Effect of Kangquan Recipe (康泉方) on BAMBI Expression in Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Prostate in Rats with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Objective: To investigate the effect of Kangquan Recipe (康泉方, KQR) on bone morphogenetic protein and activin membrane-bound inhibitor (BAMBI) expression and its mechanism in rats with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Methods: Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups using a random number table, with 8 in each group: the normal group (normal saline 10 mL/kg), the model group (normal saline 10 mL/kg), the finasteride group (0.5 mg/kg), the low-dose KQR group (3.5 g/kg), the middle-dose KQR group (7 g/kg), and the high-dose KQR group (14 g/kg). The 40 rats were subcutaneously injected with testosterone propionate after castration for 30 days to establish the BPH rat model except for those in the normal group. At the same time, the corresponding drugs were administered by gavage for 30 consecutive days. The effects of different doses of KQR on the protate wet weight, prostate volume and prostate index (PI) were observed. The changes in histopathology were monitored with hematoxylin-eosin staining. BAMBI protein and mRNA expression contents were determined by Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Results: All doses of KQR could decrease prostatic epithelial tissue proliferation. Compared to the model group, the high and middle-dose KQR significantly reduced prostate wet weight, prostate volume and PI; increased BAMBI protein expression in the hypothalamus, pituitary and prostate tissue; all doses of KQR up-regulated BAMBI mRNA expression in serum, prostatic fluid and prostate tissue (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusions: KQR could inhibit the proliferation of rat prostatic tissue, promote BAMBI protein expression in the hypothalamic-pituitary-prostate of rats with BPH; and increase BAMBI mRNA expression in the blood, prostatic fluid and prostate tissue of rats with BPH, showing a dose-effect relationship. KQR can be used as a potential drug for the treatment of BPH.     

Inhibitory effect of Kangjia Pill (抗甲丸) on thyrocyte proliferation in rat goiter model

Objective:To investigate the inhibitory effects of Kangjia Pill(抗甲丸,KJP)on the cell proliferation in rat goiter model induced by methimazole(MMI).Methods:Fifty-six Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups:the normal group,MMI model group(MMI),low dose of KJP group(LKJP),and high dose of KJP(HKJP). Except the normal group(20 rats),the other groups(12 rats in each)were given 0.04%(w/v)MMI through the drinking water until the end of the experiment.One week later,the rats in the LKJP and HKJP group...     

Multiple Pharmacological Actions of Yiqi Huatan Decoction (益气化痰方) in A Model of Depression in Rats

Objective: To investigate the influence of Yiqi Huatan Decoction (益气化痰方, YHD) on a model of depression in rats under different pathological conditions. Methods: Thirty-two male SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 8: normal, model, YHD, and maprotiline. The model group, YHD group and maprotiline group used separate feeding and rats were exposed to chronic and unpredictable stress to build the depression model. From day 2, the YHD group and maprotiline group were respectively given YHD (7 g/kg) and maprotiline (10 mg/kg) by gastrogavage once daily. The normal and model groups were given the same volume of drinking water. The medication duration were 21 days. At the end of the experiment, the serum levels of copper and zinc were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy, plasma concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol (COR) were detected by radioimmunoassay, and levels of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the hypothalamus were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography-eletricochemistry. Results: Compared with the content of copper and zinc in the serum of rats in the normal group, serum copper levels in model rats were significantly increased and zinc content was significantly reduced (both P<0.05). Plasma concentrations of ACTH and COR in the model group were significantly increased compared with those in the normal group (P<0.05, P<0.01). The contents of NE, DA, and 5-HT in the hypothalamus of rats in the model group were significantly reduced compared with those of the normal group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with those in the model group, the serum copper content and plasma concentrations of ACTH and COR were significantly decreased (all P<0.05); meanwhile, serum zinc content and hypothalamic contents of NE, DA, and 5-HT were significantly increased in rats of the YHD group (all P<0.05). The same effects were also shown in the maprotiline group except for 5-HT (all P<0.05). Conclusion: The pharmacological actions of YHD for depression might be related to improving trace-element anomalies, reversing endocrine dysfunction, and modulating the disorders of monoaminergic neurotransmitters.     

