肝移植患者将他克莫司替换为环孢素A的临床分析

目的分析肝移植后需用环孢素A（CsA）替换他克莫司（FK506）的原因和结果。方法317例肝移植患者术后采用巴昔利单抗、FK506、霉酚酸酯及肾上腺皮质激素预防排斥反应，血FK506浓度谷值，术后0～30d维持在10～15μg／L，30-90d维持在8～12μg／L，90～180d维持在5～8μg／L。术后随访6个月。结果317例患者中，有16例（5．05％）需要将FK506替换为CsA，其中5例（31．25％）主要因为FK506的神经系统不良反应，2例（12．50％）因为血液系统不良反应，1例（6．25％）因为胃肠道不良反应，3例（18．75％）因血FK506浓度始终达不到治疗窗范围，2例（12．50％）因为顽固性高血糖，另有3例（18．75％）因为经济原因。除2例患者因药物替换后发生肾功能损害而再次恢复应用FK506方案外，其余14例患者的不良反应大多在替换为CsA后明显好转，无因换药而死亡的病例，也无与替换药物相关的不良反应。结论肝移植后，当发生FK506的不良反应时，将FK506替换为CsA是安全、有效的。     

他克莫司替换环孢素A治疗肾移植后肝、肝功能损害的临床观察

目的 观察他克莫司（FK506）替换环孢素A（CsA)治疗肾移植后肝，肾功能损害的有效性及安全性。方法 将61例肾移植后肝，肾功能异常的患者分为：肝损害组（Ⅰ组，23例）。肾损害组（Ⅱ组。20例）及肝，肾均损害组（Ⅲ组，18例）。观察用FK506替换CsA12个月后各组患者肝，肾功能变化情况及药物的不良反应。结果 用FK506替换CsA12个月后各组患者肝，肾功能变化情况及药物的不良反应。结果 用FK506替换CsA12个月后，Ⅰ组中87.8%的患者明显恢复，Ⅱ组中65.8%明显恢复，而且替换期间未出现急性排斥反应。主要不良反应为血糖升高，震颤等。经对症治疗及调整FK506药量后症状均缓解。结论 用FK506替换CsA是治疗肾移植后肝，肾功能损害的一种安全而有效的措施。     

普乐可复替换环孢素A治疗肾移植术后“爬行肌酐”的疗效观察

目的:观察用普乐可复(以下简称FK506)替换环孢素A(以下简称CsA)治疗肾移植术后"爬行肌酐"的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析我院30例肾移植术后"爬行肌酐"的患者,观察患者由CsA转换为FK506治疗方案后肾功能的变化及其不良反应。结果":爬行肌酐"患者采用FK506替换CsA半年后,移植肾功能较前明显好转,血肌酐下降明显(P<0.05),同时降低了血脂水平并减少降脂药物及抗高血压药物的使用。结论:肾移植术后"爬行肌酐"患者采用FK506替换CsA可以提高移植肾的长期存活率。     

肝移植术后免疫抑制剂的替换应用

目的 探讨和总结肝脏移植术后免疫抑制剂的替换应用情况和经验。方法 回顾性分析我院1993年4月－2001年7月施行的67例肝脏移植，对48例早期肝移植患者中发生的免疫抑制剂替换应用情况进行总结。结果 48例患者中，21例（43．8％）因术后出现排斥反应或严重毒副作用而替换为其它免疫抑制方案。环孢素A（CsA 硫唑嘌呤（Aza)＋激素方案组（31例）中，15例（48．4％）进行替换；CsA 霉酚酸酯（MMF）＋激素组（14例）中，6例（43％）进行替换。发生排斥反应者常规应用激素冲击治疗，同时替换免疫抑制剂，将CsA替换为他克莫司（FK506）或提高CsA剂量，可获得有效控制；出现药物性肝损害者应及时减少CsA用量或成FK506，其肝功能多能改善；出现肾功能损害者应减少CsA用量并改联用MMF，或替换成FK506后可有效挽救肾功能；白细胞减少或严重感染者，应停用Aza或MMF，或将CsA改为FK506后可有效挽救肾功能；白细胞减少或严重感染者，应停用Aza或MMF，或将CsA改为FK506；神经系统病变经更换免疫抑制剂可以好转。结论 合理应用免疫抑制剂是提高肝移植成功率的关键之一；治疗中应视具体情况及时、果断、合理地转换免疫抑制剂，可以有效控制排斥反应、毒副作用及相关并发症，提高移植肝的存活率。     

