胆囊结石合并胆总管小结石治疗策略

目的探讨胆囊结石继发胆总管小结石仅行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)治疗的可行性。方法回顾性分析我院2012年11月~2017年1月我院23例患者,22例明确为胆囊结石合并胆总管小结石,胆总管内径均0.9 cm,1例胆总管结石可疑,胆总管内径1.08 cm。待患者腹痛症状缓解,酶学指标恢复接近正常后行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)。结果其中20例患者中16例待腹痛缓解、生化基本正常后行LC术,4例急诊病例腹痛缓解后分别在5 d、6 d、1周、1月后复查磁共振,提示胆总管结石排尽后行LC术,术后均无腹痛发生,随访2~12月,影像学检查提示胆总管未见结石。另3例分别在LC术后多次出现腹痛,磁共振提示胆总管小结石未排,于术后4月、6月、21月再次行ERCP+EST治愈。结论胆囊结石合并胆总管小结石,胆总管小结石有较高排石概率,大部分患者无需行胆道探查或EST治疗,仅行LC术可行、有效。     

腹腔镜下经胆囊管途径胆道镜胆总管探查术的临床应用(附32例报告)

目的探讨腹腔镜下经胆囊管途径行胆道镜胆总管探查取石治疗胆囊胆总管结石的可行性。方法自2008年1月至2013年12月为32例胆囊胆总管结石的患者实施了腹腔镜下经胆囊管途径胆道镜胆总管探查取石术。结果 32例手术均获得成功,术中阴性探查1例,结石取净率为100%;术后并发症:1例患者于术后3 d出现间歇性右上痛,术后6 d时出现轻微黄疸症状,通过保守治疗,术后8 d腹痛缓解,黄疸消退。其他患者无胆漏、黄疸、腹痛及切口感染;术后共随访患者29例,无结石再发或胆管狭窄的发生。结论通过适当的手术患者选择,术者腹腔镜、胆道镜技术的熟练,腹腔镜下经胆囊管途径行胆道镜胆总管探查取石术是安全、可行的。     

胆囊癌放疗、化疗的进展

目的 总结腹腔镜下处理急性胆囊炎的临床经验。方法 回顾性分析1998年3月～2004年5月58例急性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的临床资料：结果58例中经胆囊管造影6例，显示胆总管结石5例，其中2例在LC联合胆道镜下行胆总管切开取石T管引流；其余3例由于胆囊三角关系不清而中转开腹行胆囊切除胆总管切开取石T管引流。单纯胆囊结石52例，50例LC成功，2例因炎症粘连明显而中转开腹。有1例术后发生黄疸，3例术后漏胆汁，均保守治疗后痊愈。结论大多数急性胆囊炎的患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术是安全的。     

十二指肠镜联合腹腔镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石

目的:探讨内镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)或内镜十二指肠乳头球囊扩张术(endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation,EPBD)联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)同期治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的可行性。方法:2014年1月至2015年12月为75例胆总管结石合并胆囊结石患者行EST或EPBD取石成功后改全麻下行三孔法LC。结果:71例成功施行EST或EPBD联合LC同期手术,成功率94.7%。2例患者EST成功后因胆囊与周围组织形成致密粘连中转开腹行胆囊切除术;2例患者EST取石未成功改LC+胆总管切开胆道镜取石T管引流术。术后2例患者出现急性胰腺炎,2例患者出现十二指肠乳头出血,均经保守治疗后痊愈;2例患者术后鼻胆管造影发现残余结石,经二次取石后痊愈出院。术后平均随访(13.25±3.45)个月,行腹部彩超及肝功能检查未见明显异常。结论:在严格把握手术指征的基础上,EST或EPBD联合LC同期治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石可显著减少患者住院次数、缩短住院时间、降低住院费用,是安全、可行的。     

胆总管结石的微创处理策略选择

目的:探讨合理选择胆总管结石患者的手术方法及时机。方法:总结我院1992年至2008年3月开展腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)20000余例的经验,尤其是971例患者合并胆总管结石的治疗经验。结果:LC术前行内镜逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)发现胆总管结石246例,其中230例顺利完成内镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开取石术的患者在完成LC后发现胆总管残留结石15例,经过再次内镜手术取出结石。LC术后残留结石73例中68例完成内镜乳头括约肌切开取石术(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST),5例再次开腹手术。完成491例腹腔镜胆总管切开纤维胆道镜取石,"T"管引流术(laparoscopic choledocholithotomy T-tube drainage,LCTD),出现胆漏11例,经保守治疗治愈。173例经过胆囊管取出胆总管结石,无并发症发生。结论:LCTD是治疗胆总管结石较理想的微创术式,可通过切开胆囊管和部分胆总管,减低手术难度,缩短手术时间。EST手术应在LC前,以免LC后行EST失败,需再次行开腹手术。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎（附238例报告）