Effect of Qingre Buyi Decoction (清热补益汤) on Nitric Oxide and Histomorphology of Intestinal Mucosa in Rats with Radiation Enteritis

Objective: To explore the mechanism of Qingre Buyi Decoction (清热补益汤,QBD) in prevention and treatment of radiation enteritis in rats. Methods: Forty-eight Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups, the TCM group, the WM group, the model group and the control group, 12 in each group. Rats in the former three groups were given orally with QBD, norfloxacin and normal saline once a day for 7 successive days, after being irradiated with X-ray at single dose of 10 Gy for modeling of radiation enteritis, while rats in the control group were untreated. Animals were sacrificed at the end of the medication. NO concentration, mean height and number of villi per centimeter in their small intestinal mu-cosa were measured. Results: The intestinal NO concentration was significantly lower in the TCM and WM groups than that in the model group(P<0.05), while the number of villi was significantly more and the height higher in the former two groups than those in the model group (P<0.01 for both), but no signif     

针灸脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠百会及足三里穴位对热休克蛋白70及肿瘤坏死因子-α表达的作用

Objective:To explore the effects of acupuncture on the peripheral serum expression of heat shock protein 70(HSP70)and tumor necrosis factor a(TNF-α)in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury(CIRI).Methods:In total,152 Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into an operated group and a non-operated group according to a random digits table.The operated group included a sham-operated group,a model group and an acupuncture group,whereas the non-operated group consisted of a normal group.Except for the normal group,each group was further divided into 12,24,48,72,96,and 144 h time points according to different reperfusion times.Eight rats were assigned in each operated group and in the normal group.The rat model of CIRI was established by the thread occlusion method in the model and acupuncture groups.The acupuncture group was treated with electroacupuncture at Baihui(DU20)and Zusanli(ST36)for the required time after successful operation.Blood was sampled to detect the HSP70 and TNF-αcontent by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.Results:The expression of HSP70 protein in the peripheral serum of the experimental groups was higher than that in the normal control group.The peak time in both the model and the sham-operated groups was 12 h,and the peak time in the acupuncture group was 24 h.The expression in the acupuncture group declined to a lower level at 72 h and was lower than that in the model and sham-operated groups(P0.05).The peak time for the expression of TNF-αprotein in the peripheral serum of both the model and the acupuncture groups was 24 h,but the expression in the acupuncture group was lower than the model group.Additionally,the expression of TNF-αin all experimental groups was higher than the normal group(P0.05).Conclusions:Acupuncture at DU20 and ST36 in rats attenuated CIRI,which was associated with a reduction in the expression of HSP70 and TNF-α.These results provide clues to acupunctural neuroprotective properties.Acupuncture at DU20 and ST36 in rats after CIRI can adjust the expression of HSP70 and TNF-αin the peripheral serum,which might be one of the mechanisms of acupuncture's attenuation of CIRI.     

Effect of Wenhua Juanbi Recipe (温化蠲痹方) on Expression of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa B Ligand, Osteoprotegerin, and Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily Member 14 in Rats with Collagen-Induced Arthritis

Objective: To study the effect of Wenhua Juanbi Recipe(温化蠲痹方, WJR) on expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand(RANKL), osteoprotegerin(OPG), and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 14(TNFRSF14, also known as LIGHT) in rats with collagen-induced arthritis(CIA). Methods: CIA rats were generated by subcutaneous injection of bovine collagen type-Ⅱ at the tail base. Sixty CIA rats were randomly assigned(10 animals/group) to: model, methotrexate(MTX)-treated(0.78 mg/kg body weight), and WJR-treated(22.9 g/kg) groups. Healthy normal rats(n=10) were used as the normal control. Treatments or saline were administered once daily by oral gavage. Rats were sacrificed at day 28 post-treatment and knee synovium and peripheral blood serum were collected. Toe swelling degree and expression of RANKL, OPG, and LIGHT were determined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Results: Compared with the normal group, toe swelling degree was significantly increased in the model group(P0.01). After treatment, toe swelling degree decreased significantly in the WJR and MTX groups compared with the model group(P0.01). Compared with the normal group, expression of RANKL and LIGHT were significantly increased and OPG significantly decreased in peripheral blood and synovium of the model group(P0.01). Conversely, RANKL and LIGHT expression were significantly reduced and OPG increased in the WJR and MTX groups compared with the model group(P0.01). No statistically significant difference existed between WJR and MTX groups. Conclusion: WJR likely acts by reducing RANKL expression and increasing OPG expression, thus inhibiting RANKL/RANK interaction and reducing LIGHT expression, thereby inhibiting osteoclast formation/activation to block bone erosion.     

