醉酒对大鼠重型颅脑创伤后水通道蛋白-4表达的影响

目的观察醉酒对大鼠重型颅脑创伤后脑组织水通道蛋白-4（AQP4）表达的影响。方法雄性Wistar大鼠70只,随机分为假手术（SO组）、颅脑创伤（TBI组）、乙醇预处理（ETH组）。ETH组给予白酒3g/kg灌胃。除SO组外,其余两组采用自由落体打击法制作颅脑创伤模型。分别于伤后不同时间点,采用干湿重法检测脑组织含水量,应用免疫组织化学法检测AQP4表达。结果与TBI组相比,ETH组脑组织含水量及AQP4表达水平显著升高（P〈0.05）,且通过相关性分析发现,大鼠脑损伤后脑组织AQP4表达水平与脑水肿呈正相关（r=0.684,P=0.001）。结论醉酒加重颅脑创伤后脑水肿与其升高AQP4表达有关。     

颅脑创伤基础与临床研究进展

颅脑创伤是造成伤残和死亡的重要病因之一。为了提高和规范我国颅脑损伤的救治过程,结合国内外文献,阐述颅脑创伤研究新进展。一、基础研究1.损伤发生机制及其治疗措施:颅脑损伤按其损伤的对象可分为轴索损伤和神经元与胶质细胞损伤;按其损伤的先后分为原发性脑损伤(创伤当时造成脑组织损伤)和继发性脑损伤(创伤后激发一系列神经生化改变造成脑组织损伤);按其损伤的致伤因素又分为脑原发伤和二次脑损伤(secondarybrainin sult,SBI,系指在脑原发伤后并发二次致伤因素,如血压、体温、颅内压、脑血流及脑灌注压等改变而对脑组织造成的二次损…     

颅脑创伤经济负担研究进展

颅脑创伤(TBI)现已成为一项严重的公共卫生问题并越来越受到社会各界的广泛关注。TBI的高发病率和致残率已给社会带来巨大的经济负担。本研究针对国内外颅脑创伤的直接与间接经济负担分别进行回顾与综述,以了解世界各地有关TBI经济负担的研究现状。在中国,对于TBI经济负担的研究远不如欧美国家完善。虽然从表面数据显示中国颅脑创伤经济负担不及欧美发达国家,但由于中国人均国民收入远不及发达国家,因此可能要承担更重的经济负担。     

创伤性脑损伤后应激性肝损害及与肠源性内毒素血症的关系

目的探讨创伤性脑损伤（TBI）后发生应激性肝脏损害（HSI）的机制及与肠黏膜屏障损伤和肠源性内毒素血症（GET）的关系。方法用改良Allen法建立TBI模型。40只健康雄性Wister大鼠随机分为5组：正常对照组、TBI后6、12、24、48小时时相组。测定肝血清酶、肝组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、血清肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）和血浆内毒素（脂多糖，LPS）水平，观察肝组织和肠黏膜超微结构的改变。结果TBI早期，各组血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、TNF-α及LPS水平均升高，肝组织SOD减少、MDA增加，与对照组比较差异具有显著性（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）；TBI各组LPS与肝血清酶、TNF-α及MDA呈显著正相关（P〈0．05），与SOD呈显著负相关（P〈0．05）；TBI各组光镜和电镜下肝组织和肠黏膜上皮细胞均不同程度受损。结论TBI早期即出现肝脏和肠黏膜上皮的应激性损伤，HSI与GET和氧化应激等关系密切。     