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）治疗急性胆囊炎及慢性胆囊炎急性发作的疗效。方法2003年5月-2007年11月对238例急性胆囊炎及慢性胆囊炎急性发作施行四孔法LC,腹腔内压力控制在11-13mm Hg,对一些年老体弱的患者,气腹压力控制在10mm Hg。若术中探查发现胆囊三角水肿明显,解剖困难,则逆行切除胆囊;若术中发现胆囊管内结石嵌顿,则尽量将结石挤入胆囊后切除胆囊,为防止胆囊管内结石进入胆总管,术中经胆囊管行胆道造影,除外胆管结石。结果220例LC成功;18例中转开腹：术中出血及解剖困难12例,术中发现胆管结石6例。2例术后出血,经二次手术止血后康复出院。6例术后2-4d发生胆漏,引流量较少,每天50-80ml,采取保守治疗（禁食,静脉补液和静脉用抗生素）后治愈。238例术后随访1-12个月,平均6个月,未出现术后并发症。结论LC治疗急性胆囊炎或慢性胆囊炎急性发作可行且有效,但应选择恰当的手术时机,解剖胆囊三角显露胆囊管是手术的关键,当腹腔镜手术遇困难时,应适时中转开腹手术。     

腹腔镜、内镜在Mirizzi综合征I型患者中的应用(附11例报告)

目的探讨腹腔镜、内镜等微创技术在Mirizzi综合征(MS)Csendes I型患者"个体化诊疗"中的应用。 方法纳入成都中医药大学附属医院2013年11月至2015年12月施行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的患者900余例,进行回顾性分析。对病史中有黄疸、生化检查提示血胆红素升高和超声检查提示胆囊结石且肝总管或胆总管直径大于0.8 cm的患者,术前全部进行MRCP及ERCP,发现符合MS的患者24例,占同期LC患者的2.7%(24/900)。将其中Csendes I型11例纳入本研究,分析其临床特征及诊治特点。 结果11例Csendes I型患者中,Csendes Ia型6例,3例合并继发性胆总管结石,其中2例发生急性胆管炎;Csendes Ib型5例,2例合并继发性胆总管结石,其中1例发生急性胆管炎。所有患者行ERCP时一并清除胆总管内取石,留置ENBD管引流胆道,以改善肝功能。11例患者在ERCP后3～7 d成功施行了LC,仅1例Ia型患者胆囊管结石嵌顿,于LC中中转开腹,经胆囊管行胆道镜下的碎石取石。 结论怀疑MS的患者应行MRCP和ERCP,采用Csendes(1989,2008)标准进行准确分型,以便对肝外胆道的受损程度进行评估、合理抉择治疗策略。Csendes Ia型和Ib型患者均可行LC,但术中应利用胆道镜进行胆囊管探查及碎石取石,尽可能避免胆道探查,以防止医源性胆管狭窄。     

腹腔镜十二指肠镜联合治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石

目的探讨腹腔镜十二指肠镜联合治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的效果和安全性。方法1998年5月～2008年7月,应用内镜下十二指肠乳头切开术（endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST）与腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）联合成功治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石459例。首先行ERCP,证实胆总管结石后行EST,网篮或气囊导管取石,必要时放置鼻胆管引流,血、尿淀粉酶正常,无发热、腹痛后l～5天内在全麻下行LC。结果成功完成内镜胆管取石及LC共438例,成功率95.4%;19例内镜取石未成功而行开腹手术;2例因无法耐受改为保守治疗。术后并发高淀粉酶血症73例,轻型胰腺炎32例,上消化道出血4例。252例术后随访3～6个月,无逆行胆管炎、EST后乳头狭窄等并发症,无胆管结石残留。结论腹腔镜十二指肠镜联合治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石安全可行,创伤小。     

