1990-2007年汶川县法定乙类传染病疫情分析

目的分析汶川县法定乙类传染病流行状况,为制定防制措施提供依据。方法收集1990-2007年汶川县法定报告传染病疫情资料,用描述性流行病学方法进行统计分析。结果1990-2007年汶川县共报告乙类法定传染病22种,共计9987例,死亡12例。年平均发病率为522.26/10万,死亡率为11.30/10万,病死率为0.12%。发病率居前6位的是细菌性痢疾、甲肝、乙肝、肺结核、淋病、麻疹,分别为227.01/10万、91.46/10万、69.50/10万、64.27/10万、33.73/10万和15.22/10万。肠道传染病的年均发病率为323.85/10万,居各类传染病首位;血源及性传染病年均发病率为104.80/10万,居第2位;呼吸道传染病年均发病率为84.09/10万,居第3位;自然疫源及虫媒传染病年均发病率为8.58/10万,居第4位;新生儿破伤风年均发病率为0.94/10万,居第5位。结论1990-2007年汶川县年均发病率最高的是肠道传染病,年均发病率排第2～5位的分别为血源及性传染病、呼吸道传染病、自然疫源及虫媒传染病和新生儿破伤风。     

2008—2012年九江市浔阳区甲类和乙类传染病发病情况分析

目的分析2008—2012年九江市浔阳区甲、乙类传染病流行特征,为有效预防和控制传染病流行提供科学依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法分析浔阳区2008~2012年甲、乙类传染病发病率、死亡率、发病病种顺位。结果 2008—2012年浔阳区未报告甲类传染病,报告乙类传染病15种9 299例,年平均发病率为560.28/10万,年平均死亡率为1.69/10万。年平均发病率从2008年的749.97/10万下降到了2012年的412.69/10万。年均发病率居前5位的病种是病毒性肝炎、肺结核、痢疾、梅毒、淋病。血源及性传播传染病年均发病率为357.72/10万,居首位。呼吸道传染病年均发病率为144.18/10万,居第2位。肠道传染病年均发病率58.16/10万,居第3位。自然疫源及虫媒传染病年均发病率0.22/10万,居第4位。结论 2008—2012年浔阳区甲、乙类传染病发病虽然在2011年有小的上升,但是总体呈现下降趋势,以血源及性传播传染病为主。病毒性肝炎、肺结核、痢疾等为浔阳区甲、乙类传染病的主要病种,应做好相应防控工作。     

1999-2008年滦县甲乙类传染病发病分析

目的对1999-2008年发生在滦县境内的传染病疫情进行分析,找出传染病发病变化趋势及重点防治病种,为该县政府制定传染病防治规划提供建议。方法应用描述性流行病学方法分析滦县1999-2008年传染病发病情况。结果滦县10年共报告乙类传染病16种10604例,年平均发病率为196.59/10万,无甲类传染病报告。血源及性传播传染病年均发病率64.02/10万,居各类传染病之首,呼吸道传染病年均发病率为62.85/10万,居各类传染病第2位;肠道传染病年均发病率42.31/10万,居第3位;自然疫源及虫媒传染病年均发病率为27.35/10万,居第4位。传染病发病居前3位的病种依次为病毒性肝炎、肺结核、出血热。结论在过去的10年间该县传染病总发病率呈上升趋势,但肾综合症出血热发病率显著下降,疫情得到控制;血源及性传播传染病发病率明显上升,建议该县政府制定以如何控制乙肝和性传播疾病为主的未来十年传染病防治规划。     

2002-2006年广汉市乙类传染病疫情分析

目的 了解广汉市法定报告乙类传染病的流行规律及变化趋势,为今后制定传染病的预防控制策略提供科学依据.方法 依据国家疾病报告管理信息系统提供的年报表数据进行统计分析.结果 2002-2006年法定报告乙类传染病14种8917例,发病率在235.38/10万～429.58/10万之间,年平均发病率为303.47/10万;5年间血液及性传播疾病发病居传染病之首,占发病总数的64.42%,其次是呼吸道传染病和肠道传染病,分别占总发病数的20.11%和15.33%.位于前5位的乙类传染病依次为病毒性肝炎、肺结核、痢疾、淋病、梅毒.结论 广汉市传染病疫情形势依然严峻,以血源及性传播疾病、呼吸道传染病、肠道传染病为主,应作为今后防治工作的重点.     

麻栗坡县2005—2009年法定报告甲乙类传染病流行状况分析

目的分析2005—2009年麻栗坡县甲乙类传染病流行状况,为今后制定防治措施提供科学依据。方法应用描述性流行病学方法对麻栗坡县2005—2009年法定报告甲乙类传染病疫情资料进行分析。结果 2005—2009年麻栗坡县无甲类传染病报告;报告乙类传染病13种2 065例,死亡38例,年平均发病率为150.26/10万,死亡率为2.91/10万。呼吸道传染病发病率在52.87/10万～74.57/10万之间,年均发病率为65.85/10万,居各类传染病发病之首;血源及性接触传染病发病率在19.04/10万～54.93/10万之间,年均发病率为41.11/10万,居各类传染病发病第2位;肠道传染病发病率在14.55/10万～35.15/10万之间,年均发病率为22.19/10万;自然疫源及虫媒传播传染病发病率在2.89/10万～39.74/10万之间,年均发病率为20.74/10万;发病数居前5位的传染病依次是肺结核、病毒性肝炎、疟疾、痢疾、淋病,占传染病发病总数的93.41%。结论 5年间麻栗坡县呼吸道传染病和血源及性接触传染病均维持在较高的发病水平,今后应加强肺结核、性病、艾滋病的防治与监测工作。     