Effects of different therapeutic methods and typical recipes of Chinese medicine on activation of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase in Kupffer cells of rats with fatty liver disease

<正>Objective:To observe the effects of different therapeutic methods and the recipes of Chinese medicine(CM) on the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK) in Kupffer cells of rats with fatty liver disease and to explore the mechanisms of these therapeutic methods.Methods:By using a random number table,98 rats were randomly divided into 7 groups:control group,model group,and 5 treatment groups,including soothing Liver(Gan) recipe group,invigorating Spleen(Pi) recipe group,dispelling dampness recipe group,promoting blood recipe group,and complex recipe group.Rats in the control group were fed with normal food and distilled water by gastric perfusion,while rats in the model group were fed with high-fat food and distilled spirits by gastric perfusion.Rats in the 5 treatment groups were fed with high-fat food and corresponding recipes by gastric perfusion.Twelve weeks later,all rats were sacrificed and liver tissues were stained for pathohistological observation.Kupffer cells were isolated from livers of rats to evaluate JNK and phospho-JNK expressions by Western blotting.Results:The grade of hepatic steatosis was higher in the model group than the control group(P0.05).Compared with the model group,the grade of fatty degeneration in soothing Liver recipe group and invigorating Spleen recipe group were significantly ameliorated(P0.05).Expressions of JNK and phospho-JNK in Kupffer cells were significantly higher in the model group than those in the control group(P0.05,P0.01).Compared with the model group,expressions of JNK in all treatment groups decreased,especially in invigorating Spleen recipe group and promoting blood recipe group(P0.05).Compared with the model group,expressions of phospho-JNK in all treatment groups declined significantly(P0.01),especially in soothing Live recipe group and invigorating Spleen recipe group. Conclusions:The high expressions of JNK and phospho-JNK in Kupffer cells might play an important role in the pathogenesis of fatty liver disease in rats.The recipes of CM,especially invigorating Spleen recipe and soothing Liver recipe,might protect liver against injury by reducing the total JNK protein content and inhibiting the activation of JNK protein in Kupffer cells of fatty liver model rats,which showed beneficial effects on fatty liver disease.     

Role of β2-adrenoceptor-β-arrestin2-nuclear factor-κB signal transduction pathway and intervention effects of oxymatrine in ulcerative colitis

