弓形虫复合基因疫苗研究进展

弓形虫疫苗包括全虫疫苗、虫体特异组分疫苗、DNA 疫苗、基因工程疫苗,现阶段研究较多的是后两种,由原来的单一疫苗向复合疫苗发展,复合疫苗有多种联合方式：表面抗原联合、表面抗原与分泌抗原联合、其他类型抗原联合,疫苗免疫效力低下的缺点可采用有效免疫方式或使用佐剂提高效果。     

妇科肿瘤疫苗的研究进展

肿瘤疫苗是妇科恶性肿瘤免疫治疗研究的热点之一。卵巢癌疫苗均为治疗性疫苗,主要包括克隆抗原疫苗、肿瘤细胞疫苗、基因工程肿瘤细胞疫苗、树突状细胞疫苗、抗独特型疫苗。子宫颈癌疫苗包括以人乳头瘤病毒为基础的多肽疫苗、载体疫苗、融合蛋白疫苗和嵌合疫苗及树突状细胞疫苗等治疗性疫苗和人乳头瘤病毒预防性疫苗。而子宫内膜癌疫苗报道很少。     

大埔县2007年免疫规划乙型肝炎疫苗使用情况调查分析

目的了解免疫规划乙肝疫苗的使用情况，为合理使用乙肝疫苗和制订乙肝疫苗使用计划提供科学依据。方法查对接种单位疫苗账目，与一类疫苗报表中乙肝疫苗报告数进行比较，参照差值评价法进行评价。结果2007年大埔县共使用乙肝疫苗16550支，报告接种乙肝疫苗17865支，乙肝疫苗实际使用数较报告数少7．36％，结果“不可信”。16个接种单位结果判定为“不可信”，其中7个接种单位乙肝疫苗实际使用数大于报告数，9个接种单位乙肝疫苗实际使用数小于报告数。结论大埔县乙肝疫苗的使用还不够规范，非目标人群使用疫苗和虚报接种数的情况并存。建议卫生行政部门加大督查力度，及时纠正存在问题。     

人乳头瘤病毒疫苗研究进展

HPV感染和宫颈癌的发生密切相关，HPV疫苗的研制对于预防和治疗HPV感染所导致的宫颈癌有着重要的意义。目前，HPV疫苗的研究主要集中于预防性疫苗和治疗性疫苗两个方面。本文就HPV疫苗的最新进展、几种类型疫苗的研究策略和改进方法等作一阐述。     

日本血吸虫多价DNA疫苗pBK-Sj26(Sj32)-Sj23免疫效果的观察

为了观察血吸虫病多价DNA疫苗的保护力,将小鼠分成5组空白对照组、空质粒对照组、单价抗原DNA疫苗pBK-CMV-Sj23组、多价抗原DNA疫苗pBK-CMV-Sj26-Sj23和pBK-CMV-Sj32-Sj23组.大量提取各组质粒DNA后,各组于0、3、5周在BALB/c小鼠股四头肌注射相应质粒DNA,9周用血吸虫尾蚴攻击感染,15周剖杀小鼠计算减虫率及减卵率.结果显示与对照组比较,实验组小鼠减虫率及减卵率有极显著性差异(P<0.01);与单价pBK-CMV-Sj23组比较,多价DNA疫苗组的减虫率及减卵率有显著性差异.提示血吸虫多价DNA疫苗诱导小鼠对血吸虫的保护力优于单价DNA疫苗.     

A six-year survey of immunogenicity and efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in infants born to HBsAg carriers.

Although the efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine is well documented, the duration of immunity of healthy infants after vaccination is unknown. 99 infants born to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-carrier mothers were studied and found to have positive anti-HBs (titer: greater than or equal to 10 mIU/mL) after a first injection of vaccine at the ages of 1 to 6 years. The infants were randomly divided into four groups of recipients treated with the vaccine of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), U.S.A. or that of the Beijing Biological Products Research Institute (BBPRI), BBPRI vaccine in combination with hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and placebo. The results showed that the protective efficacy dropped considerably after 5 years with NIAID vaccine, after 3 years with BBPRI vaccine and after 4 years with BBPRI vaccine plus HBIG. This suggests that a booster injection is needed 5 years after the first injection of NIAID vaccine, 3 years after BBPRI vaccine, and 4 years after BBPRI vaccine plus HBIG.

