Comparision of different pacing sites of the right ventricle on right myocardial function by using tissue Doppler imaging

目的 应用组织多普勒显像技术(TDI)评价右室流出道间隔部起搏(RVOT)和心尖部起搏(RVA)对右心室功能的影响.方法 72例置人DDD型起搏器的患者根据心室电极放置的部位分为RVOT起搏组(38例)和RVA起搏组(34例),术前和术后3个月测定右心室侧壁三尖瓣环处的相关TDI参数.结果 RVOT组患者术后3个月与术前相比收缩期峰值速度(Sim)无明显变化(P＞0.05);而舒张早期峰值速度(Em)、舒张晚期峰值速度(Am)及Em/Am均较术前有明显改善(P＜0.05);等容收缩期时间(IVCT)无明显改变(P＞0.05),而等容舒张期时间(IVRT)缩短,射血时间(ET)延长,Tei指数由0.52±0.08下降至0.40±0.07(P ＜0.05).RAV组术后3个月与术前相比,Sm无明显变化(P＞0.05),Em/Am由0.76±0.10下降为0.68 +0.20(P ＜0.05),IVCT无明显改变,而IVRT延长,ET缩短,Tei指数由0.58±0.09上升至0.71 +0.06(P ＜0.05).术后3个月RVOT组与RAV组相比,Sm及IVCT无明显变化,而反映舒张功能的主要指标Em/Am、Tei指数有显著改善(P＜0.05).结论 RVOT起搏能够改善依赖心室起搏的Ⅱ度或Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞患者3个月时的右心室舒张功能,而RVA起搏则会使此类患者右心室舒张功能恶化,两种不同部位起搏对右室的收缩功能影响不显著.     

组织多普勒评价重叠综合征患者右心功能的临床研究

目的通过组织多普勒(TDI)检查评价轻中度慢性阻塞性肺疾病(慢阻肺)合并重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)重叠综合征(OS)患者的右心功能变化。方法选取来我院呼吸内科就诊的轻中度慢阻肺缓解期患者120名,行多导睡眠监测(PSG),根据PSG监测结果选定单纯慢阻肺组、OS组及正常对照组各30名。对各组进行心脏多普勒及同步心电图检查,记录三尖瓣瓣环十字交叉处测三尖瓣环舒张早期峰值速度(Em)及舒张晚期峰值速度(Am);同时测量三尖瓣瓣环右心室游离壁处舒张早期峰值速度(Em’)及舒张晚期峰值速度(Am’),并计算心肌运动指数(Tei),Em/Am及Em’/Am’。结果正常对照组、单纯慢阻肺组及OS组三尖瓣环Em/Am比值1的比例分别为42.6%、76.3%、88.9%,与正常对照组比较,慢阻肺组及OS组三尖瓣环十字交叉处及右室游离壁侧Em/Am及Em’/Am’下降,且有统计学差异(P0.05),以OS组变化更为显著。慢阻肺组、OS组三尖瓣环十字交叉处、右室游离壁侧Tei指数均大于正常组且有统计学差异(P0.05),与单纯慢阻肺组比较,OS组Tei指数增高,有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论重叠综合征患者右心功能受累较单纯慢阻肺组更加明显,组织多普勒检测及Tei指数可作为临床评价指标。     

组织多普勒显像评估有机磷农药中毒患者左心功能变化

目的 探讨组织多普勒显像评估急性有机磷农药中毒对左心功能的影响.方法 选择78例南华医院就诊的有机磷农药中毒病人,分为轻中度中毒42例和重度中毒36例2组,与我院同期体检的正常对照组32例进行比较,入院后行血胆碱酯酶、肌酸激酶同功酶、心电图等检查.应用组织多普勒显像采集标准心尖四腔心切面左心室二尖瓣环的运动频谱,测量六位点平均收缩期峰速度(Sm)、舒张早期峰值速度(Em)、舒张晚期峰值速度(Am) 、等容舒张时间(IVRT),然后用传统脉冲多普勒超声测定二尖瓣口血流速度参数(E、A),计算E/A、Em/Am、E/Em 、Tei指数进行对照分析.结果 (1)E/A、Em/Am 、胆碱酯酶:正常对照组＞轻中度中毒组＞重度中毒组患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);(2)IVRT、 E/Em、Tei指数、肌酸激酶同功酶:正常对照组＜轻中度中毒组＜重度中毒组患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而重度中毒组患者左心室Em/Am＜E/A＜1,IVRT较对照组延长.E/A 与Em/Am呈正相关(P<0.001).结论 重度中毒组患者左心室收缩和舒张功能均有不同程度受损.组织多普勒显像可准确、定量、无创地评价有机磷农药中毒患者左心室功能,较传统超声、心肌酶谱更可靠,对预防心脏并发症有一定临床价值.     