FK506与CsA在肾移植术后抗排斥的临床应用

目的 比较他克莫司(FK506)与环孢素A(CsA)预防肾移植术后排斥反应的效果和安全性。方法 肾移植患者53例分成两组,FK506组为28例,CsA组为25例。其中CsA组因肝功能损害3例,难治性急性排斥反应1例而改换成FK506。FK506起始用0.2mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),CsA起始用6mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),同时分别联合应用MMF0.75g,每日2次口服,以及术后三天大剂量甲基强的松龙(MP)静滴,第三天改强的松口服,所有病例均严密观察并行血、尿等生化分析。结果 FK506组移植肾功能好,平均7.5天脱酐水平降至平均99.5μmol/L,2例出现排斥反应,经MP连续3d冲击后治愈。CsA组19例移植肾功能良好,6例出现急性排斥,其中3例经MP连续3d冲击后治愈,2例应用OKT3后急性排斥逆转,1例术后3d出现急性排斥经MP与OKT3治疗后改换成FK506,另3例肝损害呈进行性转氨酶升高改换成FK506。FK506组有血糖升高6例(18.8%),高血压5例(15.6％),感染7例(21.9％)。CsA组血糖升高2例(9.5％),高血压5例(23.8％),感染4例(19.0%)。结论肾移植术后应用FK506疗效确切,能有效防治难治性排斥的发生、发展,降低急性排斥的发生率,特别是在乙肝抗原阳性、肝功能受损者比CsA优越。     

肾移植急性排斥后环孢素切换成他克莫司对移植肾的影响

目的 探讨肾移植术后急性排斥发生后环孢素（CsA）切换成他克莫司（FK506）抗排斥治疗对移植肾的影响。 方法 回顾性分析本中心肾移植患者发生病理证实的急性排斥86例,经过抗排斥治疗后有23例由CsA治疗切换成FK506为基础的免疫抑制治疗（FK506组）,63例继续应用CsA为基础的免疫抑制治疗（CsA组）。比较两组临床资料,包括性别、年龄、冷和热缺血时间、淋巴毒、术前群体反应性抗体（PRA）水平、人类白细胞抗原（HLA）错配、血脂、血清肌酐、血尿酸、再次排斥的发生率和移植肾存活等情况。 结果 抗排斥治疗后1年内再次病理证实的排斥率,FK506组显著低于CsA组[1/23（4.35%）比16/63（25.40%）,P = 0.033]。FK506组急性排斥发生后5年内的移植肾存活率为100%,高于CsA组的81.4%。FK506组急性排斥发生后24个月及36个月血尿酸分别为（265.5±147.9） μmol/L和（245.8±88.9） μmol/L,均显著低于CsA组的（428.5±119.3） μmol/L和（441.2±125.3） μmol/L（P < 0.01）。 结论 肾移植术后急性排斥发生后由CsA治疗切换成FK506治疗可降低再次排斥的发生率,而降低血尿酸水平有利移植肾的存活。     

他克莫司替代环孢素A治疗难治性排斥

目的：观察他克莫司（FK506）替代环孢素A（CsA)治疗肾移植后难治性急性排斥反应的有效性及安全性。方法：10例肾移植患者术后使用CsA,发生急性排斥反应后给予皮质激素冲击和单克隆抗体或抗胸腺细胞球蛋白,治疗无效后,停用CsA,开始给予FK506,服药1周后,根据血中FK506的浓度调整其用量,维持血中FK506的浓度为9－12ug/L。结果：10例患者中有9例急性排斥得到逆转,肾功能恢复正常,1例无效,随访50－350d,9例肾功能恢复者保持持续稳定,结论：FK506替代CsA治疗肾移植术后难治性急性排斥反应是安全,有效的。     

