阿米洛利同系物对老龄大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的：通过建立老龄大鼠心肌缺血再灌注模型，研究5-N-乙基-N-异丙基-阿米洛利（EIPA）对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法：取心电图正常的老龄雄性SD大鼠32只，随机分为假手术组、缺血-再灌注组、缺血前给药组和再灌注前给药组，每组8只。假手术组只开胸，不结扎冠脉。其余各组均结扎冠状动脉左前降支20min。假手术组及缺血-再灌注组分别于开胸后及冠脉结扎前10min给予生理盐水2mL／kg．其余2组分别于缺血前10min及再灌注前10min给予EIPA2rag（2mL）／kg。观察各组于再灌注后10min、2h、24h3个时间点血清中肌酸磷酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）水平及术后24h心肌组织中丙二醛（MDA）含量及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性。使用光学及电子显微镜观察心肌组织超微结构的变化。结果：缺血再灌注可造成明显的心肌细胞损伤。再灌注后各时间点血清心肌酶谱水平较术前明显升高；心肌组织中MDA含量明显增高，SOD活性下降。缺血前及再灌注前给予EIPA预处理的两组大鼠，心肌细胞损伤均较缺血-再灌注组有明显减轻。差异有显著性。其中，缺血前给药组的心肌细胞保护作用较再灌注前给药组更为明显。结论：使用阿米洛利同系物——EIPA作为心肌缺血再灌注损伤的预处理手段可减轻心肌细胞损伤和坏死。对心肌细胞具有明显的保护作用。关键词心肌缺血再灌注损伤EIPA钠氢交换器抑制剂     

促红细胞生成素对兔心肌缺血/再灌注损伤保护作用的研究

目的 建立兔心肌缺血/再灌注损伤(I/R)模型,观察促红细胞生成素(EPO)对兔血清CK-MB 浓度及心肌细胞凋亡的影响,探讨EPO 对兔心肌I/R 的保护作用及机制.方法 新西兰大白兔16 只,随机分为I/R 组和EPO 组.结扎兔左冠状动脉前降支制备兔I/R 模型.EPO 组于结扎左冠状动脉前降支的同时经耳缘静脉注入重组EPO,I/R 组注入等量的生理盐水.检测指标:(1)分别于缺血前5 min、缺血60 min、再灌注60 min 和再灌注180 min 检测血清CK-MB 浓度.(2)再灌注180 min 时取缺血区心肌组织,检测凋亡指数.(3)制作心肌组织标本,观察心肌组织的病理变化.结果 血清CK-MB 浓度随缺血及再灌注时间的延长而增加(与前一时间点比较,P <0.01);缺血前EPO 组与I/R 组血清CK-MB 浓度无统计学差异(P >0.05);缺血60 min、再灌注60 min、再灌注180 min 时,EPO 组血清CK-MB 浓度均显著低于I/R 组(均P <0.01).与I/R 组相比,EPO 组的缺血区心肌细胞的凋亡指数显著下降(P <0.01).结论 EPO 对兔心肌I/R 具有明显的保护作用,其机制可能与稳定心肌细胞膜结构,减少心肌酶的释放和抑制心肌细胞凋亡有关.     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子基因对缩小猪急性心肌梗死面积的作用观察

目的探讨经导管冠状动脉内导入碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（hFGF）基因（pcDNA3～bFGF）对缩小猪急性心肌梗死面积的作用。方法实验动物分为两组：手术对照组（n=6），冠脉内bFGF基因导入组（n=6）。开胸结扎猪冠状动脉左旋支（LCX），建立急性心肌梗死动物模型。构建真核表达质粒pcDNA3-bFGF，并经导管冠脉内导入，通过心肌酶学及碱性复红苦味酸法（HBFP）特殊染色观察pcDNA3-bFGF对猪急性心肌梗死面积的影响。结果术后24h，两组乳酸脱氢酶同工酶（LDH-1）及CK—MB较术前明显升高（P〈0．01）；术后48h，bFGF、基因导入组LDH-1厦CK—MB明显低于手术对照组（P〈0.01）.HBFP特殊染色显示，bFGF基因导八组心肌梗死面积明显小于手术对照组（P〈0．05）。结论经导管冠状动脉内导入bFGF基因有缩小猪急性心肌梗死面积的作用。     

