Alzheimer病危险因素的病例对照研究

目的 探讨家族史和Alzheimer病的关系。方法 采用以人群为基础的病例对照研究设计，通过分层分析和Logistic回归分析估计AD与其家族史之间的联系强度。结果 一级亲属有痴呆病史和重性精神病病史者，患AD危险性显著高于对照人群（OR值分别为2.17和6．01，P＜0．01）。同时调整年龄和受教育程度后，一级亲属的痴呆和重性精神病阳性家族史仍和AD的发生有显著联系（调整后的OR值分别为3．92和5．89，P＜0．01）。结论 中国汉族人Alzheimer病存在痴呆家族聚集性。     

克山病发病危险因素的病例对照研究

目的探讨克山病发病的危险因素，为制定克山病防治措施提供依据。方法在黑龙江省克山病病区选取41例克山病患者作为病例组．另选134例健康人作为对照组，采用氢化物发生原子荧光光度法检测病例组和对照组全血含硒量．采用5，5’-二硫双-2-硝基苯甲酸（DTNB）分光光度法检测全血谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶（GSH—Px）活力：同时对病例组和对照组进行克山病危险因素的问卷调查，先用单因素卡方检验筛选有意义变量，再引入多因素Logistic回归模型进行综合分析。结果全血含硒量病例组[（34．86±13.14）μg／L]明显低于时照组[（40．97±13．62）μg／L]，两组比较差异有统计学意义（t=2．254，P〈0．05）；GSH—Px活力病例组[（104．10±34．19）U／L]明显低于对照组[（118．57±25．49）U／L]．两组比较差异有统计学意义（t=2．312，P〈0.05）。在问卷调查中，经卡方检验和多因素Logistic回归分析，发现年人均收入水平[比值比（OR）=2.570]、肉类（OR=0．284）和蛋类（OR=0．347）的摄入次数与克山病发生有统计学联系，结论在克山病病区人群中，机体内全血含硒量和GSH—Px活力的下降、年人均收入水平低很可能是克山病发病的危险因素，动物性蛋白摄入的增加可能对克山病的发病起到保护作用：     

克罗恩病发病相关因素的病例对照研究

背景：近年我国克罗恩病(CD)发病人数明显增多.目的:探讨CD发病的可能相关因素.方法:应用病例对照研究方法．以1:4的比例纳入51例CD患者和204例非消化系疾病对照者.对研究对象的人口统计学、遗传背景和环境暴露因素方面的信息进行问卷凋查,对可能相关因素作单因素筛选后行多因素Logistic回归分析.结果:单因素分析显示有统计学意义(P<0．20)的因素有受教育程度、居住地、冰箱、牙膏用量、结核病、关节痛、精神因素、非甾体抗炎药、牛奶、蛋类、母乳喂养、幼儿期胃肠和呼吸道感染、吸烟、饮酒等18个;多因素分析显示有统计学意义(P<0．05)的因素有7个,包括居住条件(OR=5．937)、冰箱(OR=0．093)、住所周边环境(OR=0．308)、牙膏用量(OR=5．064)、蛋类(OR=3．822)、幼儿期胃肠和呼吸道感染(OR=16．710)和吸烟(曾)(OR=15．889).结论:本研究结果提示居住拥挤、牙膏用量多、常食蛋类、幼儿期经常胃肠和呼吸道感染以及曾吸烟者罹患CD的危险性可能较高,而家庭不使用冰箱、住所周边环境良好者罹患CD的危险性可能较低.     

济南军区肺结核危险因素的病例对照研究

目的：了解影响部队肺结核发病的危险因素,有针对性地采取预防措施,方法：按1：1配比对20个单位中新发肺结核病人进行病例对照调查,计算各因素的比值比（OR）和95％可信区间（CI）,并用条件logistic回归模型进行多因素逐步回归分析。结果：单因素分析中,劳动强度、体质指数、卡痕、住房类别、结核病接触史、入伍地、性能等因素的OR值分别为5．12、0．37、0．42、0．51、1．82、0．57和1．63（P＜0．05）。上述因素中除性格外均进入回归模型,结论：完善卡介苗的接种,加强对肺结核传染源的发现、治疗、管理工作,以及针对其他发病危险因素采取相应的防治措施对于结核病疫情的控制具有重要意义。     