他克莫司与环孢素A在高致敏肾移植受者中的应用比较

目的 观察和比较高致敏肾移植受者应用他克莫司(FK506)与环孢素A(CsA)的有效性和安全性.方法 根据术后免疫抑制方案的不同,将147例高致敏肾移植受者(其中术前群体反应性抗体＞50%的首次肾移植受者59例,2次肾移植受者88例)分为FK506组(53例)和CsA组(94例),两组的免疫抑制方案分别为FK506(或CsA)+霉酚酸酯+泼尼松.观察并分析两组受者术后移植肾存活率、血肌酐水平以及并发症的发生率.结果 FK506组术后1、3和5年的移植肾存活率(86.8%、82.3%和75.3%)略高于CsA组(81.9%、75.4%和66.9%),但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);FK506组术后1年时血肌酐水平为(100.72±15.88)μmol/L,CsA组为(117.29±11.77)μmol/L,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);FK506组与CsA组相比,术后急性排斥反应、慢性排斥反应、肝功能损害、高血压和高血脂的发生率显著降低(P＜0.05),而高血糖的发生率明显升高(P＜0.01),两组移植肾功能延迟恢复和感染的发生率无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论 FK506与CsA相比,能有效降低高致敏受者肾移植术后急、慢性排斥反应的发生率,减少术后并发症的发生,提高移植肾的长期存活率,对高致敏肾移植受者是非常有效和安全的.     

环孢素A和他克莫司在高危肾移植患者中的应用比较

目的　比较高危肾移植患者术后应用环孢素 A(CsA)和他克莫司(FK506)的疗效和安全性。方法　将58例高危肾移植患者随机分为CsA组(30例)和FK506组(28 例),观察肾移植后 1年内两组的急性排斥发生率和药物逆转率、药物毒副作用及感染发生情况。结果　 FK506组和 CsA组的人/肾存活率分别为100%/100%和93.3%/86.7%;急性排斥反应发生率分别为14.3%和16.7%;抗排斥治疗的逆转率分别为100%和60%。FK506组药物毒副作用也较 CsA组小。结论　在高危肾移植患者的免疫抑制治疗中FK506应为首选。     

糖尿病合并终末期肾病肾移植术后应用他克莫司与环孢素A的比较

目的比较应用小剂量、低谷值浓度的他克莫司(FK506)和环孢素A(CsA)对糖尿病合并终末期肾病肾移植患者的疗效和安全性。方法选择因糖尿病合并终末期肾病行尸肾移植的患者共64例,随机分成两组,术后应用小剂量FK506组(33例)和应用CsA组(31例)。术后根据血糖水平调整胰岛素用量。比较两组急性排斥反应发生率、血糖水平、胰岛素用量的变化及对血压、血脂代谢和肝功能的影响。结果FK506组和CsA组1年人/肾存活率分别为96.97%/93.94%和96.77%/90.32%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。FK506组和CsA组急性排斥反应发生率分别为12.12%(4例)和35.48%(11例),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后1个月内,FK506组和CsA组胰岛素平均用量分别为(34.35±12.14)U/d和(28.15±8.33)U/d;术后1年,FK506组和CsA组胰岛素平均用量分别为(14.09±4.22)U/d和(13.05±2.17)U/d,两组同期比较,胰岛素用量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。FK506组中有21例(63.63%)需要降压治疗,5例(15.15%)需要降血脂治疗,3例(9.09%)出现肝功能损害,需要护肝治疗;CsA组中有28例(90.32%)需要降压治疗,13例(41.94%)需要降血脂治疗,11例(35.48%)出现肝功能损害,需要护肝治疗,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论终末期糖尿病肾病肾移植的患者使用小剂量、低谷值浓度的FK506疗效较好,副作用较小;对糖代谢的影响与CsA相近。     

Tacrolimus as a rescue immunosuppressant after heart transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this retrospective study is to review our experience with tacrolimus as a rescue immunosuppressant for heart transplant recipients with refractory rejection or cyclosporine intolerance. METHODS: From June 1995 to November 1998, 15 cardiac transplant recipients were converted from our standard cyclosporine-based immunosuppressive regimen to a tacrolimus-based treatment. Each patient had been treated with cyclosporine, azathioprine and steroids. Six were switched to tacrolimus for persistent rejection, four for recurrent acute rejection and five for severe debilitating side-effects attributed to cyclosporine. All ten patients converted to tacrolimus because of rejection had been treated with high-dose methylprednisolone intravenously and four had also received anti-lymphocyte globulin (ALG; one patient) or anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG; three patients) preparations. RESULTS: The time between transplantation and conversion to tacrolimus ranged from 44 to 1866 (median, 380) days. The range of follow-up after conversion was 84-1379 (median, 806) days. Eleven patients are alive with a follow-up period of 764+/-435 (median, 820) days. Four patients died between 90 and 930 (median, 464) days after conversion. The average number of episodes of acute rejection/recipient decreased from 2.1+/-1.6 on the cyclosporine regimen to 0.2+/-0.4 on the tacrolimus regimen (P<0.001). When the incidence of acute rejection was normalized for follow-up times (episodes/100 patient-days), the results were 1.1+/-1.4 and 0.07+/-0.2, respectively (P<0.01). The persistent/recurrent rejection resolved in all ten patients who were converted to tacrolimus. None of the five cyclosporine intolerant patients converted to tacrolimus experienced rejection after the changeover. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, conversion from a cyclosporine-based to a tacrolimus-based maintenance immunosuppression has been shown to be an effective and safe approach to the management of patients with persistent or recurrent cardiac allograft rejection or those with cyclosporine intolerance.     