LC术后腹痛25例原因分析

目的 探讨LC术后出现腹痛的可能原因。方法 回顾性分析我院2010年6月1日至2015年6月1日25例LC术后腹痛患者的临床资料。结果 25例患者中：①迷走胆管胆漏5例,4例采取保守治疗后治愈,1例术后第8天行“胆漏床缝扎、OB胶封闭”后治愈;②胆总管结石3例,保守排石治疗1例,行EST术2例;③急性胰腺炎4例,外院转入重症胰腺炎1例,死亡,2例胆源性胰腺炎及1例水肿型胰腺炎经过保守治疗后痊愈;④残余胆囊及胆囊管结石4例,行再手术切除残余胆囊及胆囊管后治愈;⑤胃窦及十二指肠溃疡4例,应用药物保守治疗后治愈;⑥右侧肋软骨炎2例,应用激素等药物后治愈;⑦合并消化道癌3例,转胃肠外科后手术治疗。结论 LC术后出现腹痛的原因复杂,重点在于术前认真完善病史询问、体格检查、辅助检查,术中注意遵循胆囊切除的基本原则。     

EST联合LC治疗胆囊结石胆总管结石

目的：探讨EST联合LC联合治疗胆囊、胆总管结石的可行性及优越性。方法：先行EST（经内镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术）取出胆总管结石,再行LC（腹腔镜胆囊切除术）,EST失败或不宜行EST者置ENBD（鼻胆管）再行LC+腹腔镜下胆道探查、胆道镜取石,或开腹行胆道探查术。结果：全组99例,91例LC术前EST取石成功,3例LC术后EST取石成功,3例EST取石失败。2例年龄小于15岁者未行EST改行LC+腹腔镜下经胆囊管胆道镜胆道探查取石。3例EST取石失败,改行腹腔镜下胆道探查胆道镜取石、胆总管一期缝合或T管引流+LC,或开腹胆道探查一期缝合胆总管未置T管（已置ENBD）。无严重并发症,患者均治愈出院。结论：EST联合LC联合治疗胆囊结石胆总管结石是安全、可靠的方法,软硬镜联合充分体现了“微创”治疗的优势。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗胆囊颈管嵌顿结石的手术技巧及治疗体会

目的:总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)治疗胆囊颈管嵌顿结石的手术方法及体会。方法:回顾分析2004年8月至2009年8月为58例胆囊颈管嵌顿结石致急性胆囊炎患者施行LC的临床资料。全麻下行三孔法LC,充分游离胆囊三角,骨骼化胆囊动脉、胆囊管,暴露出胆囊管与胆总管汇合部,尝试将结石推入胆囊壶腹失败后,沿胆囊管长轴剪开0.5~1.0cm,取出结石,断端结扎或缝合。结果:53例(91.4%)成功完成LC,3例(5.2%)中转开腹,2例术后合并胆总管结石,行内镜逆行胰胆管造影取石后治愈。无胆管损伤、胆漏等手术并发症发生及死亡病例。术后住院2~9d,平均4d。56例术后随访半年无手术并发症发生。结论:正确解剖胆囊三角,必要时剪开胆囊管,完全可在腹腔镜下处理胆囊颈管嵌顿结石,并可避免胆管损伤。     

两镜法治疗胆囊合并胆总管结石36例疗效分析

目的探讨十二指肠镜乳头括约肌切开术(endoscopic sphincterotomy, EST)联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy, LC)治疗胆囊合并总胆管结石的疗效. 方法胆囊合并胆总管结石36例,首先经EST取出胆管结石,然后采用LC切除胆囊. 结果 EST成功34例(94.4%); 失败2例,均因胆管末端狭窄,开腹行胆管空肠吻合术治愈.腹腔镜手术34例,成功32例(94.1%),2例中转开腹. 结论 EST联合LC是治疗胆囊合并胆管结石的优选术式,EST失败者主要原因为胆管狭窄,应首选胆管空肠吻合术.     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆囊结石并胆总管结石

目的:探讨分析腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆囊结石并胆总管结石的方法。方法:我院2008年3月至2009年12月收治26例胆囊结石并胆总管结石患者,腹腔镜胆囊切除术中切开胆囊管或胆总管,行纤维胆道镜胆总管取石术。结果:26例患者均按常规行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,12例行胆囊管切开取石术,胆总管未放置"T"管;14例行胆总管切开取石术,其中8例未放置"T"管,行一期缝合,6例胆总管内放置"T"管,术后6~8周行纤维胆道镜检查,2例发现残余结石,并取净,4例未发现胆总管残余结石,再次行胆道造影后未发现结石,拔除"T"管。所有病例均无并发症发生。结论:腹腔镜胆囊切除联合纤维胆道镜取石术治疗胆囊结石并胆总管结石,患者创伤小,康复快,安全有效。术中不能取净胆总管结石者,术后可通过"T"管窦道行纤维胆道镜取石。     

