门如何践行药事应急管理和药学服务提供参考。方法：总结2021年7月20日阜外华中心血管病医院遭遇洪水侵袭、又遇河南省郑州市新冠疫情暴发,受灾后药学部门如何开展药事管理和药学服务工作,保证应急状态下全院药品供应与合理用药。结果：药学部高效启动应急预案,统一指挥模式,梯次配置人力资源,梳理工作重点,有序开展各项工作。结论：持续做好药品保障供应和合理用药管理一直是药学部门工作的首要任务,这些经验对今后突发事件中医院药事应急管理和药学服务工作的紧急部署具有积极的指导作用。     

武汉某新型冠状病毒肺炎定点收治医院药学服务实践

随着新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情形势的发展，经中央军委主席习近平批准，军队抽组多名医护人员于2020年2月3日起承担武汉某定点新型冠状病毒感染肺炎专科医院医疗救治任务。现就该医院药学服务实践情况进行分析，包含药品配备及供应，及疫情防控中临床药学服务的开展问题。对紧急形式下药学服务的开展及促进合理用药具有积极的意义，也为后续支援武汉药学服务人员提供经验参考。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下的合理用药及药学服务策略

目的：探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）疫情下的合理用药及药学服务策略。方法：结合一线抗"疫"经验,介绍某院临床药师在药物合理应用分析、循证药学评价、特殊人群用药决策、药学监护及线上用药咨询、宣教等方面的药学实践。结果：基于上述实践经验,形成特殊时期的临床药学服务策略。结论：面对突发疫情,临床药师迅速调整工作重点,成为疫情防控中保障药物治疗安全、有效,促进合理用药的新防线。     

COVID-19疫情期间门诊药学服务O2O模式的实践与探讨

目的：新冠肺炎疫情期间为慢性病复诊患者提供治疗用药和药学服务，降低非新冠肺炎患者的死亡率并减缓病情进展，积极探索门诊药学服务线上线下相结合（online to offline，O2O）模式。方法：基于我院线上问诊平台，增加线上处方和药品邮寄模块，统计分析2020年2月19日-2020年3月7日线上门诊药学服务实践中患者年龄、就诊科室以及处方审核、药品调剂等相关数据。结果：开展线上药学服务后，线上问诊10 269人次，就诊科室主要为心内科、神经内科、感染科、内分泌科等慢性病科室；医院药师调剂线上处方6 880张，调剂药品总数125 864盒/瓶，有效缓解了慢性病患者用药困难。患者就诊年龄集中于20~70岁，35岁以上患者达到74.30%，表明中老年患者可通过自身或他人帮助享受慢性病线上就诊服务。药师处方审核率100%，审核不通过处方483张，不合格率7.02%，主要不合理因素为用法用量不适宜。结论：新冠肺炎疫情期间，开展线上门诊药学服务对防控疫情和救治慢性病患者具有重要作用，也表明公立医院和患者已具备共同参与"互联网+医疗"的能力。门诊药师应积极探索药学服务O2O模式，借助"互联网+"重构药品供应保障服务体系，挖掘和重塑药师的专业价值。     

Recommendations and guidance for providing pharmaceutical care services during COVID-19 pandemic: A China perspective

BackgroundThe novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19), which was first detected in Wuhan City, has now became a pandemic that affecting patients around the world. Particularly, the community patient population are at high risk of infection and are facing potential failure of proper medication use during the pandemic.ObjectiveTo discuss community pharmacists’ role and the content of pharmaceutical care (PC) during the novel coronavirus pandemic to promote effective prevention and control and safe drug use of the community patient population.MethodCollect and summarize the experience Chinese community pharmacies gained from providing pharmacy services during the COVID-19 outbreak, and taking patients' PC needs into consideration, analyze and discuss the methods and strategies that community pharmacies and pharmacists shall use to provide PC during the pandemic.ResultsCommunity pharmacy management teams shall support PC services by providing adequate supply of COVID-19 related medications and preventative products, following environment regulations, and providing sufficient staff trainings. Pharmacists shall use various approaches to provide PC services in drug dispensing, consulting and referrals, chronic disease management, safe use of infusions, patient education, home care guidance and psychological support to promote the COVID-19 pandemic control and ensure safe medication use of community patients during the pandemic.ConclusionPC services in communities during the COVID-19 shall possess different properties due to disease characteristics and related change in patients' need. Community pharmacies shall work as a strong supporter of patient's medication and protective equipment supply. Community pharmacists shall be prepared to provide skilled and effective PC services for community patient population to ensure medication safety and promote the overall COVID-19 pandemic control.     