Conversion to cyclosporine provides valuable rescue therapy for living donor adult liver transplant patients intolerant to tacrolimus: A single-center experience at the University of Tokyo

Tacrolimus-based immunosuppression is currently accepted as mainstream therapy in many transplant centers worldwide due to its potent immunosuppressive activity compared to cyclosporine. A tacrolimus-based regimen has been successfully used for our living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) recipients. Adverse effects such as neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and new-onset diabetes mellitus, however, have limited its clinical application. In deceased donor liver transplantation, cyclosporine rescue therapy is valuable for such complications, but few reports have described a strategy for conversion in LDLT. Herein, we present our experience of conversion from tacrolimus to cyclosporine therapy in adult LDLT recipients. Among 203 recipients, 37 patients (18%) required conversion, primarily for neurotoxicity (41%), diabetes mellitus (16%), hematopoietic disorder (16%), and gastrointestinal intolerance (11%). Primary adverse events resolved within 2 months after conversion in 35/37 (94%) of the patients. For LDLT recipients unable to maintain effective immunosuppression with tacrolimus, conversion to cyclosporine is an effective option.     

Neoral rescue therapy in transplant patients with intolerance to tacrolimus

BACKGROUND: The calcineurin inhibitors, cyclosporine and tacrolimus, are the mainstay of current immunosuppressive regimens for the prevention of acute rejection in organ transplantation. The choice of the individual agent used often depends on the preference of the Transplant Center and patient type. Adverse effects associated with tacrolimus may impact its clinical utility in many patients. This study characterizes the clinical outcomes of transplant recipients who experienced adverse effects from tacrolimus and were converted to cyclosporine-microemulsion-based (Neoral([cyclosporine, USP] MODIFIED) therapy. METHODS: Hepatic or renal allograft recipients unable to maintain adequate immunosuppression with a tacrolimus-based regimen for reasons of toxicity or efficacy were recruited for this study and converted to cyclosporine-microemulsion-based therapy. Data were collected on drug dosing, trough concentrations, and treatment duration, as well as detailed information on tacrolimus-associated toxicities that prompted rescue with cyclosporine-microemulsion. Furthermore, clinical and laboratory data related to the clinical course of the patients after conversion to cyclosporine-microemulsion were recorded for up to 1 yr following conversion. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty-seven transplant recipients were enrolled in this study. Predominant reasons for discontinuation of tacrolimus were neurotoxicity (55%), diabetes (24%), nephrotoxicity (15%), and gastrointestinal intolerance (24%). Patients frequently had multiple symptoms prompting rescue therapy with cyclosporine-microemulsion. Over 70% of subjects had improvement or resolution of their tacrolimus-associated adverse symptoms within 3 months post-conversion. Acute rejection episodes occurred in 27% of patients converted to cyclosporine-microemulsion. CONCLUSIONS: Cyclosporine-microemulsion rescue therapy in patients experiencing adverse clinical effects associated with tacrolimus is an effective treatment option which leads to resolution of these adverse effects in the majority of patients, and allows for satisfactory clinical outcomes.     