Objective:To investigate the β2-adrenoceptor(β2AR)-β-arrestin2-nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB) signal transduction pathway and the intervention effects of oxymatrine in a rat model of ulcerative colitis.Methods: Forty SD rats were randomly divided into four groups,which included the normal control group,the model group, the mesalazine group and the oxymatrine treatment group,with 10 rats per group.Experimental colitis induced with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid(TNBS) was established in each group except the normal control group.The rats in the oxymatrine treatment group were treated with intramuscular injection of oxymatrine 63 mg/(kg·d) for 15 days and the rats in the mesalazine group were treated with mesalazine solution 0.5 g/(kg·d) by gastric lavage for 15 days. The rats in the normal control group and model group were treated with 3 mL water by gastric lavage for 15 days. Diarrhea and bloody stool were carefully observed.Histological changes in colonic tissue were examined on day 7 in 2 rats per group that were randomly selected.The expression of β2AR,β-arrestin2 and NF-κB p65 in colon tissue and spleen lymphocytes were detected with immunohistochemistry and Western immunoblotting techniques on day 16 after fasting for 24 h.Six rats died of lavage with 2 each in the normal control,the model group and the mesalazine group;and were not included in the analysis.Results:The rats in the model group suffered from looser stool and bloody purulent stool after modeling.But in the oxymatrine and mesalazine groups,looser stool and bloody purulent stool reduced after treatment.And the colonic wall in the model group was thickened and the colon length shortened.The colon mucosa was congested in multiple areas with edema,erosion,superficial or linear ulcer and scar formation,while the intestinal mucosa injury reduced in the mesalazine and oxymatrine groups(P<0.01).In colonic mucosa and in spleen lymphocytes,compared with the normal control group,the expression of NF-κBp65 were significantly increased(P<0.01) in the model group while the expressions ofβ2AR andβ-arrestin2 were significantly decreased(P<0.01).Compared with the model group,the expression of NF-κBp65 was significantly decreased in the mesalazine group(P<0.01) and oxymatrine treatment group(P<0.01) while the expressions of β2AR and β-arrestin2 were significantly increased(P<0.01).There were no statistically significant differences in the expression of β2AR,β-arrestin2 and NF-κBp65 between the mesalazine group and oxymatrine group(P>0.05).Conclusions:The β2AR-β-arrestin2-NF-κB signal transduction pathway participated in the pathologic course of ulcerative colitis.Oxymatrine attenuated ulcerative colitis through regulating the β2AR-β-arrestin2-NF-κB signal transduction pathway.     

Effect of Soothing Gan (Liver) and Invigorating Pi (Spleen) Recipes on TLR4-p38 MAPK Pathway in Kupffer Cells of Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis Rats

Objective: To investigate the mechanism of inflammatory-mediated toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(p38 MAPK) pathway in Kupffer cells(KCs) of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH) rats and the intervention effect of soothing Gan(Liver) and invigorating Pi(Spleen) recipes on this pathway. Methods: After 1 week of acclimatization, 120 Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into 8 groups using a random number table(n=15 per group): normal group, model group, low-dose Chaihu Shugan Powder(柴胡疏肝散, CHSG) group(3.2 g/kg), high-dose CHSG group(9.6 g/kg), low-dose Shenling Baizhu Powder(参苓白术散, SLBZ) group(10 g/kg), high-dose SLBZ(30 g/kg) group, and low-and highdose integrated recipe(L-IR, H-IR) groups. All rats in the model and treatment groups were fed with a high-fat diet(HFD). The treatments were administrated by gastrogavage once daily and lasted for 26 weeks. The liver tissues were detected with hematoxylin-eosin(HE) and oil red O staining. Levels of liver lipids, serum lipids and transaminases were measured. KCs were isolated from the livers of rats to evaluate the mRNA expressions of TLR4 and p38 MAPK by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and proteins expressions of TLR4, p-p38 MAPK and p38 MAPK by Western blot. Levels of inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α), interleukin(IL)-1 and IL-6 in KCs were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: After 26 weeks of HFD feeding, HE and oil red O staining showed that the NASH model rats successfully reproduced typical pathogenesis and histopathological features. Compared with the normal group, the model group exhibited significant increases in body weight, liver weight, liver index, serum levels of total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and aspartate aminotransferase as well as TC and TG levels in liver tissues, and significant decrease in serum level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(P0.05 or P0.01), while those indices were significantly ameliorated in the H-IR group(P0.05 or P0.01). Higher levels of TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 in KCs were observed in the model group compared with the normal group(P0.01). Significant decreases in TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 were observed in the H-SLBZ, H-IR and L-IR groups compared with the model group(P0.05 or P0.01). The m RNA expressions of TLR4 and p38 MAPK and protein expressions of TLR4, p38 MAPK and p-p38 MAPK in KCs in the model group were significantly higher than the normal group(P0.01), while those expression levels in the L-IR and H-IR groups were significantly lower than the model group(P0.05 or P0.01). Conclusions: Inflammation in KCs might play an important role in the pathogenesis of NASH in rats. The data demonstrated the importance of TLR4-p38 MAPK signaling pathway in KCs for the anti-inflammatory effect of soothing Gan and invigorating Pi recipes.     