     

水痘减毒活疫苗预防水痘的临床观察

目的 观察水痘减毒活疫苗的临床效果。方法 对历年来在2岁-6岁健康易感儿童中接种的485例进行，临床追踪观察；同时选择与疫苗接种者密切接触的非接种者进行对比观察。本研究中使用的进口疫苗和国产痘苗价格差异大，为此我们对进口痘苗和国产痘苗的临床效果也进行了比较。结果接种水痘疫苗对幼儿的保护率迭98．1％，不良反应轻微，安全性好；进口疫苗和国产疫苗临床效果没有显著差异。结论常规接种水痘减毒活疫苗具有明显的社会学意义和流行病学意义。     

甲型肝炎灭活疫苗和冻干减毒活疫苗接种后1年的免疫原性研究

目的评价甲型肝炎灭活疫苗和冻干减毒活疫苗接种1剂1年后的免疫原性。方法采用单一中心随机双盲试验设计,对18月龄~4岁健康幼儿受试者随机接种1剂设盲的甲肝灭活疫苗或甲肝减毒活疫苗。接种前及接种后12个月,采用微粒子酶免法（MEIA）定量检测受试者甲型肝炎抗体（抗-HAV）。结果免疫后1年,甲肝灭活疫苗组和甲肝减毒疫苗组分别有124人和135人完成试验,抗-HAV阳转率分别为95.2%和91.1%,抗-HAV的几何平均浓度（GMC）分别为101.7 IU/L和65.5 IU/L,甲肝灭活疫苗免疫的抗体水平明显高于甲肝减毒活疫苗（P〈0.001）。结论接种1剂甲肝灭活疫苗或甲肝减毒活疫苗后12个月,均可产生良好的免疫效应,甲肝灭活疫苗免疫的抗体水平明显高于甲肝减毒活疫苗。     

水痘减毒活疫苗预防水痘的临床观察

目的观察水痘减毒活疫苗的临床效果。方法对历年来在2岁￣6岁健康易感儿童中接种的485例进行临床追踪观察;同时选择与疫苗接种者密切接触的非接种者进行对比观察。本研究中使用的进口疫苗和国产疫苗价格差异大,为此我们对进口疫苗和国产疫苗的临床效果也进行了比较。结果接种水痘疫苗对幼儿的保护率达98.1%,不良反应轻微,安全性好;进口疫苗和国产疫苗临床效果没有显著差异。结论常规接种水痘减毒活疫苗具有明显的社会学意义和流行病学意义。     

基于区块链技术的疫苗追溯架构

疫苗安全一直备受人们关注,它从一个人的出生开始就一直影响着人们的生活.然而现在的疫苗市场仍存在较多问题,致使疫苗安全事件时有发生,因此,对于疫苗整个生命周期的监管和流向追溯是十分必要的.本文提出一种基于区块链的疫苗追踪溯源架构,重点解决疫苗从生产到用于临床整个过程中真实的信息追溯,实现疫苗生产使用过程对医生和患者透明、...     

胸腺肽增强狂犬病疫苗免疫效果的研究

目的　探索胸腺肽作为人用纯化Vero -细胞狂犬病疫苗佐剂的可能性。　方法　分为单针和多针狂犬疫苗免疫方案。单针免疫是用狂犬疫苗 1支加胸腺肽 1针免疫 ;多针免疫按常规五针免疫程序 (即 0、3、7、14、2 8d各注射1针 ) ,加胸腺肽组按三针免疫程序 (即 0、7、2 8d各注射 1针 ) ,实验小白鼠每只均以狂犬病疫苗 0 .2ml与胸腺肽混合后肌肉注射。　结果　单针免疫加入胸腺肽 ( 2mg/只 )后抗体效价高且抗体产生时间早 ,抗体水平显著高于疫苗组 (P <0 .0 1)。而且加入胸腺肽 ( 6mg/只 )后免疫三针可达到五针常规疫苗免疫效果。　结论　胸腺肽作为人用纯化Vero -细胞狂犬病疫苗的佐剂可减少免疫次数。     

Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination: patient perceptions