Steroid-free immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients and prograf monotherapy: an interim analysis of a prospective multicenter trial

This report described an interim analysis of a investigator-driven multicenter trial in renal transplant recipients: the Prospective Quality of life Renal Transplantation Switch Study; Tacrolimus-based immunosuppression ("PQRST study"). Patients included in the trial initially treated with cyclosporine-based immunosuppression after renal transplantation who experienced side effects, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hypertrichosis, or other adverse reactions, were converted to a tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive regimen (n = 31). Steroids were subsequently discontinued between 3 and 6 months after the conversion. As of today 19/31 (50%) patients have been successfully weaned off steroids with the remaining patients in this process. In this interim analysis, with a follow-up ranging from 1 to 18 months both patient and graft survivals were 100%. No patient experienced an acute rejection episode; none of the grafts were lost. Blood pressure decreased in 22/31 (71%) of the patients. No patient developed de novo diabetes or other serious side effect related to the conversion. Three patients were withdrawn from the trial because of side effects: bleeding, depression, and proteinuria. However, none of these adverse events were felt to be directly related to the change of the immunosuppressive regimen to tacrolimus monotherapy. In conclusion, conversion from cyclosporine to tacrolimus-based therapy was safe and well tolerated; it may improve the cardiovascular risk profile after kidney transplantation.     

Conversion from cyclosporine to tacrolimus in pediatric kidney transplant recipients

In pediatric kidney transplant recipients, tacrolimus has been proposed either for primary immunosuppression or as a rescue agent for refractory acute rejection, chronic rejection, and cyclosporine toxicity. This paper describes our experience with tacrolimus conversion from cyclosporine-based therapy in six selected cases: four due to refractory acute rejections unresponsive to conventional therapy, one to chronic graft rejection, and one to cyclosporine-related hypertrichosis. A "simple-switch" conversion was used without any overlap, starting with a dose of 0.2 mg/kg per day. The time to conversion varied from 10 to 730 days after the transplant. In the patients with acute rejection, the median time to reversal after tacrolimus conversion was 12 days. The symptoms of the patient with cyclosporine toxicity completely resolved without any loss of allograft function. The patient with chronic rejection maintained stable renal function for more than 1 year after conversion. A new onset of post-transplant diabetes mellitus and dose-related nephrotoxicity were recorded as adverse events. In conclusion, our experience suggests that tacrolimus can play an important role in the salvage treatment of pediatric kidney transplantations with deteriorating graft function due to acute rejection refractory to standard therapy. Tacrolimus conversion also provides excellent results in the presence of cyclosporine toxicity.     

Impaired erythropoietin production in liver transplant recipients: the role of calcineurin inhibitors.

Anemia is common following liver transplantation. Because cyclosporine inhibits erythropoietin (Epo) production in experimental models, we investigated whether Epo production was impaired in liver transplant recipients receiving a cyclosporine- or tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive regimen. First, serum Epo levels were measured before and 1 year after transplantation in 35 liver transplant recipients. Second, serum Epo levels were compared in a large series of liver transplant recipients with stable graft and renal functions: 27 receiving a cyclosporine-based and 31 receiving a tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive regimen. A reference group was made up of 22 blood donors and 21 nontransplanted subjects with iron-deficiency anemia. Serum Epo levels were significantly lower after than before liver transplantation, especially in cyclosporine-treated patients. Serum Epo concentrations correlated with hematocrit values in both transplant recipients and control subjects. Using multiple linear regression models, the polynomial relationship between hematocrit and serum Epo values was similar to the control group in patients under tacrolimus, whereas Epo production was significantly reduced in patients under cyclosporine-based immunosuppression. Hematocrit values and the type of calcineurin inhibitor were the only parameters independently related to Epo levels. In conclusion, cyclosporine, but not tacrolimus, inhibits Epo production at the doses used in clinical practice.     

Pure red cell aplasia caused by Parvovirus B19 infection in solid organ transplant recipients: a case report and review of literature

Human Parvovirus B19 (PV B19) is one of the several recently described 'emerging viruses' and has been identified as the etiological agent of 'fifth disease' in childhood. Human PV B19, which is the etiological agent of transient erythroblastopenia in hemolytic anemia, is also a recognized rare cause of red cell aplasia in immunocompromised patients, including transplant recipients. To date, 26 cases of PV B19-induced red cell aplasia have been reported in solid organ transplant recipients. Twelve patients had cyclosporine-based immunosuppression and 14 had tacrolimus-based immunosuppression. Sixteen of these patients required treatment with commercial intravenous immunoglobulin alone, 1 required treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin and plasmapheresis, 4 required intravenous immunoglobulin and erythropoietin, 1 required treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin and conversion of tacrolimus to cyclosporine, 1 had improvement in hematocrit with erythropoietin alone and in 3 patients the disease was self-limiting. Herein, we report a case of pure red cell aplasia caused by acute PV B19 infection in a renal transplant recipient in whom the immunosuppressive regimen included prednisone, mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus and the red cell aplasia resolved with discontinuation of mycophenolate mofetil.     