组织多普勒成像技术评价老年高血压患者右心室功能的临床研究

目的探讨组织多普勒成像(TDI)技术评价老年高血压患者右心室功能的临床价值。方法选择老年高血压患者34例(高血压组)和健康老年人44例(对照组)。经胸超声心动图检查,应用TDI技术于心尖四腔观获取右心室侧壁三尖瓣环处心肌运动频谱图,测量舒张早期峰值速度(Em)、舒张晚期峰值速度(Am),并计算Em和Am比值。同时测量收缩期峰值速度(Sm)、等容收缩期心肌加速度。结果高血压组Em(5.91±1.56)cm/s、Am(12.79±2.63)cm/s、Sm(10.82±1.45)cm/s均明显低于对照组Em(7.57±2.11)cm/s、Am(14.27±2.03)cm/s、Sm(12.68±2.33)cm/s,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000,P=0.006,P=0.000);Em/Am高血压组(0.47±0.12)明显低于对照组(0.54±0.15),差异有统计学意义(P=0.048)。结论 TDI可以准确、直观地评价老年高血压患者右心室功能。     

DDD起搏器选择心室起搏部位对血流动力学的影响

目的比较右室间隔部(RVS)和右室心尖部(RVA)起搏对血流动力学的影响。方法42例置入DDD起搏器的患者,分为RVS组和RVA组;比较2组术前和术后3个月随访的左室射血分数(LVEF)、心脏指数(CI)、每搏量(SV)、左室最大压力上升速率(dp/dtmax)、左室最大压力下降速率(-dp/dtmax)、二尖瓣血流E峰和A峰最大充盈速度比值(E/A)、等容舒张时间(IVRT)差异。结果与术前相比,RVA组3个月随访的LVEF、CI、SV、dp/dtmax、-dp/dtmax、E/A、IVRT均显著降低(0.51±0.04vs0.54±0.03;2.33±0.09L/min.m-2vs2.68±0.11L/min.m-2;71.11±14.2mlvs80.17±16.12ml;1614±133mmHg/svs1702±155mmHg/s;2230±234mm-Hg/svs2404±242mmHg/s;1.38±0.47vs1.86±0.28;73.2±3.86msvs77.6±4.15ms,均P<0.05),RVS组无明显变化。3个月随访RVS组LVEF、CISV、SV、dp/dtmax均显著高于RVA组(P<0.05)。结论RVS起搏对血流动力学无不良影响。     

高血压患者心室局部舒张功能

目的 观测并探讨高血压患者是否存在心脏局部舒张功能渐进或程序性的变化规律及其影响因素.方法 随机选择原发性高血压患者共161例,正常健康人40例.应用脉冲组织多普勒技术测量及记录右房室环与右心室游离壁交界处(RAVP1)、右房室环与室间隔交界处(RAVP2)、左房室环与室间隔交界处(LAVP1),左房室环与左室侧壁交界处(LAVP2)共4点的舒张早期(Em)及舒张晚期(Am)最大速度,计算二者的比值,比较组间及组内各点Em/Am比值＜1的发生率.结果 高血压患者以上4点Em/Am比值＜1的发生率显著高于对照组(分别是156/161 vs 31/41;126/161 vs 5/40;125/161 vs 5/40,92/161 vs 3/40,均P＜0.01);高血压患者局部Em/Am比值＜1发生率按从大到小依次为:右室侧壁(RAVP1)、室间隔[RAVP2和(或)LAVP1]、左室侧壁(LAVP2);除外室间隔、左室侧壁和右室侧壁3点均Em/Am＜1的患者,当RAVP1点Em/Am＜1时,高血压患者单独室间隔局部Em/Am＜1的发生率与单独左室侧壁Em/Am＜1的发生率比较差异有非常显著意义(P＜0.01).多元线性回归分析提示高血压病程、高血压级别、年龄与吸烟是影响舒张期功能障碍的独立因素.结论 高血压患者局部舒张功能减退,并且呈右室、室间隔、左室的渐进性改变的趋势;随着高血压病程、高血压的级别等增加高血压患者舒张功能减退的范围加重.无论高血压还是对照组其右室Em/Am比值＜1发生率极高,一方面预示右室舒张功能的减退可能是高血压患者舒张功能改变的首发部位,另一方面反映了按Em/Am比值＜1的标准来诊断右室舒张功能减退可能存在敏感性高,而特异性低的后果.     