临界高血压危险因素的病例对照研究

我们对１９９１～１９９２年在天津市滨江医院内科门诊高血压抽样调查资料进行病例对照研究。病例为在调查中新检出和调查前一年确诊的１０９例临界高血压病人，对照则为按照年龄和性别配比的无心脑血管病史的其他门诊病人。应用条件Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归模型分析资料。结果显示：临界高血压与高血压家族史、在调查时较高的体重或体重指数（ｋｇ／ｍ２）、与基础体重相比体重增加较高的程度和较早的开始年龄有关。未发现临界高血压与吸烟、饮酒、职业和文化水平有关。     

城市居民冠心病危险因素的病例对照研究

本文用病例对照研究方法调查了城市居民冠心病的危险因素。冠心病病例组１０４例，对照组２０３例，用非条件ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归模型分析。结果示：与冠心病有显著的统计联系的因素有：高血压史、高脂血症、父母高血压史，常吃腌制品，以荤食为主的饮食习惯，生活负担以及焦躁不安，心情压抑，一人独处等因素可能增加冠心病的危险性；而常吃水果、体育锻炼等可降低冠心病的危险性。本次调查未发现吸烟，饮酒与冠心病有关。     

江苏省太仓市胆囊结石危险因素病例对照研究

胆石症是江苏省太仓市的常见病,１９９７年江苏省太仓市人民医院外科手术病例的１／４是胆石症。本文概括胆囊结石的主要危险因素,为当地胆石症的预防和干预提供科学依据。材料与方法本研究采用了基本人群的成组病例对照研究设计。在太仓市选取５个自然村,作为研究现场。病例通过Ｂ超检查获取,共检查３５～７９岁居民２４５８例,以受检人群中胆囊结石病人为研究对象。对照为随机人群,共６１１例。直接面访被调查者,对研究对象实施同一问卷的询问调查。调查内容包括一般情况、饮食、行为、胆石症家族史、既往史、女性生理与生育因素等…     

吉林省延边朝鲜族自治州丙型肝炎感染危险因素的病例对照研究

目的探讨吉林省延边朝鲜族自治州丙肝感染的危险因素。方法在中国疾病预防控制信息系统2010年12月～2011年10月期间报告的丙肝病例中,按地区分层抽取222例病例,根据1∶2配对的病例对照研究方法选取444名非丙肝病例作为对照,调查一般情况、丙肝危险因素等。结果多因素分析显示,有外出打工史(OR=3.00)、与丙肝病人或抗体阳性者一起生活(OR=2.84)和有手术史(OR=1.84)等3个因素与丙肝病例的发生增多有关。结论有外出打工史、与丙肝病人或抗体阳性者一起生活和有手术史可能是延边地区丙肝病例发生的危险因素。     

地方性砷中毒发病危险因素的病例对照研究

目的探讨地方性砷中毒（地砷病）的发病危险因素，评估p16甲基化在地砷病发病中的作用。方法采用两项1：1配对病例对照研究方法，40例病例选自病区确诊的地砷病患者，对照分别选自病区和非病区各40例健康人；采用标准化问卷进行调查，获取病例和对照组的有关暴露因素：采用甲基化特异性PCR（MS—PCR）技术，测定血样p16基因甲基化水平；并用条件logistic回归分析方法处理资料。结果病例与病区对照组分析结果表明，饮水含砷量（OR=4．2，P〈0．01）和饮水年限（OR=1．192．P〈0．05）对地砷病发病的影响有统计学意义。p16甲基化测定结果表明，病例组与非病区对照组比较，对地砷病发病的影响有非常显著的统计学意义（OR=10．0，P〈0．01）。结论饮水含砷量、饮水年限和p16基因甲基化可能都是地砷病发病的危险因素；但是，p16基因甲基化可能是地砷病发病的重要危险因素之一，这对阐明地砷病的病因和发病机制有着重要的理论意义。     

大肠癌危险因素的病例对照研究

目的 研究广东省惠州市大肠癌的相关危险因素,为制订本地区大肠癌的监测与筛查措施提供科学依据.方法 采用基于结肠镜检查的病例-对照研究,应用Logistic回归对大肠癌相关变量进行单因素和多因素分析.将可能的危险因素先行单因素分析,发现某些有意义的因素后,纳入Logistic回归模型进行多因素分析.结果 有统计学意义的危险因素有年龄、排血便或黏液血便、排便次数增多(≥2～3次/d)、常吃肥肉及有饮酒史.结论 惠州地区大肠癌的发病与年龄、常吃肥肉及有饮酒史、排便性状及次数有关.     