COVID-19 pandemic: The role of community pharmacists in chronic kidney disease management supportive care

The COVID-19 pandemic is putting enormous pressure on healthcare systems worldwide and various countries are struggling to flatten the curve to prevent their healthcare system from becoming overwhelmed. Studies have shown that people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at increased risk of COVID-19 infection and mortality. However, the interruption of routine care and support due to the current challenges with healthcare providers, facilities, and essential medicines due to this pandemic is adversely affecting people with CKD. This is because poor management of this disease leads to negative health outcomes. In order to maintain good health, this vulnerable group of patients rely heavily on the extended role of the community pharmacists in chronic disease management. This paper highlights the extended role of the community pharmacists in CKD management supportive care during the COVID-19 pandemic.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间某医院核酸采集员身心体验的质性研究

目的探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间某医院核酸采集员的身心体验,为做好疫情防控,更好地保护核酸采集员的身心健康提供参考和理论依据。方法采用现象学研究法,对 2021年 6月 15—30日在深圳市萨米医疗中心进行核酸检测的 15位核酸采集员进行半结构式的深入访谈,并对核酸检测现场进行观察,应用 Colaizzi七步分析法,首先阅读资料、并分类、编码,然后具体分析,再归纳总结,提炼主要部分,最后得出最终主题。结果该医院核酸采集员的身心感受主要提取 4项主题:历史使命,不可推卸;防护最大,安全第一;恐惧紧张,身体不适;争分夺秒,保持体力。结论该医院核酸采集员思想觉悟高,集体荣誉感强,但核酸采集工作量大,常常存在身体疲惫,肩膀痛,头晕头痛等症状及各种心理反应及躯体反应;因此核酸采集员不仅需要物质上的支持和关照,同时需要心理疏导和人力补充等帮助。     

Global drug shortages due to COVID-19: Impact on patient care and mitigation strategies

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) arising from Wuhan, China, is currently outbreaking worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared COVID-19 to be a global pandemic. COVID-19 could cause a wide range of symptoms ranging from self-limiting fever, sore throat, and cough to more severe symptoms that could lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome. As a result of the lockdown and increased demand, drug shortages could become a growing global issue. This article aims to shed light on the potential impact of drug shortages as a result of this pandemic on patient outcomes and the role of pharmacists and pharmacy policymakers in alleviating this emerging problem.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间药品供应保障实践与相关问题探讨

目的：总结当前新型冠状病毒感染肺炎（COVID-19）疫情下医院药品供应保障实践，为突发公共卫生事件应急药品供应保障提供参考。方法：针对COVID-19期间医院应急药品供应保障的特点、应对措施、难点等方面进行阐述与探讨。结果：COVID-19目前处于防控关键时期，突发公共卫生事件的发生考验医院药事应急管理能力，有效的药品应急保障对医疗救治保障和疫情防控工作发挥重要的作用。结论：本文总结分析医院应急药品供应保障实践工作，为突发公共卫生事件应急药品供应保障管理提供思路。     

α干扰素雾化治疗在新型冠状病毒肺炎中的合理使用及药学监护

由新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）引发的传染性肺炎，其传染性强，目前尚无特效抗病毒药物。对于新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）的治疗，现多个诊疗指南中均推荐包括α干扰素在内的抗病毒方案。本文对α干扰素可能的抗COVID-19机制、静脉制剂雾化给药的空气动力学特点、特殊人群的给药方案、常见不良反应以及雾化产生的气溶胶潜在传播风险进行简要综述，旨在为新冠肺炎患者α干扰素雾化的合理使用提供参考。     