组织多普勒技术评估血栓抽吸治疗对急性下壁心肌梗死患者右室功能的影响

目的 探讨组织多普勒(TDI)技术评估血栓抽吸治疗对急性下壁心肌梗死(AIMI)患者右室功能的影响.方法 将46例AIMI患者随机分为两组,对照组27例行急诊经皮冠脉介入(PCI)治疗,观察组19例行PCI+血栓抽吸治疗.两组均于PCI后1周行超声心动图检查,在胸骨旁长轴用M型超声检测左室舒张末内径(LVEDD)、左房前后径(LAD)、右室舒张末内径(RVEDD)、左室射血分数(LVEF);在标准心尖四腔心切面转换为TDI频谱多普勒形式,检测三尖瓣环收缩期峰值运动速度(Sm)、舒张早期峰值运动速度(Em)、心房收缩期峰值运动速度(Am)及Em/Am比值;并计算右室Tei指数.结果 与对照组比较,观察组三尖瓣环的Sm、Em、Am及Em/Am比值升高,右室Tei指数下降(P均＜0.05),LVEDD、LAD、RVEDD、LVEF均无明显变化(P均＞0.05).结论 TDI技术能检测到AIMI患者的右室功能变化,血栓抽吸治疗可改善其右室功能.     

组织多普勒成像对慢性肺动脉高压患者右心室功能的评价

目的 探讨组织多普勒成像技术评价慢性肺动脉高压患者右心室功能及与肺动脉收缩压的关系.方法 对2006年10月至2007年3月在复旦大学华山医院心内科就诊的35例慢性肺动脉高压和35名正常人进行组织多普勒超声心动图检查,从心尖四腔观获得右室侧壁三尖瓣环的运动速度频谱图,测量收缩期S波峰速度(Sm),舒张早期负向E波峰速度(Em),舒张晚期负向A波峰速度(Am),等容收缩时间(IVCT)和等容舒张时间(IVRT).结果 肺动脉高压组Sm、Em和Em/Am均低于对照组,肺动脉高压组Am、IVRT均高于对照组,差异均有显著性意义.IVRT和肺动脉收缩压(PASP)存在显著的正相关(r=0.78,P＜0.01),IVRT≥60 ms诊断肺动脉高压的敏感度和特异度分别为83%和86%.结论 慢性肺动脉高压导致右心收缩及舒张功能减退,当连续多普勒不能估测肺动脉收缩压时,组织多普勒可作为肺动脉收缩压估测的新方法.     

