重组人白介素11治疗慢性特发性血小板减少性紫癜26例观察

慢性特发性血小板减少性紫癜（chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura，CITP）一般采用激素治疗，必要时还需给予免疫抑制剂治疗，为了解重组人白介素11（rhIL-11）对慢性特发性血小板减少性紫癜的疗效，本研究将26例血小板数〈60．00×10^9／L的CITP患者分为两组，对照组采用传统的激素与免疫抑制治疗，rhIL—11组在传统治疗的基础上给予rhIL—1125μg／（k·d），每日1次，皮下注射，14天为1个疗程，共治疗2个疗程，观察疗效。结果表明：23例CITP患者治疗后血小板减少情况均得到不同程度好转，只有3例治疗后血小板减少情况没有改善。对照组和rhIL—11组的血小板计数分别由治疗前的26．15×10^9／L和27．84×10^9／L增加为66．62×10^9／L和105．62×10^9／L，rhIL—11组治疗后血小板计数明显高于对照组（P〈0．05），临床出血症状减轻，在rhIL-11组中8例患者的血小板恢复正常（〉100×10^9／L），获得满意治疗效果。结论：rhIL-11联合传统的激素治疗对慢性ITP患者血小板减少有较好的治疗效果。     

环孢素A联合达那唑治疗难治性特发性血小板减少性紫癜

目的:探讨环孢素A联合达那唑治疗难治性特发性血小板减少性紫癜的疗效。方法:特发性血小板减少性紫癜患者24例,随机分为2组,治疗组(n=12)给予环孢素A联合达那唑治疗,对照组(n=12)给予长春新碱或环磷酰胺治疗,治疗3个月后比较2组疗效。结果:治疗组总有效率(75.00%),对照组总有效率(33.33%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:环孢素A联合达那唑治疗难治性特发性血小板减少性紫癜安全、有效。     

难治性特发性血小板减少性紫癜43例临床观察

目的 探讨难治性特发性血小板减少性紫癜有效的治疗方法。方法 对难治性特发性血小板减少性紫癜43例分别用α-干扰素＋泼尼松（22例）、环孢素A＋泼尼松（21例）治疗，并将治疗效果进行回顾性总结、分析。结果 两组病例均取得肯定疗效，总有效率分别为59．1％、61．9％，P〉0．05，疗效无显著性差异。结论 α-干扰素或环孢素A联合皮质激素均为治疗难治性特发性血小板减少性紫癜的有效方法。两组比较，疗效相当，但干扰素组较环孢素A组副作用小且费用较低。     

重组人白细胞介素11联合长春新碱治疗慢性特发性血小板减少性紫癜15例

慢性特发性血小板减少性紫癜患者病程迁延，反复发作。为取得更好的持续缓解，本院自2005年8月～2007年8月采用重组人白细胞介素11（rhIL-11）联合长春新碱（VCR）治疗慢性特发性血小板减少性紫癜患者15例，并与13例对照组进行比较，报告如下。     

成人难治性特发性血小板减少性紫癜的治疗

成人难治性特发性血小板减少性紫癜的治疗浙江省人民医院血液病科魏之苹综述特发性血小板减少性紫癜（ＩＴＰ）是一组因抗血小板自身抗体导致血小板被单核巨噬系统（ＭＰＳ）破坏为主要因素的自身免疫性疾病。尽管泼尼松和脾切除治疗有效率达６０％～７０％，但尚有大约２...     

输注丙种球蛋白治疗12例难治性特发性血小板减少性紫癜

输注丙种球蛋白治疗１２例难治性特发性血小板减少性紫癜解放军兰州军区总医院血液病研究所（７３００５０）徐淑芬达万明钟建庭白海刘源关于难治性特发性血小板减少性紫癜（ＩＴＰ）的治疗在临床上仍是一个难题。我们采用静脉丙种球蛋白输注（静注丙球）的方法治疗１２例...     

根除幽门螺杆菌治疗难治性特发性血小板减少性紫癜疗效观察

1999—07-2003—11我们应用根除幽门螺杆菌（Hp）治疗难治性特发性血小板减少性紫癜（RITP）16例，总结如下。     

更昔洛韦联合激素治疗儿童特发性血小板减少性紫癜疗效观察

目的；观察更昔洛韦联合激素治疗儿童特发性血小板减少性紫瘢的临床疗效。方法：将30例特发性血小板减少性紫癜患儿随机分为两组，治疗组18例，对照组12例。对照组采用激素治疗，治疗组在对照组用药的基础上加用更昔洛韦。结果：治疗组显效16例．有效2例．效果优于对照组，有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。治疗前、治疗后3d，两组血小板计数比较无明显差异（P〉0．05），治疗后7d、治疗后21d、治疗后2个月两组血小板计数有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论；更昔洛韦联合糖皮质激素治疗疱疹类病毒感染的特发性血小板减少性紫癜，能提高疗效，缩短病程，防止病情迁延及反复，有较好的治疗效果。     

抗幽门螺杆菌治疗难治性特发性血小板减少性紫癜的临床观察

目的探讨糖皮质激素联合抗幽门螺杆菌（Hp）治疗难治性特发性血小板减少性紫癜（ITP）的疗效。方法对2004年1月-2007年6月68例难治性ITP患者采用^14C尿素呼气试验进行Hp检测,其中25例合并Hp感染。对25例患者给予根除Hp及糖皮质激素治疗,比较治疗前后血小板数目。结果25例患者中有16例（64％）血小板数目有所提高,由（12．1±10．3）×10^9／L升至（68．4±36．5）×10^9／L（P〈0．05）。结论根除Hp是合并Hp感染的难治性ITP患者行之有效的治疗方法。     

中西医结合治疗难治性特发性血小板减少性紫癜30例疗效观察

耳的探讨仙连汤与糖皮质激素联合治疗儿童难治性血小板减少性紫癜（RITP）的疗效。方法将53例RITP患儿随机分为2组,治疗组30例,采用仙连汤加味方并配合强的松治疗;对照组23例,强的松用量同治疗组,在强的松减半量时加服环磷酰胺,比较2组患儿疗效。结果治疗组总有效率90％,对照组总有效率78．3％,2组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。治疗组不良反应发生率低于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论仙连汤加味方清热凉血止血,益气养阴活血．联合激素治疗难治性血小板减少性紫癜,疗效优于激素加环磷酰胺,且不良反应少。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.