The efficacy of the influenza vaccine in reducing mortality and hospital admissions is established, particularly in the elderly. However, up to 50% of those at risk do not receive the vaccine. These patients are also at risk from pneumococcal infection and there is considerable overlap between the target group for each vaccine. This study sought to identify at risk individuals from consecutive admissions to an acute geriatric unit and to gain an insight into their perceptions with regard to vaccination. The awareness of each vaccine was recorded, together with the vaccination history. Seventy four per cent of the final cohort had heard of the influenza vaccine, while only 13% had heard of the pneumococcal vaccine. Fifty per cent perceived themselves to be at risk from influenza and its complications and 87% of the cohort believed it to be a serious infection. Influenza vaccine was judged to confer good protection by 72% of the sample and yet up to 50% believed that the vaccine can make the recipient ill. Influenza is perceived as a serious infection by patients and yet many do not believe themselves to be at particular risk. Although influenza vaccination is believed to confer protection, the decision whether, or not, to accept the vaccine is coloured by many factors, including popular myths and anecdotal information from friends and relatives. The uptake of influenza vaccine is suboptimal and the awareness of the pneumococcal vaccine certainly in the elderly is poor. The need for a comprehensive nationwide education campaign promoting both influenza and pneumococcal vaccine is highlighted.     

肺癌治疗性疫苗的临床应用进展

肿瘤疫苗即是利用肿瘤细胞或肿瘤抗原物质诱导机体的特异性细胞免疫和体液免疫反应,以调节机体免疫功能,达到治疗肿瘤的目的。治疗性肿瘤疫苗可通过主动免疫诱导全身特异性抗肿瘤效应。根据其制备方法不同,疫苗主要分为:细胞疫苗、多肽疫苗和蛋白质疫苗、核酸疫苗、抗独特型抗体疫苗等。本文对目前肺癌相关疫苗的类型、研究进展和临床应用情况进行综述,从而为进一步的研究提供一定的借鉴和参考。     

疫苗的研究与应用

疫苗研制技术的飞速发展在人类预防多种传染性疾病方面发挥了至关重要的作用。经历了传统疫苗和新型疫苗两个阶段。随着生物技术在生物医药领域中的不断深化和发展,相信疫苗的应用前景会越来越广泛。     

疫苗电子监管探讨

目前我国疫苗监管问题很多,建议建立疫苗电子监管系统,对疫苗生产、流通和接种全过程进行监管,以维护疫苗行业的秩序,保证广大人民群众的切身利益。     

Immunological Effect of Subunit Influenza Vaccine Entrapped by Liposomes

Objective To elevate the immunological effect of subunit influenza vaccine in infants and aged people (over 60) using liposomal adjuvant in the context of its relatively low immunity and to investigate the relation between vaccine antigens and liposomal characteristics. Methods Several formulations of liposomal subunit influenza vaccine were prepared. Their relevant characteristics were investigated to optimize the preparation method. Antisera obtained from immunizinged mice were used to evaluate the antibody titers of various samples by HI and ELISA. Results Liposomal trivalent influenza vaccine prepared by film evaporation in combinedation with freeze-drying significantly increased its immunological effect in SPF Balb/c mice. Liposomal vaccine stimulated the antibody titer of H3N2, H1N1, and B much stronger than conventional influenza vaccine. As a result, liposomal vaccine (mean size: 4.5-5.5 μm, entrapment efficiency: 30%-40%) significantly increased the immunological effect of subunit influenza vaccine. Conclusion The immune effect of liposomal vaccine depends on different antigens, and enhanced immunity is not positively correlated with the mean size of liposome or its entrapped efficiency.     

Current Status of Measles and Oral Poliovirus Vaccines

Live attenuated measles vaccine, accompanied by a dose of gamma globulin to reduce systemic reactions, has given a high degree of protection, probably long lasting. Further attenuated vaccine gives promise of achieving the same result without the use of gamma globulin. Inactivated vaccine has not been shown to give durable immunity, but a schedule of killed vaccine followed by live vaccine has provided protection with minimal reactions. Inactivated vaccine can probably be combined with other antigens.

Sabin oral poliovirus vaccines of all three types have been highly effective in preventing paralytic illness and reducing the spread of virulent strains. Because of the rare occurrence, chiefly in adults, of paralytic cases considered to be probably vaccine-associated, though no proof was possible, it has been recommended in Canada that initial immunization with Salk vaccine be continued and that all infants and children should subsequently receive trivalent Sabin vaccine.