右室收缩功能不全对左室功能和收缩同步性的影响

目的分析右室收缩功能不全对左室功能及收缩同步性的影响。方法将60例充血性心力衰竭病人按照右心室收缩功能分为正常组(32例)和异常组(28例),同期选取30名健康体检人员作为健康对照组。通过超声心动图对3组人员左右心室功能指标以及参数进行分析。结果心功能结构比较:右室功能,正常组和异常组右室舒张末期内径(RVEDD)、室间隔厚度(IVSd)均明显高于对照组(P0.05),异常组与正常组相比存在RVEDD增大、IVSd增厚以及左室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)缩小现象(P0.05)。心功能指标比较:3组A峰值无统计学意义(P0.05);异常组E/A和E值明显低于其他两组(P0.05)。异常组和正常组Tei指数明显高于对照组(P0.05),异常组更加明显。PW-TDI模式下与对照组相比,正常组和异常组IVSd的Sm、Em、Am均明显降低,异常组降低水平更明显。而左心室游离壁(LVW)的Sm、Em、Am、E/Em、均有明显升高,Em/Am明显降低(P0.05),异常组Sm、Em、Am降低水平更明显。收缩同步性比较:正常组和异常组病人瓣环水平LVW达峰时间明显比健康对照组延迟(P0.05);正常组和异常组病人瓣环水平LVW-IVS、LVW-RVW以及RVW-IVS差值明显升高(P0.05),异常组更加明显(P0.05)。结论右室收缩功能不全(右室功能障碍)病人很容易通过新室间的相互作用而造成左室功能异常,影响收缩同步性。     

高血压患者心室局部舒张功能

目的观测并探讨高血压患者是否存在心脏局部舒张功能渐进或程序性的变化规律及其影响因素。方法随机选择原发性高血压患者共161例,正常健康人40例。应用脉冲组织多普勒技术测量及记录右房室环与右心室游离壁交界处(RAVP1)、右房室环与室间隔交界处(RAVP2)、左房室环与室间隔交界处(LAVP1),左房室环与左室侧壁交界处(LAVP2)共4点的舒张早期(Em)及舒张晚期(Am)最大速度,计算二者的比值,比较组间及组内各点Em/Am比值<1的发生率。结果高血压患者以上4点Em/Am比值<1的发生率显著高于对照组(分别是156/161vs31/41;126/161vs5/40;125/161vs5/40,92/161vs3/40,均P<0·01);高血压患者局部Em/Am比值<1发生率按从大到小依次为右室侧壁(RAVP1)、室间隔[RAVP2和(或)LAVP1]、左室侧壁(LAVP2);除外室间隔、左室侧壁和右室侧壁3点均Em/Am<1的患者,当RAVP1点Em/Am<1时,高血压患者单独室间隔局部Em/Am<1的发生率与单独左室侧壁Em/Am<1的发生率比较差异有非常显著意义(P<0·01)。多元线性回归分析提示高血压病程、高血压级别、年龄与吸烟是影响舒张期功能障碍的独立因素。结论高血压患者局部舒张功能减退,并且呈右室、室间隔、左室的渐进性改变的趋势;随着高血压病程、高血压的级别等增加高血压患者舒张功能减退的范围加重。无论高血压还是对照组其右室Em/Am比值<1发生率极高,一方面预示右室舒张功能的减退可能是高血压患者舒张功能改变的首发部位,另一方面反映了按Em/Am比值<1的标准来诊断右室舒张功能减退可能存在敏感性高,而特异性低的后果。     

Assessing the effect of low dose dobutamine on various diastolic function indexes.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of low dose dobutamine (LDD) on various diastolic function parameters in patients without wall motion abnormality. METHODS: Thirty-one volunteer patients who had no regional wall motion abnormality were included in the study. Echocardiographic measurements were taken both at pre-dobutamine and during LDD infusion. The peak E velocity, A velocity, the E/A ratio, deceleration time (DT), isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT), myocardial performance index (MPI) and flow propagation velocity (FPV) were assessed as left ventricular diastolic function parameters. Tissue Doppler velocities were also obtained in order to calculate the E/Em and Em/Am ratios. RESULTS: No significant changes were observed in heart rate, E velocity, A velocity, E/A ratio, E/Em ratio, Em/Am ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressure with LDD. With LDD, DT (239+/-40 ms vs. 201+/-31 ms, p<0.001), IVRT (109+/-12 ms vs. 94+/-11 ms, p<0.001) and MPI (0.57+/-0.15 vs. 0.44+/-0.22, p<0.001) were found to be decreased, while there was an increase in FPV (45+/-8 cm/s vs. 59+/-10 cm/s, p<0.001) and ejection fraction (64+/-6% vs. 66+/-7%, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Low dose dobutamine (5 mcg/kg of body weight) improves left ventricular relaxation in patients with normal wall motion, while it has no effect on left ventricular filling pressure index.     