在体大鼠心肌缺血时间对再灌注损伤形成的影响

目的观察在体大鼠心肌缺血不同时间后再灌注120 min的心肌酶学与超微结构变化,评价缺血时间对再灌注损伤形成的影响。方法结扎大鼠左冠状动脉前降支(LAD)15 min、30 min、60 min,以及分别再灌注120 min,造成心肌缺血和缺血/再灌注。自腹主动脉取血检测血清肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、天门冬酸氨基转移酶(AST),采用透射电镜观察心肌细胞超微结构变化。结果单纯缺血15 min及缺血15 min再灌注120 min心肌损伤不明显,两组血清心肌酶无显著性变化。单纯缺血30 min心肌损伤明显,缺血30 min再灌注120 min心肌损伤更为严重,心肌酶漏出均增多,两组之间有显著性差异(P0.05)。单纯缺血60 min与缺血60 min再灌注120 min心肌损伤最重,心肌酶漏出均增多,但两组间无显著差异(P0.05)。结论缺血时间过短或过长,恢复血供后都不会形成再灌注损伤,缺血30 min再灌注120 min可形成典型心肌缺血再灌注损伤。     

肺缺血后适应对兔急性心肌缺血再灌注损伤的作用

目的通过在体兔心肌缺血再灌注模型，探讨肺缺血后适应是否具有减轻心肌缺血再灌注（I／R）损伤的作用及其可能的作用机制。方法将30只兔随机分成3组，每组10只。对照组：结扎冠状动脉左前降支（LAD）30min，再灌注3h。缺血后适应组：结扎LAD20min时阻断左肺动脉5min，然后松开5min，继而心肌再灌注至3h。药物＋缺血后适应组：于结扎LAD25min后经耳缘静脉注射一氧化氮合酶（eNOS）抑制剂L-NAME10mg／kg，余同缺血后适应组。分别于缺血前、再灌注开始前、再灌注3h末取兔血，测定各组血清肌酸激酶（CK）、丙二醛（MDA）、及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的水平。结果再灌注3h末，CK活性后适应组低于对照组和药物＋缺血后适应组，MDA活性后适应组低于对照组和药物＋后适应组，SOD活性后适应组高于对照组和药物＋后适应组。药物＋后适应组与对照组比较，CK活性、MDA活性和SOD活性均无统计学意义。结论肺缺血后适应对急性心肌缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用；减少氧自由基的产生和释放NO是肺缺血后适应的作用机制。     

纳洛酮对兔急性心肌缺血再灌注损伤内皮素及超微结构的影响

目的 探讨纳洛酮在心肌缺血再灌注损伤时对血浆内皮素-1（ET-1）变化的影响和对心肌超微结构的保护。方法 新西兰兔20只。随机分成2组（缺血再灌注组、纳洛酮保护组），每组10只，制作心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型，分别于结扎前、结扎后30min松开结扎线恢复灌流时及灌注后0．5、1、2,4、6h采血，测定ET-1含量，在6h后分别取缺血部位的心肌标本，用电镜观察心肌超微结构的变化。结果 心肌缺血再灌注损伤后0．5～1h ET-1含量明显高于结扎前（P（0．05或P（0．01）；纳洛酮保护组ET-1含域均显著低于结扎前（P〈0．05或P（0．01）。超微结构改变：心肌缺血再灌注组，大部分心肌纤维呈收缩状态，大部分肌原纤维局灶性溶解、断裂，核周水肿；纳洛酮保护组，肌原纤维结构较清晰，排列整齐，未见明显断裂，肌原纤维收缩状态缓解，线粒体水肿减轻，胞浆轻度水肿。结论 纳洛酮可有效抑制心肌缺血再灌注损伤时ET-1的合成和分泌，减轻ET-1对血管和心肌组织的损伤作用；并对心肌超微结构的改变有明显保护作用，心肌细胞超微结构损伤明显减轻。     