     

甲型H1N1流感病毒裂解疫苗与流行性感冒裂解疫苗同期接种不良反应的对比分析

目的通过比较甲型H1N1流感病毒裂解疫苗(甲流疫苗)和流行性感冒裂解疫苗(普流疫苗)同期接种的不良反应,分析甲流疫苗的安全性。方法收集2种疫苗接种记录,对其中记录的不良反应进行流行病学统计分析。结果甲流疫苗接种156 738人次,发生不良反应18人,发生率11.48/10万;普流疫苗接种116994人,发生不良反应7人,发生率5.98/10万。分析发现,甲流疫苗接种的不良反应发生率与全国水平、普流疫苗相当;此外2种疫苗接种的不良反应在职业、年龄及性别分布上相同;2种疫苗的不良反应发生率在16～25岁年龄段、学生中较高,且有随着年龄段的升高,发生率有下降的趋势(rs=-0.999,P<0.001)。此外,2种疫苗接种后发生不良反应的临床症状除肌肉痛外,其余症状的发生无统计学差别。结论综上所述,甲流疫苗临床观察时间短、接种后有发生不良反应的可能,但总体来看,接种甲流疫苗是安全有效的,能有效保护甲流的易感人群。     

甲肝-麻疹-水痘联合疫苗对细胞免疫功能的影响

目的： 研究甲肝-麻疹-水痘联合疫苗对细胞免疫功能的影响,阐明联合疫苗的作用强度。
方法： 用甲肝-麻疹-水痘联合疫苗、甲肝疫苗、麻疹疫苗、水痘疫苗分别对小鼠进行注射,第2周开始采血,采用流式细胞技术检测T淋巴细胞表面标记物CD3+﹑CD4+﹑CD8+ 的百分含量。用ConA刺激淋巴细胞,计算刺激指数(SI)反映淋巴细胞转化程度。姬姆萨染色,镜检,计算吞噬百分率检测巨噬细胞的吞噬功能。RT-PCR检测细胞因子IFN-γ、IL-2的mRNA表达水平。结果：流式细胞技术检测结果显示,联合疫苗组的CD3+/CD8+比值明显高于单价疫苗组(P<0.05）。淋巴细胞转化实验中,联合疫苗组SI明显高于单价疫苗组(P<0.05）。联合疫苗组巨噬细胞的吞噬百分率明显高于单价疫苗组(P<0.05）。联合疫苗组IFN-γ、IL-2的mRNA表达水平明显高于单价疫苗组 (P<0.05）。结论： 甲肝-麻疹-水痘联合疫苗增强机体细胞免疫功能的作用强于单价疫苗。     

共刺激分子B7.1和葡萄球菌肠毒素A膜表面共修饰瘤苗抗肿瘤作用的研究

目的 观察跨膜型葡萄球菌肠毒素A(SEA-TM)和糖基化磷脂酰肌醇锚定型mB7．1(mB7．1-GPI)二种免疫分子膜表面修饰瘤苗的抗肿瘤作用是否优于单种免疫分子膜表面修饰的瘤苗。方法构建pcDNA3．1( )／mB7．1-GPI真核表达载体,转染中国仓鼠卵巢上皮细胞(CHO)中,表达和纯化mB7．1-GPI。通过蛋白转染法将SEA-TM、mB7．1-GPI单独或共同锚定到EL-4肿瘤细胞膜上,制成瘤苗,观察这些瘤苗刺激小鼠脾细胞的增殖和分泌白细胞介素(IL)-2和γ干扰素(IFN)-γ的量及抗肿瘤作用。结果mB7．1-GPI。和SEA-TM能单独或共同锚定在肿瘤细胞膜上,具有相当的稳定性;在体外有刺激小鼠脾细胞增殖和分泌IL-2、IFN-γ的功能。mB7．1-GPI、SEA-TM、mB7,1-GPI SEA-TM锚定肿瘤细胞,制成的瘤苗,能抑制荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤生长和延长荷瘤小鼠的存活时间。mB7．1-GPI和SEA-TM双锚定瘤苗,显示出比单一蛋白锚定瘤苗更强的抗肿瘤作用。结论用蛋白转染法将SEA和mB7.1二种免疫分子同时锚定到肿瘤细胞膜上所制成的瘤苗,其抗肿瘤作用优于单种免疫分子锚定的瘤苗。