The relationship between flow-mediated dilatation and left ventricular function in type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria

Objective The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function in type 2 diabetic patients with or without microalbuminuria. Research Design and Methods We prospectively evaluated 68 consecutive patients (36 women, 32 men; mean age 57±11 yr) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Patients were divided into two groups according to whether or not they had microalbuminuria: group 1 (n=29, mean age 58±10 yr) with microalbuminuria and group 2 (n=39, mean age 56±10 yr) without microalbuminuria. LV function was assessed by classical methods and Doppler tissue imaging (DTI). Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), interventricular (IVS) and posterior wall (PW) thickness, peak early (E) and late (A) transmitral filling velocities, their ratio (E/A) and deceleration time of the mitral E wave (DT), LV isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT), flow propagation of velocity (Vp), and E/Vp were evaluated by conventional echocardiography. Early diastolic (Em), late diastolic (Am), and peak systolic (Sm) mitral annular velocities were measured. Em/Am and the ratio of early diastolic mitral inflow velocity to Em (E/Em), which is a reasonably good index for predicting elevated LV filling pressure, were calculated by DTI. Endothelial function, measured as flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery using ultrasound, was calculated in two groups. Results FMD was lower in those with microalbuminuria than those without (8.8±6.44% vs 12.6±7.24%, p=0.03). Group 1 had longer DT (223±39 ms vs 199±37 ms, p=0.01) and longer IVRT (109±13 ms vs 100 ±13 ms, p=0.03) than that of group 2 with conventional echocardiography. Group 1 had significantly lower Em/Am (0.79±0.27 cm/s vs 1.02±0.44 cm/s, p=0.01), lower Vp (40.4±9.98 vs 50.4±19.01 cm/s, p=0.01) than that of group 2. Group 1 had significantly higher serum creatinine (1±0.33 mg/dL vs 0.7±0.19, p=0.001). In logistic regression analysis, FMD was the only variable independently related to microalbuminuria. FMD was positively correlated with EF (r=0.43, p=0.02) and E/A (r=0.40, p=0.03), and negatively correlated with E/Em (r=0.41, p=0.04) and E/Vp (r=0.41), p=0.04) only in patients with microalbuminuria. Conclusion It was found that left ventricular diastolic function and FMD are impaired in type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. FMD may be related to LV diastolic dysfunction only in patients with microalbuminuria.     

Assessment of left ventricular diastolic function and the Tei index by tissue Doppler imaging in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism

Background The aim of this study was to assess left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function and myocardial performance (the Tei index) by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Methods We prospectively evaluated 21 patients with PHPT [nine women, 12 men; aged 50 ± 11 years, serum calcium 2·9 ± 0·17 mmol/l, intact PTH (iPTH) 51·5 ± 52·1 pmol/l] and 27 healthy control subjects (13 women, 14 men; aged 49 ± 10 years, serum calcium 2·35 ± 0·12 mol/l, iPTH 2·9 ± 0·9 pmol/l). LV systolic and diastolic function was assessed by conventional echocardiography and by TDI. Early diastolic (Em), late diastolic (Am) and peak systolic (Sm) mitral annular velocities, the ratio Em/Am and the Tei index were calculated from TDI measurements. Mitral inflow velocities, colour M‐mode flow propagation velocity (Vp), relative wall thickness (RWT) and LV mass index (LVMI) were assessed by two‐dimensional echocardiography. Results Em and Em/Am were lower in patients with PHPT than in healthy controls (11·2 ± 1·5 cm/s vs. 13·5 ± 2·5 cm/s, P = 0·005; 0·94 ± 0·27 vs. 1·36 ± 0·44, P = 0·02, respectively). In patients with PHPT, the Tei index was significantly higher than that in controls (0·45 ± 13·6 vs. 0·33 ± 8·1, P = 0·02). Peak (E) velocity and the ratio of E to peak late (A) velocity (E/A) were lower in those with PHPT than in those without (59 ± 15 cm/s vs. 72 ± 19 cm/s, P = 0·02; 0·8 ± 0·15 vs. 1·1 ± 0·33, P = 0·001, respectively). Patients with PHPT had significantly higher RWT (0·50 ± 0·02 cm vs. 0·41 ± 0·02 cm, P = 0·0001), isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) (115 ± 13 ms vs. 103 ± 11 ms P = 0·04) and A velocity (79 ± 16 cm/s vs. 68 ± 13 cm/s P = 0·05) than controls. Vp was lower in PHPT patients than in healthy subjects (42 ± 9·98 cm/s vs. 54 ± 19·01 cm/s P = 0·04). There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding LV end‐diastolic and end‐systolic dimensions, LVMI, deceleration time of the mitral E wave, Am and Sm. Conclusion TDI analysis of mitral annular velocities, Em/Am and the Tei index is useful for assessing LV diastolic dysfunction in patients with PHPT. The parameters obtained from the lateral mitral annulus by TDI can be used for the identification of LV diastolic dysfunction in PHPT patients.     