Effect of Qi-tonifying and Stasis-eliminating Therapy(益气活血法)on Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Its Receptors FIt-l,FIk-1 in the Brain of Intracerebral Hemorrhagic Rats

Objective:To investigate the effects and mechanism of qi-tonifying and stasis- eliminating(QTSE)therapy on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)and its receptors Fit-1 and FIk-1 in the brains of intracerebral hemorrhagic(model)rats.Methods:One hundred and eighty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups:the normal group (n=5),the sham-operative(SO)group(n=35),the model group(n=35),the QTSE group(n=35),the QT group(n=35)and the SE group(n=35).All the rats except those in the normal group and SO group were established into an intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH)model by intracerebral injection of collagenase typeⅦand the latter three were orally administered with Buyang Huanwu Decoction (补阳还五汤,a classical recipe for QTSE)or with some of its components for qi-tonification and for stasis-elimination,respectively.To the other three groups,normal saline solutions were given instead.Behavioral tests were carried out in the animals randomly chosen from each group on days 1, 2,4,7,14,21 and 28 after modeling.The expressions of VEGF,FIk-1 and Fit-1 were determined by immunohistochemistry and the number of vascular segments with positive expression in the injured brain area of the rats was calculated.Results:From day 7 onwards,the asymmetric forelimb use rate in the QTSE group recovered more significantly than that in the other model groups.In the model group,the expressions of VEGF,FIk-1 and Fit-1 appeared on day 1 and reached a peak on day 21, then weakened gradually.In the QTSE group,as compared with the other model groups,a higher level of VEGF expression was shown from day 7(P<0.01)and a higher level of Fit-1 expression was shown from the 7th day to the 21st day(P<0.01).Conclusion:QTSE therapy can up-regulate the expressions of VEGF and its receptors(FIk-1 and Fit-1)and improve the recovery of kinetic function in the ICH rats,which may be correlated with its action in modulating vascular regeneration to promote the reconstruction of microvascular networks in the damaged areas.     

Effects of Acupuncture on Progesterone and Prolactin in Rats of Embryo Implantation Dysfunction

Objective:To investigate the effect of acupuncture on progesterone(P4) and prolactin(PRL) in rats of embryo implantation dysfunction(EID).Methods:On the first day of pregnancy,72 female Wistar rats were randomly allocated into the normal group,the EID model group,the acupuncture group and the P4 group(18 in each group).The normal group was injected sesame oil,while the other three groups were given mifepristone to establish the EID model.The acupuncture group and the P4 group were given treatment of acupuncture and P4 injection,respectively.The serum of P4 and PRL were detected by radioimmunoassay,and the mRNA and protein expressions of P4 receptor(PR) and PRL receptor(PRLR) were detected using real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical method,respectively.Results:Compared with the normal group,the serum levels of P4 and PRL as well as the mRNA and protein expression levels of PR and PRLR in the EID model group were significantly lowered(P<0.01 or P<0.05).The above indices in the acupuncture group and the P4 group were significantly elevated compared with the EID model group(P<0.01 or P<0.05).Conclusion:Acupuncture can promote embryo implantation effectively,which might be related to the effects of acupuncture on upregulating the P4 and PRL levels in serum and the PR and PRLR expression levels in rats.     

Effect of Lirukang Oral Liquid(利乳康口服液) on Neurotransmitters and Estrogen in Rats with Hyperplasia of Mammary Gland