Risk factors associated with inflammatory bowel disease: A multicenter case-control study in Brazil

BACKGROUND The etiology of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) is unknown, but it is believed to be multifactorial. The hygiene hypothesis proposes that better hygiene conditions would lead to less infectious disease during childhood and favor the development of immune-mediated diseases.AIM To test the hygiene hypothesis in IBD by assessing the environmental risk factors associated with IBD development in different regions of Brazil with diverse socioeconomic development indices.METHODS A multicenter case-control study was carried out with 548 Crohn's disease(CD) and 492 ulcerative colitis(UC) outpatients and 416 healthy controls, from six IBD centers within different Brazilian states at diverse socioeconomic development stages. A semi-structured questionnaire with 87 socioeconomic and environmental questions was applied. Logistic regression model was created to assess the odds ratio(OR) with P value and 95% confidence intervals(CI).RESULTS Predictive variables for both diseases(CD and UC) were women [odd ratios(OR) = 1.31; OR = 1.69], low monthly family income(OR = 1.78; OR = 1.57), lower number of cohabitants(OR = 1.70; OR = 1.60), absence of vaccination(OR = 3.11; OR = 2.51), previous history of bowel infections(OR = 1.78; OR = 1.49), and family history of IBD(OR = 5.26; OR = 3.33). Associated risk factors for CD were age(18-39 years)(OR = 1.73), higher educational level(OR = 2.22), absence of infectious childhood diseases(OR = 1.99). The UC predictive variables were living in an urban area(OR = 1.62), inadequate living conditions(OR = 1.48) and former smokers(OR = 3.36). Appendectomy was a risk factor for CD(OR = 1.58) with inverse association with UC(OR = 4.79). Consumption of treated and untreated water was associated with risk of CD(OR = 1.38) and UC(OR = 1.53), respectively.CONCLUSION This is the first examining environmental exposures as risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease in Brazil. Most of the variables associated with disease risk support the role of the hygiene hypothesis in IBD development.     

Risk factors for ulcerative reflux oesophagitis: A case-control study

Abstract A case-control study was undertaken to investigate the effects of smoking, alcohol consumption, use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and other analgesic medications and family and medical history on the risk of ulcerative reflux oesophagitis (URO). We recruited 191 cases with URO diagnosed at endoscopy, 162 hospital controls who had also undergone endoscopy and 140 community controls from the Adelaide metropolitan area. From these three groups of subjects, 134 case-community control pairs, matched on age, sex and postcode of residence and 142 case-hospital control pairs, matched on age, sex, hospital and endoscopist, were formed. Elevated non-significant risks were found in those smoking at least 20 cigarettes per day relative to those who never smoked (relative risk = 1.9, 95% confidence interval: 0.9-3.9 in case-hospital control pairs; relative risk = 1.9, 95% confidence interval: 0.9-3.7 in case-community control pairs). There was no elevation in risk associated with the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, with alcohol consumption, factors related to medical and reproductive history, nor with family history except for paternal history of heartburn (relative risk = 2.5, 95% confidence interval: 1.2-5.4 in case-hospital control pairs; relative risk = 1.9, 95% confidence interval: 1.0-4.0 in case-community control pairs). With the possible exception of smoking, no other risk factors for ulcerative reflux oesophagitis related to lifestyle are apparent.     

Risk factors for combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma: A hospital-based case-control study

AIM: To identify risk factors contributing to the development of combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (CHC) in China.METHODS: One hundred and twenty-six patients with CHC and 4:1 matched healthy controls were interviewed during the period from February 2000 to October 2012. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each risk factor.RESULTS: Univariate analysis showed that the significant risk factors for CHC development were hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, heavy alcohol consumption, a family history of liver cancer, and diabetes mellitus. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that HBV infection (OR = 19.245, 95%CI: 13.260-27.931) and heavy alcohol consumption (OR = 2.186, 95%CI: 1.070-4.466) were independent factors contributing to the development of CHC.CONCLUSION: HBV infection and heavy alcohol consumption may play a role in the development of CHC in China.     