Determinants of tissue Doppler measures of regional diastolic function during dobutamine stress echocardiography

Background Diastolic dysfunction induced by ischemia may alter transmitral blood flow, but this reflects global ventricular function, and pseudonormalization may occur with increased preload. Tissue Doppler may assess regional diastolic function and is relatively load-independent, but limited data exist regarding its application to stress testing. We sought to examine the stress response of regional diastolic parameters to dobutamine echocardiography (DbE). Methods Sixty-three patients underwent study with DbE: 20 with low probability of coronary artery disease (CAD) and 43 with CAD who underwent angiography. A standard DbE protocol was used, and segments were categorized as ischemic, scar, or normal. Color tissue Doppler was acquired at baseline and peak stress, and waveforms in the basal and mid segments were used to measure early filling (Em), late filling (Am), and E deceleration time. Significant CAD was defined by stenoses >50% vessel diameter. Results Diastolic parameters had limited feasibility because of merging of Em and Am waves at high heart rates and limited reproducibility. Nonetheless, compared with normal segments, segments subtended with significant stenoses showed a lower Em velocity at rest (6.2 ± 2.6 cm/s vs 4.8 ± 2.2 cm/s, P < .0001) and peak (7.5 ± 4.2 cm/s vs 5.1 ± 3.6 cm/s, P < .0001). Abnormal segments also showed a shorter E deceleration time (51 ± 27 ms vs 41 ± 27 ms, P = .0001) at base and peak. No changes were documented in Am. The same pattern was seen with segments identified as ischemic with wall motion score. However, in the absence of ischemia, segments of patients with left ventricular hypertrophy showed a lower Em velocity, with blunted Em responses to stress. Conclusion Regional diastolic function is sensitive to ischemia. However, a number of practical limitations limit the applicability of diastolic parameters for the quantification of stress echocardiography. (Am Heart J 2002;144:516-23.)     

Levosimendan versus dobutamine in heart failure patients treated chronically with carvedilol

Introduction : Although beta‐blockers are highly effective in the treatment of heart failure (HF), many patients with HF receiving a beta‐blocker continue to become decompensated and require hospitalization for worsening HF. Levosimendan and dobutamine are used to manage decompensated HF, but their comparative effects on left ventricular (LV) function in patients prescribed beta‐blockers are unknown. Aims : The aim of this study was to compare the effects of dobutamine and levosimendan on LV systolic and diastolic functions in chronic HF patients treated chronically with carvedilol. Forty patients with chronic HF who had NYHA class III to IV symptoms, a LV ejection fraction (LVEF) <40%, and ongoing treatment with carvedilol were enrolled in this randomized (1:1), dobutamine controlled, open‐label study. Before and 24 h after treatment, LVEF, mitral inflow peak E and A wave velocity, E/A ratio, the deceleration time of the E wave (DT), isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT), peak systolic (Sm) and early diastolic (Em) mitral annular velocity, and systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) were measured by echocardiography. Results : Levosimendan produced a statistically significant increase in LVEF (28 ± 5% vs. 33 ± 3%), Sm (6.5 ± 1.2 cm/s vs. 7.4 ± 0.9 cm/s), DT (120 ± 10 ms vs. 140 ± 15 ms), and Em (7.5 ± 0.4 cm/s vs. 8.1 ± 0.5 cm/s) and significant decrease in E/A ratio (2.1 ± 0.3 vs. 1.7 ± 0.4) and SPAP (55 ± 5 mmHg vs. 40 ± 7 mmHg). No significant change occurred in LV systolic and diastolic function parameters, or SPAP with dobutamine treatment. Levosimendan did not significantly alter the heart rate (72 ± 4 bpm vs. 70 ± 3 bpm), systolic (105 ± 5 mmHg vs. 102 ± 4 mmHg), or diastolic blood pressure (85 ± 5 mmHg vs. 83 ± 5 mmHg) whereas with dobutamine treatment, all these parameters significantly increased. Conclusions : Dobutamine and levosimendan have different effects on LV functions in patients treated chronically with carvedilol. These differences should be considered when selecting inotropic therapy for decompensated HF receiving long‐term carvedilol.     