同期三镜、鼻胆管引流选择性治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎92例

目的探讨同期三镜(腹腔镜、胆管镜、十二指肠镜)、鼻胆管引流术(LCDND)选择性治疗胆囊结石、胆总管结石合并急性胆源性胰腺炎的应用体会。方法回顾性分析2010年4月至2016年9月期间,符合入选标准的92例胆囊结石继发胆总管结石合并急性胆源性胰腺炎患者的临床资料。先游离胆囊至胆总管汇合部,经胆囊管汇合部切开或胆总管前壁切开,采用胆管镜取石网取石或液电碎石术;经胆管切口插入引导管进入肠腔,引导十二指肠镜行乳头切开术和鼻胆管引流术;结石取净后,行胆管切口的一期缝合术,切除胆囊。结果腹腔镜下切除胆囊、胆管镜探查、内镜乳头切开92例。胆管镜取石后留置鼻胆管82.6%(76/92),胆管镜联合十二指肠镜取石后留置鼻胆管9.8%(9/92),因胆总管残石而腹腔镜下留置T形管2.2%(2/92),因乳头狭窄未解除留置鼻胆管失败而腹腔镜下留置输尿管导管3.3%(3/92),因腹腔镜下取石失败而中转为开腹胆总管探查取石术并留置鼻胆管2.2%(2/92)。术后发现残石1例(1.1%),胆汁漏3例(3.3%),应激性溃疡出血3例(3.3%)。无肠穿孔、胆管穿孔、重症胰腺炎等并发症,无死亡。术后总并发症发生率为7.6%(7/92)。结论初步研究发现,只要病例选择合适,同期三镜、鼻胆管引流术治疗胆囊结石、胆总管结石合并急性胆源性胰腺炎是可行、有效和安全的。     

The therapeutic strategy in calculosis of the main biliary tract

With the advent of laparoscopic techniques and other nonoperative techniques, the management of patients with common bile duct (CBD) stones became more complex. With low, medium or high preoperative suspicion of CBD stones, three factors influence the correct management: the degree of endoscopic, radiologic and laparoscopic expertise; the severity of symptoms; the presence or absence of the gallbladder. In patients with a low probability of having CBD stones routine ERCP pre-LC appears inappropriate. The management of patients with medium probability of CBD stones depends on the ability of the laparoscopist to remove CBD stones. A single laparoscopic procedure for cholelithiasis and CBD stones would be the best approach in the majority of patients. ERCP should be considered the procedure of choice in patients with severe gallstones pancreatitis, acute cholangitis and in those with a high probability of having CBS stones.     

胆囊管结石的治疗：附158例报告

患者 男，44岁，2003年7月7日入院，入院前20d无明显诱因出现发热，体温最高达39℃，偶有咳嗽，无痰，伴右上腹疼痛，静脉滴注青霉素等药物后未见好转。3d前突然出现呼吸困难，血压下降，经抢救好转，转入我院。     

Spontaneous Passage of Gallbladder Calculi-Facilitation by Endoscopic Sphincterotomy

After Endoscopic sphincterotopy (ES) gallbladder motility increases leading to expulsion of crystals and stones. But this is not a universal phenomenon. We evaluated cholangiographic findings in patients emptying their gallbladder after ES for common bile duct (CBD) stones. Cholangiographic features of twenty patients expelling gallbladder calculi after ES were studied. Controls included 20 age and sex matched patients with gallstones and CBD stones, who did not expel gallstones after ES. Of 20 cases in study group, 9 recovered more than 20 stones each in the stool within 7 days of ES. Repeat ERCP showed empty gallbladder in all, whereas CBD was full of stones in 11 of the 20 cases. In the study group, low insertion of the cystic duct was more common (10 vs 0, p<0.04), the cystic duct made a narrow angle (20±5° vs 50±10°, p<0.04) with CBD before insertion and cystic duct diameter was higher (5 mm vs 2.5 mm, p<0.04) as compared to controls. We conclude that in patients undergoing ES with intact gallbladder and small gallbladder calculi, spontaneous emptying of gallbladder calculi occurs, if cystic duct is wider, has low insertion and makes narrow angle with CBD before insertion.     