Objective: To investigate the effects of Lirukang oral liquid (LRK, 利乳康口服液) on release of neurotransmitter in rats with hyperpiasia of mammary glands (HMG) and to explore its mechanism. Methods: Sixty rats were divided into six groups, the normal control group, the model control group, the large dosage (3.6g/kg) and the small dosage (1.8g/kg) LRK groups, the Ruzengning (乳增宁, RZN, 2.5g/kg) group and the tamoxifen (TAM, 5mg/kg) group, 10 in each group. Except those in the normal control group, all the animals were made into rat model of HMG by intraperitoneal injection of estradiol benzoate. Levels of dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in hypothalamus and mammary gland in rats were detected by fluorescence luminosity assay, and level of prolactin (PRL) in serum was detected by radioimmunoassay.Results: In the model group, the level of DA reduced significantly (P＜0.01), and 5-HT and PRL increased obviously ( P＜0.01). Compared with the model group, the LRK groups of both dosages and the TAM group had their level of DA significantly increased (P ＜ 0. 01 ), and level of 5-HT significantly decreased ( P＜0.01). The serum PRL in both LRK groups was significantly decreased ( P＜0.01). No obvious changes in DA, 5-HT and PRL were found in the RZN group. Conclusion: LRK and TAM have similar effects in regulating the release of neurotransmitter in hypothalamus and mammary gland and serum content of estrogen in the animal models of HMG.     

Protective Effects of Traditional Tibetan Medicine Zuo-Mu-A Decoction (佐木阿汤) on the Blood Parameters and Myocardium of High Altitude Polycythemia Model Rats

Objective: To explore the protective effects of Tibetan medicine Zuo-Mu-A Decoction(佐木阿汤, ZMAD) on the blood parameters and myocardium of high altitude polycythemia(HAPC) model rats. Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups by a random number table, including the normal, model, Rhodiola rosea L.(RRL) and ZMAD groups(10 in each group). Every group was raised in Lhasa to create a HAPC model except the normal group. After modeling, rats in the RRL and the ZMAD groups were administered intragastrically with RRL(20 mL/kg) and ZMAD(7.5 mL/kg) once a day for 2 months, respectively; for the normal and the model groups, 5 mL of distilled water was administered intragastrically instead of decoction. Then routine blood and hematologic rheology parameters were taken, levels of erythropoietin and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine(8-OHd G) were tested, and ultrastructural change in the left ventricular myocardium was observed using transmission electron microscopy. Results: Compared with the model group, ZMAD significantly reduced the red blood cell count, hemoglobin levels, whole blood viscosity at low/middle shear rates, plasma viscosity, erythrocyte electrophoretic time, erythropoietin and 8-OHd G levels, and also increased the erythrocyte deformation index(P0.05). There was no difference in all results between the RRL and the ZMAD groups. The cardiac muscle fibers were well-protected, mitochondrial matrix swelled mildly and ultrastructure changes were less prominent in the ZMAD group compared with the model group. Conclusion: ZMAD has significant protective effects on the blood parameters against HAPC, and also has the beneficial effect in protecting against myocardial injury.     

Study on the Analgesic Effect and Mechanism of Zhitong Capsule (止痛胶囊)in Adjuvant Arthritis Rats

Objective:To observe the analgesic effect of Zhitong Capsule (止痛胶囊, ZTC) and study its mechanism in adjuvant arthritis (AA) rats. Methods: Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups with 8 rats in each group. On the first day, except to those in the normal group that were treated with normal saline, the same amount of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) was given through intradermal injection into the right hind paw to all the rats in the other groups. From the 17th day of the modeling on, the rats in groups of ZTC were administered daily through gastrogavage with a dose of 1000, 500,250 mg/kg respectively, while equal volume of normal saline was given to those in the normal group and model group, and an equal volume of aspirin (ASA) solution was given to rats in the ASA group through gastrogavage for 10 days, once per day, and on the 27th day, the analgesic effect of ZTC was measured with heat withdraw method. The activities and contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lipid peroxides (LPO) in serum were observed by spectrophotometry, and the level of beta-endorphin (β-EP) in hypothalamus were determined by the assay of immunohistochemistry. Results: ZTC showed significant effects on enhancing the pain threshold and at the same time it increased the activities of SOD and reduced the contents of LPO in serum. ZTC could also increase the level of β-EP in hypothalamus. Conclusion: ZTC has analgesic effect and its mechanism is probably related with its effect in inhibiting the level of oxygen free radicals in serum and increasing the level of β-EP of hypothalamus in rats.     