Assessment of Right Ventricular Diastolic Function by Tissue Doppler Imaging in Patients with Acute Right Ventricular Myocardial Infarction

Background: It is known that right ventricular systolic parameters as assessed by color tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) are abnormal in patients with inferior wall ST elevation myocardial infarction (IWMI) with right ventricular myocardial infarction (RVMI). This study was undertaken to determine right ventricular diastolic function as assessed by TDI in patients with acute RVMI. Methods: Thirty‐five patients with first IWMI were studied and compared with 20 age‐matched healthy controls, and categorized into those with (14 patients) and without (21 patients) RVMI based on standard ECG criteria. Peak systolic, peak early and late diastolic velocities (Sm, Em, and Am), Em/Am ratio along with time to Sm (ECG Q‐Sm) and time to Em (ECG Q‐Em) were acquired from the apical 4‐chamber view at the lateral side of tricuspid annulus using TDI. Results: Sm, Em, and Em/Am ratio was reduced significantly in patients with RVMI as compared with those without RVMI and healthy individuals (Sm [11.1 ± 2.9] vs. [14 ± 1.9] and [14.5 ± 2.1] cm/sec, P < 0.01; Em [9.2 ± 3.5] vs. [12.9 ± 3] and [14.0 ± 2.0] cm/sec, P < 0.01; Em/Am ratio 0.53 ± 0.2 vs. 0.78 ± 0.19 and 0.8 ± 0.3 [P < 0.0001]). Among the intervals, there was significant prolongation of Q‐Em (558 ± 14.8 vs. 507 ± 16.2 and 480 ± 20 ms [P < 0.0001]) but Q‐Sm and Am were not statistically different between the groups. Conclusion: Right ventricular TDI diastolic parameters are abnormal in patients with RVMI. The method of recording the velocities and time intervals are simple and can be used to assess right ventricular diastolic function in patients with RVMI. (Echocardiography 2010;27:539‐543)     

超声组织同步成像技术评价右束支传导阻滞老年患者心室同步性的研究

目的 应用多普勒组织速度成像(TVI)技术评价老年冠心病右柬支传导阻滞患者心室的舒张和收缩的同步性. 方法 选择冠心病完全性右束支阻滞(CRBBB)老年患者35例及健康人31例(对照组)进行心肌组织同步显像研究,测量收缩期和舒张早期左、右心室基底段和中间段共14节段达到峰值时间(Ts和Te),并计算右心室2节段收缩达到峰值时间平均值(Ts-2-RV)及左心室12节段收缩及舒张达到峰值时间平均值(Ts-12-LV和Te-12-LV)、左心室12节段达到峰值时间的标准差(Ts-12-SD和Te-12-SD)和最大差值(Ts-diff和Te-diff).测量左心室收缩和舒张未内径和容积. 结果 (1)CRBBB组左、右心室14节段收缩期达到峰值时间较对照组延长(P<0.05或P<0.01),Ts-12-LV、Ts-12-SD、Ts-diff均长于对照组(P<0.01),CRBBB组中Ts-2-RV较Ts-12-LV延长,分别为(226.3±37.4)ms和(195.5±69.5)ms,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);(2)CRBBB组左、右心室14节段舒张早期达到峰值时间与对照组差异无统计学意义,左心室Te-12-SD、Te-diff长于对照组(P<0.01). 结论 CRBBB患者心室收缩达到峰值时间延长,以右心室显著,收缩和舒张同步性较健康人差.     