2001-2010年郫县甲乙类传染病流行趋势分析

目的分析2001-2010年郫县甲乙类传染病流行趋势,为有效预防控制传染病提供科学依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法对郫县2001-2010年甲乙类传染病疫情资料进行统计分析。结果 2001-2010年郫县无报告甲类传染病,乙类传染病共报告16种11 718例,年均发病率239.58/10万,2002年发病率最低为162.99/10万,2003-2005年逐年上升,2005年最高为352.45/10万,2006-2010年逐年下降;年均发病率居前5位的病种是乙肝、肺结核、痢疾、淋病、甲肝,血源及性传播传染病年均发病率为122.53/10万,居首位;呼吸道传染病年均发病率为62.26/10万,居第2位;肠道传染病年均发病率54.45/10万,居第3位;自然疫源及虫媒传染病年均发病率0.35/10万,居第4位。结论 2001-2010年郫县甲乙类传染病发病总体呈现先升后降趋势,以血源及性传播传染病为主。     

2005-2011年佛山市法定报告传染病疫情

目的 为了掌握佛山市法定报告传染病的流行现状及特点,分析其发病、死亡的变化趋势,为传染病防治规划的制定提供科学依据.方法 应用描述流行病学方法对佛山市2005-2011年法定报告传染病疫情进行分析.结果 2005-2011年佛山市报告甲乙丙法定报告传染病共29种259 855例,年均发病率615.51/10万;死亡11种164例,年均死亡率0.39/10万,年均病死率0.06％.2005-2011年佛山市法定报告传染病总发病率前5位的依次为手足口病、肺结核、其他感染性腹泻、梅毒和乙型肝炎(乙肝).发病种类(按传染病的主要传播途径分类)以血源及性传播传染病为主,年平均发病率为192.67/10万;其次是呼吸道传染病,年平均发病率为165.91/10万;再次是手足口病,年平均发病率为152.49/10万.结论 佛山市的法定报告传染病年平均发病率呈上升的趋势,应重点做好手足口病、肺结核、流行性腮腺炎、其他感染性腹泻病和血源及性传播疾病等的预防控制工作,不能放松麻疹的防治和监测力度.     

2002—2011年广东省五华县法定报告传染病疫情动态分析

目的探讨五华县法定报告传染病发生、流行与变动趋势,为传染病预防控制提供科学依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法分析五华县2002—2011年法定报告传染病流行及发病趋势。结果 2002—2011年五华县共报告法定传染病21种39 271例,年均发病率为311.13/10万,死亡病例128例,年均死亡率为1.01/10万。无甲类传染病报告,报告乙类传染病15种21 666例,年均发病率为171.65/10万;丙类传染病6种17 605例,年均发病率为139.48/10万。呼吸道传染病居乙类传染病发病第1位,血源及性传播传染病居乙类传染病发病第2位。年均发病率居前2位的是肺结核、病毒性肝炎。狂犬病是死亡人数最多的传染病,占死亡总数(128例)的77.34%。人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)和手足口病感染率呈逐年上升趋势。结论今后五华县传染病防治重点是加强肺结核、病毒性肝炎、狂犬病和艾滋病、手足口病等预防控制工作。     

楚雄州2006—2010年乙类传染病流行状况分析

目的了解楚雄州乙类传染病流行规律和变化趋势,为制定传染病预防控制策略提供科学依据。方法应用描述性流行病学方法对楚雄州2006—2010年各县(市)报告的乙类传染病疫情资料进行统计、分析。结果楚雄州2006—2010年无甲类传染病报告,共报告乙类传染病17种20 156例,死亡137例,年平均发病率为151.22/10万,年平均死亡率为1.03/10万。呼吸道传染病发病率在54.91/10万～76.95/10万之间,年均发病率为66.37/10万,居传染病发病之首;血源及性传播传染病发病率在44.65/10万～79.40/10万之间,年均发病率为53.30/10万,居传染病发病第2位;肠道传染病发病率23.97/10万～43.52/10万之间,年均发病率为29.52/10万;自然疫源及虫媒传染病发病率在1.36/10万～3.43/10万之间,年均发病率为2.02/10万;艾滋病和肺结核病死亡人数最多,分别占死亡总数的52.55%和35.77%;发病数居前6位的传染病依次是肺结核、病毒性肝炎、痢疾、伤寒及副伤寒、梅毒、淋病,合计占传染病发病总数的95.96%。结论近几年来,楚雄州对呼吸道和肠道传染病的综合防治措施已经初见成效,但血源及性传播疾病的增长趋势不容忽视,艾滋病、梅毒、丙肝疫情形势依然十分严峻,应根据传染病流行状况,适时调整传染病防控策略,针对性地制定并采取有效的控制措施。     

绥中县2008-2012年甲乙类传染病疫情分析

目的掌握绥中县传染病发病动态,为制定防治措施和策略提供科学依据。方法采用描述性流行病学方法对甲、乙类传染病疫情资料进行统计分析。结果2008-2012年无甲类传染病报告,累计报告乙类传染病13种4251例,死亡10例;年均发病率为132．66／10万,年均死亡率为0．31／10万。平均病死率为0．24％。发病居前五位的依次为肺结核、乙肝、出血热、梅毒和戊肝,占发病总数的87．32％。呼吸道传染病年均发病率为72．90／10万,居首位;血源及性传播传染病年均发病率为39．79／10万,居第2位：自然疫源及虫媒传染病年均发病率为11．98／10万,居第3位;肠道传染病年均发病率为7．99／10万,居第4位。结论2008--2012年传染病发病呈上升趋势,预防和控制呼吸道传染病和血源及性传播传染病是今后一个时期防治的重点和难点．肺结核、病毒性肝炎、出血热、梅毒、布病是重点防制传染病。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.