Provision of clinical pharmacy services during the COVID-19 pandemic: Experiences of pharmacists from 16 European countries

BackgroundThe pharmacy profession has an important role in the frontline healthcare response to COVID-19 across all settings.ObjectiveThis study sought to explore the views and experiences of clinical pharmacists in relation to the provision of clinical pharmacy services during COVID-19.MethodsSemi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with pharmacists working in clinical roles in healthcare settings across Europe. Participants were recruited through professional organisations of clinical and hospitals pharmacists combined with a snowballing technique. The Pharmacy Emergency Preparedness and Response Framework and Disaster Preparedness Framework for pharmacy services were used to generate data which were analysed using the thematic framework method.ResultsTwenty-two participants from 16 European countries described a range of measures to protect patients, public and healthcare staff against virus transmission including developing and disseminating educational materials. Most described their involvement in aspects of evidence provision such as facilitating clinical trials, gathering and appraising evidence and disseminating clinical information. Many hospital-based pharmacists were reassigned to new roles such as intensive care. Routine clinical services were extensively interrupted and remote forms of communication were used. Most were motivated by a strong sense of professionalism to continue delivering services. A number of facilitators and barriers to prevention, preparedness and response actions were identified which related to uptake of new roles, recognition of pharmacists roles in the healthcare team, information gathering, communication with patients and healthcare professionals, and provision of routine clinical services.ConclusionsParticipants in this multinational qualitative study described a range of service adaptations and adoption of novel roles to prevent and mitigate the public health impact of the pandemic. The study findings may help to inform governments, public health agencies and healthcare systems in harnessing ongoing service provision and adapt to any future interruptions.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下门诊药品调剂中心防控策略与药学服务

目的：建立新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间医疗机构门诊药品调剂中心的防控策略，为全国医疗机构的发药门诊药房、门诊药房和急诊药房等一线调剂部门积极应对疫情提供参考。方法：完善疫情防控组织构架，建立应急预案，实施3个风险级别的人员等级防护措施和5个划分区域重点消毒细则管理，总结各部门保障供应职责和开展药学服务内容。结果：疫情期间，人员防控措施科学有效，各部门有序运转，为临床保障基础和紧急药品供应，为患者提供优质、高效的药学服务。结论：面对突发疫情，及时出台"一手抓防控，一手抓服务"的应对管理策略至关重要，通过科学防控，充分发挥一线药学人员的重要职责，打赢防控阻击战。     

新型冠状病毒感染疫情前后儿童流感流行病学调查研究

目的 分析新型冠状病毒感染疫情前后儿童流感的流行特征,为流感疫情防控提供科学依据。方法 整理2018年1月至2021年12月西安医学院第一附属医院儿科流感病例流行病学资料,分析近年儿童流感感染情况,使用描述性流行病学方法进行统计学分析。结果 共上报6 881例儿童流感病例,甲型流感共6 308例,占91.67%,乙型流感573例,占8.33%,不同年份、不同抗原型流感比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;男∶女为1.22∶1.00,性别对于流感感染无影响（P>0.05）;流感发病随年龄增加呈现递增趋势,以学龄期（>6～14岁）儿童为主,不同年龄段感染流感比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;每年第一、四季度为流感高发季节,新冠前后不同季节发生流感病儿比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;流感地区分布差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 新型冠状病毒感染疫情后儿童流感病例明显下降,疫情防控政策也有效的控制了流感流行;每年第一、四季度为流感高发季节,应注重流感季节流感防控及筛查;学龄期（>6～14岁）儿童发病率高,关注此类人群的防护。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下抗凝药学服务的策略及应用研究