Are Reciprocal Changes a Consequence of “Ischemia at a Distance” or Merely a Benign Electrical Phenomenon? A Pulsed‐Wave Tissue Doppler Echocardiographic Study

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate whether ST segment depression in precordial leads at the time of acute inferior myocardial infarction represents a reciprocal change rather than concurrent anterior wall ischemia on the surface electrocardiography. Background: The mechanism of reciprocal ST segment depression during acute myocardial infarction is controversial. “Ischemia at a distance” or a benign electrical phenomenon has been implicated in numerous reports. Pulsed‐wave tissue Doppler (PWTD) echocardiography can be used to examine the regional diastolic motion of the left ventricular myocardial wall and may allow the detection of ischemic segments. Methods: We evaluated regional myocardial ischemia using PWTD echocardiography in 48 patients with a first inferior wall myocardial infarction. The left ventricle was divided into 16 segments. PWTD echocardiographic velocities were obtained from each left ventricular segments. Results: Reciprocal ST segment depression was present in 35 patients (Group 1) but not in the remaining 13 patients (Group 2). There were no significant differences between groups 1 and 2 with respect to systolic (S) (7.4 ± 1.1 vs 6.8 ± 0.9 cm/s; P > 0.05), early (E) (10.5 ± 2 vs 9.4 ± 1.2 cm/s; P > 0.05), and late (A) (9.5 ± 3.2 vs 8.5 ± 2.3 cm/s; P > 0.05) diastolic waves peak velocities, E/A ratio 1.1 ± 0.2 vs 1.1 ± 0.1; P > 0.05), Ewave deceleration time (DT) (92 ± 17 vs 101 ± 16 ms; P > 0.05) and regional relaxation time (RT) (82 ± 19 vs 93 ± 21 ms; P > 0.05) in anterior wall (basal levels), which correspond to reciprocal ST segment depression on electrocardiography. According to E/A ratio detected by PWTD echocardiography in anterior wall and anterior septum, patients with reciprocal ST segment depression were also divided into two groups: Group A, with E/A ratio > 1; Group B, with E/A ratio < 1. Among the 35 patients with reciprocal ST segment depression, anterior wall ischemia was present in 10 patients and absent in 25 patients, whereas anterior septal ischemia was present 12 patients and absent in 23 patients. Conclusions: Reciprocal ST segment depression during the early phases of inferior infarction is an electrical reflection of primary ST segment elevation in the area of infarction.     

Effects of radiofrequency catheter ablation on myocardial performance index and plasma NT-Pro-BNP levels in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

Background: The myocardial performance index (Tei index) is an echocardiographic index of combined systolic and diastolic functions. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and its biologically inactive fragment N-terminal pro-BNP (NT-pro-BNP) are secreted by the heart in response to myocardial stretch. In this study, we investigated Tei index and NT-pro-BNP levels in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome before and after radiofrequency catheter ablation therapy (RFCA).
Methods: Thirty patients (19 males, 11 females, aged 35.5 ± 14.4 years) with WPW syndrome were enrolled in this study. Echocardiographic examination was performed before and 24 hours after RFCA. Tei index was calculated using Doppler echocardiography. Blood samples were taken before and 24 hours after RFCA to detect levels of NT-pro-BNP. Results: Although isovolumic contraction time (IVCT) and isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) did not change, aortic ejection time (ET) was decreased after RFCA (276 ± 22 ms vs 254 ± 30 ms, P < 0.01). So Tei index was significantly higher in postablation period (0.36 ± 0.11 vs 0.42 ± 0.21, P < 0.05). NT-pro-BNP levels did not change significantly after RFCA. Conclusions: We demonstrated that restoration of normal atrioventricular conduction by RFCA, leads to increase in Tei index but does not effect plasma NT-pro-BNP levels .