Risk factors for strongyloidiasis. A case-control study

Although infection with Strongyloides stercoralis is usually only mildly symptomatic, it can persist for many years and occasionally progress to the hyperinfection syndrome, with a resultant high mortality rate. We studied factors associated with S stercoralis infection by comparing 28 domestic cases of S stercoralis infection with 76 controls with negative stool samples for ova and parasites. The relative risk (RR) of S stercoralis infection was increased for white patients (RR = 5.6), men (RR = 3.9), and patients who had recently used corticosteroids (RR = 3.3), had a hematologic malignancy (RR = 5.28) or had prior gastric surgery (RR = 11.5). These risk factors might be for initial infection, persistence of infection, or both. Although they are not necessarily causal, knowledge of them may lead to earlier recognition of this dangerous and treatable disease.     

Risk factors for pancreatic cancer: case-control study

OBJECTIVES: Although cigarette smoking is the most well-established environmental risk factor for pancreatic cancer, the interaction between smoking and other risk factors has not been assessed. We evaluated the independent effects of multiple risk factors for pancreatic cancer and determined whether the magnitude of cigarette smoking was modified by other risk factors in men and women. METHODS: We conducted a hospital-based case-control study involving 808 patients with pathologically diagnosed pancreatic cancer and 808 healthy frequency-matched controls. Information on risk factors was collected by personal interview, and unconditional logistic regression was used to determine adjusted odds ratios (AORs) by the maximum-likelihood method. RESULTS: Cigarette smoking, family history of pancreatic cancer, heavy alcohol consumption (>60 mL ethanol/day), diabetes mellitus, and history of pancreatitis were significant risk factors for pancreatic cancer. We found synergistic interactions between cigarette smoking and family history of pancreatic cancer (AOR 12.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6-108.9) and diabetes mellitus (AOR 9.3, 95% CI 2.0-44.1) in women, according to an additive model. Approximately 23%, 9%, 3%, and 5% of pancreatic cancer cases in this study were related to cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, heavy alcohol consumption, and family history of pancreatic cancer, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The significant synergy between these risk factors suggests a common pathway for carcinogenesis of the pancreas. Determining the underlying mechanisms for such synergies may lead to the development of pancreatic cancer prevention strategies for high-risk individuals.     

肝内胆管细胞癌的危险因素分析

目的 探讨肝内胆管细胞癌(ICC)发生的可能危险因素,为防治ICC提供理论依据.方法 对317例ICC患者和634例体检者按照年龄、性别、居住地进行1:2配比以做病例对照研究.对计数资料采用χ~2检验,计量资料采用t检验;对相关危险因素先用单因素条件Logistic回归分析方法 筛选出有统计学意义的可疑危险因素,再用多因素条件Logistic回归法进行分析.结果单因素分析显示血清HBsAg阳性、乙型肝炎相关性肝硬化、酒精性肝硬化、其他原因肝硬化、肝内胆管结石、胆总管结石以及肝血吸虫病7个因素在病例组与对照组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).多因素分析证实去除了年龄、性别、居住地的影响后,血清HBsAg阳性、乙型肝炎相关性肝硬化、酒精性肝硬化、其他原因肝硬化,肝内胆管结石以及肝血吸虫病仍与ICC显著相关,其比值比(95%可信区间)分别为10.265(6.676～15.783),13.101(5.265～32.604),18.242(3.580～92.958)、18.435(1.930～176.082),15.102(4.607～49.499)和11.820(3.522～39.668).胆总管结石在单因素分析中有统计学意义,但在多因素分析中P值未达到有统计学意义的水平(P>0.05).肝囊肿、胆囊结石、肝血管瘤、脂肪性肝炎、糖尿病、吸烟、饮酒在病例组与对照组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 HBV感染、肝硬化尤其是乙型肝炎相关性肝硬化、肝内胆管结石病以及肝血吸虫病可能是ICC发病的危险因素.其中,值得关注的是,国内的ICC患者,HBV感染率明显高于目前其他国家的文献报道,HBV感染及其引起的肝硬化可能是国内ICC发生最重要的危险因素.     