急性胆囊炎腹腔镜切除术：附58例报告

目的 探讨胆囊管结石的治疗方法。方法回顾性分析近6年来收治的158例胆囊管结石病例的临床资料。结果 97例胆囊管结石行开腹手术取出结石；61例胆囊管结石行腹腔镜胆囊切除手术，其中49例于术中切除胆囊时一并取出结石，12例于术后经十二指肠镜取出结石。结论 胆囊管结石尽可能于术中切除胆囊时一并处理，如结石或结石碎片掉入胆总管，除开腹手术时可切开胆总管取出结石外，行LC者于术后经十二指肠镜处理，不失为一种创伤小、恢复快、疗效肯定的治疗方法。     

十二指肠镜、腹腔镜序贯治疗胆石症2 248例分析

目的探讨十二指肠镜、腹腔镜序贯性诊治胆石症的价值. 方法回顾性分析2000年1月～2004年12月采用十二指肠镜、腹腔镜序贯性诊治方案治疗胆石症2 248例的临床资料. 结果确诊胆囊结石1 817例,胆囊结石合并胆总管结石431例.B超诊断为胆囊结石2 021例中,行术前ERCP 690例,发现胆总管结石213例;术中胆道造影(IOC)85例,发现胆总管结石10例;腹腔镜胆囊切除(LC)术后胆总管残余结石6例,并经EST治愈.B超诊断胆囊结石合并胆总管结石227例中,ERCP证实胆总管结石202例.行LC 1 817例,EST LC 395例,LBDE 36例(其中胆管一期缝合26例,T管引流10例).全组中转开腹28例(1.2%),并发症52例(2.3%). 结论十二指肠镜、腹腔镜序贯性诊治方案治疗胆石症,体现了内镜、腔镜联合应用的优势,术后残余结石率低,微创治疗成功率高.     

The significance of cystic duct stones encountered during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: Cystic duct stones (CDS) are occasionally encountered during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). They may be noticed during the dissection of the cystic pedicle or seen to extrude from the cystic duct (CD) when it is divided or opened to perform the intraoperative cholangiogram (IOC). The procedures for dealing with CDS range from the simple removal of stones that fall out when the duct is opened to incising the duct over an impacted stone to facilitate its removal or converting to open surgery due to a large stone in a CD adherent to the bile duct (e.g., Mirizzi syndrome). Therefore, we set out to establish criteria that might be predictive of CDS, to examine the technical problems caused by them, to look for the most effective ways of avoiding adverse consequences, especially the risk of missing bile duct stones. Methods: We performed a review and analysis of a database that included preoperative, operative, and postoperative data for all patients treated at our hospital who were found to have CDS. Results: In a series of 520 LC performed over a period of 5 years, 64 cases of CDS were documented (12.3%). The preoperative risk factors in 45 of these cases (70.3%) were recent sever acute pain with or without liver function test (LFT) derangement (34.3%), jaundice (14%), pancreatitis (14%), and previous acute cholecystitis (7.8%). At operation, a single stone was found in the CD in 64% of the cases; multiple stones were found in 36%. Dissection of the pedicle was difficult in 21 cases and had to be carried out fundus-first in four cases. The CD was reported to be wide in 18 cases; five of them eventually needed to be closed with endoloops. Operative difficulty was reported in three of 19 cases where there were no preoperative risk factors. Simple removal of the stones was possible in most cases. CDS needed be crushed, the CD incised, or the procedure converted to open in only five cases (7.8%). IOC was attempted in all cases; it was normal in 39 (61%) and failed in two cases (3%). Eighteen patients (28%) were found to have bile duct stones; another five (7.8%) had CBD dilation or debris indicating possible recent passage of stones. Fourteen transcystic and nine direct bile duct explorations were performed. Conclusion: Some CDS may slip from the gallbladder into the CD or the CBD during dissection. Careful retraction and manipulation should therefore be done to minimize this risk. Most CDS are easy to deal with, but some of them can result in increased operative difficulty. If IOC is not carried out on a routine basis, it becomes mandatory if CDS are encountered because \leq35% of them may be associated with bile duct stones. apd: 13 March 2001