西罗莫司转换在肝移植受者中的应用

目的 西罗莫司是一种新型、高效、低肾毒性的免疫抑制剂.本研究旨在总结肝移植术后免疫抑制剂从普乐可复转向西罗莫司的临床经验.方法 回顾性分析中山大学附属第一医院从2004年1月到2008年1月间肝移植术后免疫抑制剂从普乐可复转向西罗莫司的病例(A组,32例);作为对照,同时分析同期肝移植术后免疫抑制剂从普乐可复转向环孢素的病例(B组,15例).结果 A组的转换成功率为34.5%,B组的转换成功率为46%,二组的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).A组的肾功能在转换后保持正常,而B组的肾功能在转换后4个月出现异常.A组出现了雷帕霉素相关性副作用,但均得到较好控制.结论 肝移植术后,西罗莫司可以替代普乐可复以控制急性排斥反应.     

Ethnic disparity in clinical outcome after heart transplantation is abrogated using tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil-based immunosuppression

BACKGROUND: Black American heart transplant recipients receiving cyclosporine-based primary immunoprophylaxis suffer higher rates of allograft rejection with hemodynamic compromise, infections, and posttransplant coronary artery disease. We examined the hypothesis that a combination of tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil "resurrects" clinical outcome of black Americans to those seen in white heart transplant recipients. METHODS: Sixty-three adult primary heart transplant recipients were included in this study. Twenty black American and 21 white patients who received tacrolimus-based primary immunoprophylaxis were enrolled in this prospective, observational parallel cohort investigation. A separate group of 22 black American patients were randomly allocated to receive cyclosporine-microemulsion-based primary prophylaxis and served as the control population for assessing outcomes in the black American group. Adjunctive immunosuppression included mycophenolate mofetil and corticosteroids. The primary end-point was the freedom from allograft rejection requiring treatment at 1 year. Secondary end-points included rejection with hemodynamic compromise, and patient or graft survival. Adverse events evaluated included development of infections requiring hospitalization and nonimmunological outcomes including hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus (new onset or worsened). RESULTS: Tacrolimus-treated black American patients had greater freedom from allograft rejection requiring treatment at 1 year than those treated with cyclosporine (64% vs. 37%, P=0.01). No differences were noted between tacrolimus-treated black Americans and whites in the primary end point (64% and 67% respectively, P=nonsignificant [NS]). Tacrolimus-based immunosuppression was associated with better 1-year survival in black Americans compared with cyclosporine (95% vs. 73%, P=0.04), and this end point was similar to that achieved in tacrolimus-treated white heart transplant recipients (95%). No differences in infection rates were noted among either group. Cyclosporine-treated black Americans suffered more hyperlipidemia and worse hypertension than tacrolimus-treated patients. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with cyclosporine, an immunosuppressive strategy using tacrolimus in black Americans achieves superior efficacy with regard to allograft rejection, higher allograft survival, and similar safety. Furthermore, tacrolimus-based immunosuppression is similar in immunological efficacy and safety in black Americans and in white heart transplant recipients.     

他克莫司延缓移植肾功能衰竭进程的临床研究

目的　观察他克莫司 (FK5 0 6 )延缓慢性移植肾功能衰竭进程的有效性及安全性。方法　选择肾移植术后肾功能异常 ,并经病理证实为慢性排斥反应者 ,将原先以环孢素A (CsA)为基础的免疫抑制方案切换成FK5 0 6为主的免疫抑制方案 ,FK5 0 6起始剂量为 0 .15mg·kg-1·d-1。结果　 10例肾移植受者在换用FK5 0 6治疗后 ,血胆固醇水平和血压明显降低 ,用于控制高血压的药物明显减少 ,血肌酐水平明显降低 ,肾小球滤过率得到明显改善。结论　FK5 0 6对延缓移植肾慢性排斥引起的肾功能衰竭的进程是安全有效的。