Risk factors associated with small bowel adenocarcinoma in Crohn's disease: a case-control study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS:  It is well established that Crohn's disease (CD) is associated with an increased risk of small bowel adenocarcinoma (SBA). The data concerning SBA risk factors in CD are scanty. The aim of this study was to identify them.
METHODS:  In 11 French centers affiliated with the GETAID (Groupe d'Etude Thérapeutique des Affections Inflammatoires du Tube Digestif), we identified 29 patients with CD and SBA. Eighty-seven CD controls without SBA recruited in a single center were matched to the cases for sex, age, duration, and CD site. A conditional logistic regression, taking into account the matching between cases and controls, was performed.
RESULTS:  In univariate analysis, the cases had had significantly less small bowel resection and received prolonged treatment with salicylates (more than 2 yr), less often than the controls (odds ratio, OR [95% confidence interval, CI] 0.07 [0.01–0.32] and 0.29 [0.10–0.82], respectively). In multivariate analysis, both associations remained significant (OR 0.04 [0.01–0.28], P = 0.001; OR 0.16 [0.03–0.79], P = 0.02, respectively).
CONCLUSION:  This study suggests that small bowel resection and prolonged salicylates use may protect against SBA in CD patients.     

Risk factors for hospital-acquired candidemia. A matched case-control study

Nosocomial candidemia has become an important infection not only because of an apparently increasing incidence but also because of its high fatality rate. We studied 28 risk factors through a matched case-control study that included 88 pairs of patients hospitalized between July 1983 and December 1986. The strongest single risk factor found in the univariate analysis was the number of prior antibiotics administered: the exposure odds ratio (OR) was 12.50 when patients who received three to five antibiotics were compared with those who received none to two antibiotics. A multiple logistic regression analysis using a conditional likelihood method was performed to evaluate several risk factors simultaneously. The final model selected by a stepwise procedure included the following variables: number of antibiotics received prior to infection (OR, 1.73 per unit increase), isolation of Candida species from sites other than blood (OR, 10.37), prior hemodialysis (OR, 18.13), and prior use of a Hickman catheter (OR, 7.23). It remains to be shown in controlled clinical trials whether limiting the number of antibiotics or instituting prophylaxis and/or early treatment for high-risk patients will reduce the incidence of nosocomial candidemia.     

Risk factors for coronary heart disease in Indians: a case-control study from Eastern India

We conducted a hospital-based case-control investigation (150 cases and 176 controls) to examine the putative role of conventional risk factors in subjects with and without coronary heart disease from Eastern India. Multivariate binary logistic regression revealed the following as significant risk factors for coronary heart disease: male sex (OR = 4.6, p = 0.001), elevated total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein ratio (OR = 4.0, p = 0.001), systolic blood pressure (OR = 3.0, p = 0.004), diastolic blood pressure (OR = 3.6, p = 0.002), fasting plasma glucose (OR = 3.0, p = 0.05), post-pondrial plasma glucose (OR = 3.2, p = 0.005), Impaired fasting glucose (OR = 3.7, p = 0.002), elevated triglyceride (OR = 3.1, p = 0.018), increased total cholesterol (OR = 3.0, p = 0.029), low-density lipoprotein (OR = 3.1, p = 0.001), low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein ratio (OR = 3.4, p = 0.004), central obesity (OR = 3.0, p = 0.006), smoking (OR = 3.7, p = 0.001) and urban residence (OR = 3.1, p = 0.003). In this study, the discriminant analysis showed that 77.2% of all entry for cases and 72.6% of all entry for controls were correctly classified using conventional risk factors and warrant early intervention for conventional risk factors.     

Risk factors for acute hepatitis B: a case-control study

Over the period 1989–1991 a case-control study was carried out in the area of Naples comparing 162 subjects with acute hepatitis B and 788 hospitalized control subjects. The results of multivariate analysis showed that surgical intervention (odds ratio 3.8; 95% CI 1.2–11.7), household contact with an hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive carrier (odds ratio 2.7; 95% CI 1.1–6.7) and intravenous drug use (odds ratio 13.0; 95% CI 3.2–52.7) were risk factors independently associated with hepatitis B. No association was found with the other risk factors considered, such as blood transfusion, hospitalization, other percutaneous exposures, dental therapy, contact with an icteric case, barber shop shaving and two or more sexual partners. As a significant proportion of the general population undergoes surgical intervention, efficient procedures for sterilization of instruments should be implemented, together with the use of disposable materials, to control the spread of HBV infection in surgical settings.