氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定空气和尿中锡的研究

[目的]建立氢化物发生—原子荧光光谱法测定尿和作业场所空气中锡的方法,研究样品的前处理、载流种类及方法的检出限、线性关系。[方法]微波消解尿样,电热板消化滤膜,用原子荧光光谱法测定锡浓度。[结果]在0～100μg/ml该方法具有良好的线性关系,相关系数r﹥0.999,测定尿液的检出限为0.8μg/L,空气的检出限为0.000 04 mg/m3（以采样量50 L计）,方法相对标准偏差RSD为1.10%～1.85%。[结论]氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法的方法,灵敏度高,干扰少,线性范围宽,操作简单、快捷,可应用于作业场所空气中锡和尿样中锡的测定。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定水中总锑

[目的]建立氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定水中总锑的分析方法.[方法]采用碘化钾-硫脲和盐酸处理水样,氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定水中锑.[结果]该方法线性范围为0～10 μg/L,最低检出浓度为0.037 7 μg/L,回收率95.7%～97.8%,RSD＜2% .[结论]该方法灵敏度高,准确度好,分析速度快,结果令人满意.     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定输配水材料中的汞

[目的]建立输配水材料中汞的测定方法。[方法]样品经浸泡处理后,用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定其中的汞。[结果]方法的检出限为0.01μg/L,线性范围0~5μg/L,回收率91.5%~109.0%,RSD5.05%~6.59%。[结论]本方法适合于输配水材料中汞的测定。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定全血中铅的研究

目的:对使用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定全血中铅的方法进行系统的研究,建立一个灵敏、准确、高效、廉价的血铅测定的方法。方法:氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法。结果:取1.0 ml血样消解,定容至10.0 ml上机测定,则方法的检出限为1.6μg/L,回收率95%~106%。结论:氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定全血中铅的方法,灵敏度与检出限均能达到血铅测定的要求,适用于我国绝大部分医疗机构开展铅防治工作。     

微波消解-氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定食品中铅

目的建立食品中铅的氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法。方法样品加硝酸经微波消解,氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定铅含量。结果该法的线性范围为0~50μg/L,相关系数为0.999 5,方法检出限为0.010μg/L,相对标准偏差2.1%~4.4%,回收率为91.2%~108.4%。结论原子荧光光谱法测定食品中铅灵敏度高,准确、快捷。     

双道氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法同时测定罐头食品中砷和锡

砷和锡都是罐头食品必测的卫生指标。分别测定砷、锡的方法较多 ,主要有分光光度法、原子吸收法、氢化物发生一原子吸收法、氢化物发生一原子荧光光谱法、极谱法等[1] 。同其它方法相比 ,氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法具有仪器结构简单、灵敏度高、干扰少、选择性好、准确性高、线性范围宽和操作简捷等优点 ,近年来已成功应用于水质[2 ] 、食品[3 ] 、职业卫生[4-5] 等研究领域。王美全[6] 评述了氢化物发生原子荧光光谱分析法在卫生检验中的应用 ,列举了该方法应用于食品、水质中Se、Sn、Ge、Pb、As、Sb、Hg、Cd等多种元素的分析实例。氢化…     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定作业场所空气中汞

目前作业场所空气中汞的测定方法有冷原子吸收光谱法、双硫腙比色法[1]和氢化物发生-原子吸收光谱法[2],笔者采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定作业场所空气中汞,比上述方法有一定的优越性,结果报告如下:     

改进加样方法对食盐中铅的测定结果探讨

[目的]建立一个简便、稳定、易推广且准确度和精确度较高的测定食盐中铅的方法.[方法]用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定食盐中的铅,铁氰化钾直接加入到硼氰化钾溶液中,而不加到样品和标准中,用于测定食盐中的铅.[结果]方法平均回收率为95.7%-106.4%.铁氰化钾加入到硼氰化钾中和加入到样液中结果差异无统计学意义.[结论]氢化物原子荧光光谱法测定食盐中的铅,铁氰化钾加入到硼氰化钾中,不仅可以使样液的测定值更稳定.而且测定时不受时间限制,铁氰化钾也不会污染管壁.     

氢化物-原子荧光光谱法测定空气中砷及其化合物

[目的]研究氢化物-原子荧光光谱法,测定空气中砷及其化合物浓度。[方法]已采集空气样品的微孔滤膜直接用硝酸-高氯酸消解,加入盐酸、硫脲-抗坏血酸,反应后经原子荧光光谱法测定。[结果]本法线性范围0～30.0μg/L(r=0.9996),最低检出限0.16μg/L,测定下限0.53μg/L,相对标准偏差为1.8%～4.0%,样品加标平均回收率93.4%～98.2%。[结论]该方法具有操作简便、快速线性范围宽、结果准确、灵敏度高、基体干扰少及节省试剂等特点,适用于空气中砷及其化合物的测定。     

氢化物原子荧光光谱法测定水中铅

[目的]研究氢化物发生—原子荧光光谱法测定水中铅的方法。[方法]对AFS-930双道原子荧光光度计的工作条件及实验条件进行选择。[结果]在选定的最佳测定条件下,标准曲线线性范围为0~50μg/L。30μg/L铅标准液相对标准偏差为1.23%,检出限0.26μg/L,回收率93.2%~97.6%。[结论]该方法测定水中铅,成本低,操作简便,灵敏度高,检出限低,结果准确可靠。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.