粉防己碱对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其机制

目的：建立大鼠心肌缺血／再灌注损伤模型，观察粉防己碱对缺血再灌注损伤过程中心肌细胞凋亡的干预，初步探讨其保护缺血再灌注损伤心肌的作用机制。 方法：实验于2005-03／2006-04在华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院心内科及心血管病研究所完成。①选择健康雄性SD大鼠48只，随机数字表法分为假手术组、缺血／再灌注损伤组、粉防己碱组，各16只。粉防己碱由华中科技大学同济医学院药理学系提供，纯度〉98％。②造模前20min，粉防己碱组腹腔注射粉防己碱3mg／kg（约1．2mL）。缺血／再灌注损伤组、假手术组均腹腔注入生理盐水1．2mL。③缺血／再灌注损伤组、粉防己碱组大鼠建立缺血／再灌注损伤模型。当结扎点远端心前壁变紫、心电图显示ST段抬高为冠状动脉结扎成功，松扎后抬高的ST段回落1／2以上为再灌注成功的标志。实施30min缺血，再灌注24h。假手术组不造模，在肺动脉圆锥与左心耳间穿线，不结扎，30min关胸，24h后处死。④再灌注结束后检测血清中乳酸脱氢酶活性、心肌组织丙二醛含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性和心肌梗死范围，并应用DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳及原位末端标记法检测各组凋亡细胞及凋亡指数。 结果：48只大鼠全部进入结果分析。粉防己碱对大鼠缺血／再灌注损伤的心肌保护作用；①生化指标测定值：心肌细胞受损后，与缺血／再灌注损伤组比较，粉防己碱组乳酸脱氢酶活性、丙二醛含量均显著降低（t=4．337-10．810，P〈0．01），超氧化物歧化酶活性显著增高（t=4．352，P〈0．01）。②梗死范围：粉防己碱组可明显减少心肌梗死范围，与缺血／再灌注损伤组比较差异有显著性意义[（23．28&;#177;4．38）％，（43．76&;#177;6．30）％，t=7．552，P〈0．01]。粉防己碱对大鼠心肌缺血／再灌注损伤细胞凋亡的影响：①琼脂糖凝胶电泳：假手术组心肌细胞DNA电泳呈一条大分子DNA片段，为正常DNA带型；缺血／再灌注损伤组DNA电泳呈“梯形结构”，可见形似云梯状的DNA片段。为凋亡的典型表现；粉防己碱组的DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳显示DNA梯形条带明显减弱。②原位末端标记：假手术组偶见凋亡心肌细胞；缺血／再灌注损伤组可见大量胞核呈深浅不一棕褐色的凋亡心肌细胞；粉防己碱组凋亡心肌细胞较缺血／再灌注损伤组明显减少，但较假手术组有所增加。③凋亡指数：与假手术组比较。缺血／再灌注损伤组、粉防己碱组凋亡指数均显著增高[（0．65&;#177;0．39）％，（19．36&;#177;5．28）％．（8．62&;#177;2．45）％，t=9．096～10．006，P〈0．01]；但粉防己碱组凋亡指数明显低于缺血／再灌注损伤组（t=5．224，P〈0．01）。 结论：粉防己碱预处理可明显减轻心肌再灌注损伤、抑制细胞凋亡及抗氧自由基，为保护濒死心肌提供了机会窗口。     