镇江市院前救治的创伤性脑损伤患者特征分析

目的分析镇江市急救中心院前救治的创伤性脑损伤(TBI)患者的特征。 方法采用回顾性分析方法，对镇江市急救中心在2019年1月至2019年12月间收治的212例TBI患者进行描述性分析。其中男性115例(54.2%)，女性97例(45.8%)；年龄0(新生儿)~84岁，平均(30.5±11.5)岁；男∶女＝1.2∶1。分析患者的一般资料、损伤特征和干预措施等。 结果212例TBI患者中最常见的致伤原因是道路交通事故(155例，73.1%)、其次是殴打(26例，12.3%)和跌倒(16例，7.5%)。损伤部位以下肢为最多见(175例，82.5%)，其次是上肢(85例，40.1%)。其中损伤部位≥2处的患者87例(41.0%)。大多数患者为轻度脑外伤(格拉斯哥昏迷评分≥13分；182例，85.8%)。针对创伤患者最常见的干预措施是吸氧(198例，93.4%)，其次止血包扎(179例，84.4%)，夹板固定(129例，60.8%)、输液(79例，37.3%)和用颈托固定(39例，18.4%)。 结论TBI的主要原因是道路交通事故，需要进一步努力做好道路交通安全工作以更好地预防TBI。院前对脑损伤患者的救治手段和方法还需进一步专业化。     

重型颅脑损伤125例救治方法分析

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤125例患者有效救治方法，降低病死率。方法采用加强创伤现场及院前急救、术中脑保护与降颅压，术后专科监护和救治。结果存活93例（74．4％），死亡32例（25．6％）。其中手术治疗组102例中，存活81例（79．4％），死亡21例（20．6％），非手术治疗组23例中，存活14例（60．8％），死亡9例（39．1％）。结论强调昏迷患者保持呼吸道通畅、早期CT扫描、术中脑保护、及时清除颅内血肿等占位病变以及专科监护室内接受积极的处理是及时有效地抢救危重患者、降低重型颅脑损伤死亡的重要环节。     

ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸抑制大鼠创伤性脑损伤后小胶质细胞介导的炎症反应

目的　研究ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸对大鼠创伤性脑损伤(TBI)后神经细胞凋亡、脑水肿、小胶质细胞活化、炎症反应及神经功能的影响,以探讨ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸对大鼠TBI的保护及机制。方法　采用改良Feeney DM法建立大鼠TBI模型,将90只SD大鼠完全随机分为假手术组（Sham组）,TBI组,TBI+c-Jun氨基末端激酶（JNK）选择性激活剂 anisomycin组（TBI+Aniso组）;TBI+ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸组（TBI+ω-3组）,TBI+ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸+JNK选择性激活剂 anisomycin组（TBI+ω-3+Aniso组）,分别于伤后1、3、7 d进行神经行为学评分（mNSS）;采用干湿重法测损伤区脑组织脑水含量;TUNEL和免疫荧光等方法测定细胞凋亡和小胶质细胞活化特异标志物IBA-1的表达;PCR、Westerrn blot等检查脑组织炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素（IL）-1α、IL-1β、IL-6及上游JNK信号通路JNK、p-JNK分子表达水平的变化。结果　与同期Sham组比较,其余4组细胞凋亡、脑水肿、神经细胞凋亡和炎症反应明显增高（P＜0.05）;与TBI组比较,TBI+ω-3组大鼠创伤后脑水含量降低,尤其在脑损伤3 d后降低更为明显［(78.14±0.57)%比（82.31±0.81）%,P＜0.01］,神经功能评分相应的改善明显（P＜0.05）。ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸抑制神经细胞凋亡和小胶质细胞的活化;降低大鼠TBI后升高的炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-6 mRNA及蛋白表达水平;同时抑制了炎症因子上游JNK信号通路的活化。结论　ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸明显减轻大鼠TBI后脑水肿的程度,抑制神经细胞凋亡,改善伤后神经行为,其机制可能是通过抑制JNK信号通路和小胶质细胞的活化,减轻小胶质细胞介导的中枢性炎症反应,降低TNF-α、IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-6的表达。     

ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸对大鼠创伤性脑损伤后神经功能的影响

目的　探讨ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸（ω-3 PUFA）对大鼠创伤性脑损伤（TBI）后脑水肿、自噬反应及神经功能的影响及其机制。方法　采用改良Feeney法建立大鼠TBI模型,将72只SD大鼠采用随机数字表法分为假手术组、TBI组、TBI+ω-3 PUFA处理组（TBI+ω-3组）和TBI+自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤组（TBI+ 3-MA组）（n均=18）,各组再根据3个时间点（创伤后第1、3、7天）分设3个亚组（n=6）。于不同时间点采用改良神经功能评分表（mNSS）进行神经功能评分,采用干湿重法测量损伤区脑组织水含量,于建模后第3天采用免疫荧光、PCR和Westerrn blot法测定自噬相关因子（LC3-Ⅱ、Beclin-1）的mRNA及蛋白表达水平。结果　损伤后第1、3、7天,与假手术组比较,TBI组、TBI+ω-3组和TBI+3-MA组的mNSS评分（TBI组：12.42±0.27比1.34±0.32,12.07±0.27比1.16±0.29,10.22±0.39比1.22±0.30;TBI+ω-3组：12.05±0.23比1.34±0.32,11.38±0.21比1.16±0.29,8.20±0.21比1.22±0.30;TBI+3-MA组：11.93±0.20比1.34±0.32,11.09±0.19比1.16±0.29,7.93±0.17比1.22±0.30;P均=0.00）和脑水含量均显著升高［TBI组：（79.82±0.61）%比（71.87±0.43）%,（83.04±0.42）%比（72.13±0.53）%,（75.12±0.72）%比（71.78±0.38）%;TBI+ω-3组：（76.81±0.63）%比（71.87±0.43）%,（79.39±0.59）%比（72.13±0.53）%,（73.86±0.38）%比（71.78±0.38）%;TBI+3-MA组：（75.98±0.49）%比（71.87±0.43）%,（77.14±0.46）%比（72.13±0.53）%,（72.24±0.37）%比（71.78±0.38）%;P均=0.00］。模型建立后第3天,TBI组、TBI+ω-3组和TBI+3-MA组脑组织LC3-Ⅱ和Beclin-1的mRNA及蛋白表达均显著上调（P均=0.00）。模型建立后第3、7天,TBI+ω-3组和TBI+3-MA组的mNSS评分均显著低于TBI组（TBI+ω-3组：11.38±0.21比12.07±0.27、P=0.04,8.20±0.21比10.22±0.39、P=0.01;TBI+3-MA组：11.09±0.19比12.07±0.27、P=0.01,7.93±0.17比10.22±0.39、P=0.00);模型建立后第1、3、7天脑组织含水量均显著低于TBI组［TBI+ω-3组：（76.81±0.63）%比（79.82±0.61）%、P=0.04,（79.39±0.59）%比（83.04±0.42）%、P=0.01,（73.86±0.38）%比（75.12±0.72）%、P=0.03;TBI+3-MA组：（75.98±0.49）%比（79.82±0.61）%、P=0.01,（77.14±0.46）%比（83.04±0.42）%、P=0.00,（72.24±0.37）%比（75.12±0.72）%、P=0.02］;第3天脑组织LC3-Ⅱ和Beclin-1的mRNA（TBI+ω-3组：P=0.04,P=0.01;TBI+3-MA组：P=0.01,P=0.00）及蛋白表达（TBI+ω-3组：P=0.01,P=0.03;TBI+3-MA组：P均=0.00）均显著低于TBI组。结论　ω-3 PUFA可减轻大鼠TBI后脑水肿,改善创伤后神经功能,具有神经保护作用,其机制可能与降低颅脑损伤后神经细胞自噬反应相关。     

颅脑伤1小时内是抢救的黄金期

随着机动车辆和建筑施工的增多，我国颅脑创伤发生率近年来明显上升。对于颅脑创伤的救治，时间就是生命，脑伤1小时内是抢救的黄金期。     

C-反应蛋白在脑损伤患者表达意义的临床研究

目的：研究脑损伤后患者血清C-反应蛋白（cRP）水平与脑损伤之间的关系。方法：测定114例颅脑损伤患者血清C-反应蛋白，根据格拉斯哥（GCS）评分，分析CRP与轻、中、重、特重型颅脑损伤之间的关系。结果：CRP伤后即升高，达到峰值的时间、升高增加程度及升高持续时间组间存在差异。结论：血清CRP是颅脑损伤患者急性期脑损伤敏感而特异的血清学指标，对伤情判断、治疗效果和预后有临床参考价值。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.