目的：新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间采用线上程序远程的抗凝药学模式服务服用华法林的患者，以保证华法林抗凝治疗的有效性和安全性。方法：采用回顾性调查及问卷调查的方式，分析疫情期间2020年1.20-2.19实施远程抗凝药学服务以来，患者治疗窗内时间（time in therapeutic range，TTR）、不良事件、患者咨询、患者依从性、患者INR监测率、患者满意度等数据，并与去年同期线下门诊进行对比。结果：在实施远程抗凝管理的药学服务后，远程线上服务人次占比（90.63%）同比去年（13.57%）上涨明显（P<0.001），患者TTR （79.57%）同比去年（58.90%）明显提高（P=0.004），不良事件发生率降低，华法林按时服药率（96.77%）明显升高（P=0.003），国际标准化比值（International Normalized Ratio，INR）监测率（93.55%）显著提高（P=0.002），患者满意度极高，明显减少患者在院停留时间及经济成本。结论：在新冠肺炎疫情期间，该抗凝药学模式的实施解决了抗凝患者密集的药学服务需求和其减少患者暴露避免潜在交叉感染风险之间的矛盾，构建起临床药师抗击疫情的新型抗凝药学服务模式。     

Self-medication practices during the COVID-19 pandemic among the adult population in Peru: A cross-sectional survey

Self-medication impacts both negatively and positively the health of people, which has become evident during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study aimed to assess the prevalence of self-medicated drugs used for respiratory symptoms, as COVID-19 preventive, for its symptoms or once tested positive. To determine the perception of symptom relief and demographic variables that promote self-medication in Peru. We performed a cross-sectional, analytical, multicenter study in 3792 study respondents on the use, the reason for use, and perception of relief after the use of six drugs during the quarantine period. An online questionnaire was developed, pretested and submitted to the general public. Multivariable logistic regression was used to ascertain factors that influence an individual’s desire to self-medicate, associations were considered significant at p < 0.05 and using region (coast, mountain and jungle) as cluster group. The majority of respondents self-medicated with acetaminophen for respiratory symptoms and mainly because they had a cold or flu. It was observed that all the surveyed drugs (acetaminophen, ibuprofen, azithromycin, penicillin, antiretrovirals and hydroxychloroquine) were consumed for various symptoms including: fever, fatigue, cough, sneezing, muscle pain, nasal congestion, sore throat, headache and breathing difficulty. Over 90% of respondents perceived relief of at least one symptom. Multivariable logistic regression showed that older people have a higher frequency of antiretroviral self-medication, respondents who currently have a job had a higher frequency of penicillin self-medication, and that respondents from the Andes consumed less acetaminophen, while the ones from the rainforest consumed it more. There were significant percentages of self-medication, including drugs without sufficient scientific evidence. Age, region where one lived and job status were variables associated with self-medication frequency. Continuous awareness and sensitization about the risks of self-medication are warranted.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎免疫治疗药物托珠单抗的回顾分析与药学监护

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）在全球蔓延，引起世界各国高度关注。其传染性强、危害大，目前尚无确切有效的抗病毒药物。国家卫生健康委员会发布了《新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案（试行第七版）》，其中首次提出了托珠单抗免疫治疗方案。检索国内外托珠单抗治疗免疫系统疾病的论文，分析托珠单抗用于治疗COVID-19重症和危重症的有效性，并从安全性角度出发，介绍诊疗方案的药物相互作用、特殊人群用药、不良反应及用药注意事项，可为COVID-19重型及危重型患者的治疗提供用药参考。     

Medication management and adherence during the COVID-19 pandemic: Perspectives and experiences from low-and middle-income countries

The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is placing a huge strain on health systems worldwide. Suggested solutions like social distancing and lockdowns in some areas to help contain the spread of the virus may affect special patient populations like those with chronic illnesses who are unable to access healthcare facilities for their routine care and medicines management. Retail pharmacy outlets are the likely facilities for easy access by these patients. The contribution of community pharmacists in these facilities to manage chronic conditions and promote medication adherence during this COVID-19 pandemic will be essential in easing the burden on already strained health systems. This paper highlights the pharmaceutical care practices of community pharmacists for patients with chronic diseases during this pandemic. This would provide support for the call by the WHO to maintain essential services during the pandemic, in order to prevent non-COVID disease burden on healthcare systems particularly in low-and middle-income countries.