黄芪预处理对缺血再灌注大鼠心肌超微结构的保护作用

目的：探讨黄芪预处理对缺血再灌注大鼠心肌超微结构和细胞凋亡的影响及其作用。方法：实验于2004-02／10在承德医学院电镜室完成，雄性Wistar大鼠30只，随机分为黄芪预处理组（黄芪组）、缺血再灌注组和假手术对照组（对照组），每组10只。于术前1周黄芪预处理组给黄芪注射液。其他2组给生理盐水。制备缺血再灌注模型，黄芪组和缺血再灌注组大鼠结扎冠状动脉前支，40min后松开扎线，再灌注1h。对照组大鼠只穿线不结扎。术后即取光、电镜标本，电镜观察各组大鼠超微结构变化，用原位末端标记法测定凋亡细胞指数（每只大鼠观察4张切法，每张切片计数5个视野中的凋亡阳性细胞核数／总细胞核的比值，取其平均值）。结果：①心肌细胞超微病理改变：黄芪组心肌细胞轻微水肿，核不规则。肌原纤维较少，线粒体略肿胀，嵴呈波浪形，肌浆网略扩张。缺血再灌注组心肌细胞亚微结构损伤程度较黄芪组明显加重，心肌细胞肿胀明显。肌膜断裂、缺损，部分线粒体弥漫性肿胀，空泡化。对照组超微结构变化轻微，肌膜完整，肌原纤维平行排列，部分线粒体有轻到中度肿胀。②微血管内皮超微病理改变：黄芪组血管内皮细胞轻度肿胀，膜完整。核基本正常。缺血再灌注组血管内皮细胞明显肿胀，膜尚完整，心肌梗死灶内的小动、静脉和毛细血管内皮细胞发生变性、断裂和分离。对照组与黄芪组结构相似。③心肌细胞凋亡指数观察结果：黄芪组显著低于缺血再灌注组[（14．06&;#177;9．97）％，（19．34&;#177;12．30）％，（t=1．96，P〈0．05）]，显著高于对照组[（0．96&;#177;0．43）％，（t=4．99，P〈0．01）]，缺血再灌注组明显高于对照组（t=4．59，P〈0．01）。结论：黄芪预处理对缺血再灌注的心肌细胞和内皮细胞具有保护作用，可能是通过黄芪稳定心肌细胞膜和线粒体结构和功能来实现的。     

风湿性心脏病患者围术期心肌酶的动态变化

目的：连续动态观察40例择期手术的风湿性心脏病患者围术期心肌酶的变化,旨在更全面了解心肌受缺血影响的程度和恢复的情况,进一步揭示心肌酶围术期变化的规律,为临床治疗提供依据。方法：40例风湿性心脏病患者术前1d,术后1,3,5,8d晨分别取静脉血,测定血清谷草转氨酶（AST）,磷酸肌酸激酶及同功酶MB（CK,CK-MB）,乳酸脱氢酶及同功酶1（LDH,LDH-1）。结果：择期手术的风湿性心脏病患者术前5种心肌酶均正常范围,术后1d分别升高到术前的3-12倍（P＜0.05);术后3d均有不同程度的恢复,CK-MB虽已恢复到正常范围,但五种心肌酶仍分别是术前的2-10倍（P＜0.05）;术后5d继续恢复,AST,LDH和LDH-1仍高于术前水平（P＜0.05),CK与CK-MB已恢复到术前水平（P＞0.05);术后8dAST也恢复到术前水平（P＞0.05),但LDH和LDH-1仍未恢复正常（P＜0.05)。结论：择期手术的风温性心脏病患者术前5种心肌酶均在正常范围;这些心肌酶的释放术后1d达最高峰,CK-MB恢复最快,CK与AST次之,LDH和LDH-1最慢,术后8d仍明显高于术前水平;要判断心肌损伤的恢复应以LDH和LDH-1的恢复为标准。     

乳化异氟醚预处理对缺血再灌注大鼠心肌的保护作用

目的 观察乳化异氟醚预处理对缺血再灌注大鼠心肌的保护作用.方法 随机将40只大鼠分为假手术组、生理盐水组、脂肪乳组和乳化异氟醚组,每组10只,建立大鼠心脏缺血再灌注模型.假手术组不结扎冠状动脉,其他3组分别于缺血再灌注前30 min,静脉注入0.9%生理盐水、30%脂肪乳和6.9%的乳化异氟醚达30 min(3.5 ml/kg/h).缺血30 min再灌注3 h后,检测心肌组织丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,HE染色观察心肌病理学变化,电镜观察心肌细胞的超微结构改变.结果 缺血再灌注后.生理盐水组及脂肪乳组大鼠心肌MDA含量升高,SOD活性降低,与乳化异氟醚组相比差异有显著性意义(P<0.05).结论 乳化异氟醚预处理对缺血再灌注大鼠心肌有保护作用.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.