Effects of Jinmaitong Capsule (筋脉通胶囊) on Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor in Sciatic Nerves of Diabetes Mellitus Rats

Objective:To study the effects of the Chinese medicine Jinmaitong Capsule(筋脉通胶囊,JMT) on the pathomorphology of sciatic nerves,ciliary neurotrophic factor(CNTF),and the mRNA expressions of CNTF in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus(STZ-DM).Methods:The animal model was established by one time intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin.The rats were simply divided by random into 5 groups including model group,low-dose JMT group(JL),medium-dose JMT group(JM),high-dose JMT group(JH) and neurotropin group.For each of the above 5 groups,a group of 10 normal Wistar rats matched in body weight,age and gender were set as normal group.Intragastric administrations were started after the animal model established.The JL group were administered with five times the JMT dose recommended for a human adult;the JM group were administered with ten times the JMT dose recommended for a human adult;the JH group were administered with twenty times the JMT dose recommended for a human adult.The neurotropin group was administered with ten times the neurotropin dose recommended for a human adult.All rats were given intragastric administration for 16 weeks and then killed.In the 4th,8th,12th,16th week,body weight and blood glucose level were detected before and after the intervention.The morphologic changes of the sciatic nerves were observed by optical microscope and transmission electron microscope.The CNTFmRNA expressions were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain protein,and the CNTF protein expressions were detected by immunohistochemical method.Results:The blood glucose levels of the STZ-DM rats were much higher than normal group(P<0.01),and there was no apparent difference between any treatment groups and the model group(P>0.05).Before and after the intervention in the 4th, 8th,12th,16th week,there were no significant differences in the body weight among all the groups(P>0.05). The sciatic nerves of STZ-DM rats might have pathomorphological changes in axons,myelin sheaths,and interstitium.The levels of CNTF and CNTF-mRNA expressions in the STZ-DM rats were both significantly decreased(P<0.01).The sciatic nerves of STZ-DM rats might have pathomorphological changes in axons, myelin sheaths,and interstitium.Conclusion:JMT could improve the pathomorphology of sciatic nerves by increasing CNTF’s and CNTF-mRNA expressions in sciatic nerve tissues,and promote the repair and regeneration of damaged nerve fibers.     

Effect of Acute Pancreatitis on the Pharmacokinetics of Chinese Herbal Micron Liuhe Pill Ointment (微米六合丹) in Rats

Objective: To explore the effect of acute pancreatitis (AP) on the pharmacokinetics of herbal ointment micron Liuhe Pill (微米六合丹, MLHP) components in anesthetized rats. Methods: Rats were randomly divided into a AP model group (n=6) and a normal group as a control (n=6). The rat model of AP was induced by intraperitoneal injection of L-arginine in rats (15 mg/kg, twice, interval 1 h). Chinese herbal ointment MLHP was used externally on the belly after the 2nd injection for 48 h in both groups. Emodin, rhein, aloe emodin, physcion, chrysophanol from MLHP were detected and quantified in rat serum and pancreas (at 48 h) by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results: Among the five components, only emodin, aloe emodin and physcion from MLHP were detected in all rat serum and most of the rats'' pancreas. Rhein and chrysophanol were not detected in both serum and pancreas. T1/2α of emodin and physcion in MLHP were obviously shorter in the AP model group than those in the normal group (P<0.05), while there was no difference for T1/2α of aloe emodin. The peak concentration and area under curve of all three components were much higher in the AP group than those in the normal group with MLHP in external application for 48 h (P<0.05). Furthermore, the mean residence time (MRT) and maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) of emodin and aloe emodin were obviously longer in the AP model group than those in the normal control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference for Ka of all components between the two groups. Emodin could be detected in all rats'' pancreas at 48 h in both groups, while its mean pancreatic concentration was higher in the AP model group than in the normal group (0.61±0.54 ng/mL, 0.42±0.37 ng/mL, respectively, P<0.05). Aloe emodin could be detected in all rats'' pancreas at 48 h in both groups and their mean pancreatic concentration were similar (0.31±0.24 ng/mL, 0.33±0.17 ng/mL, respectively, P>0.05). Physcion could be detected in pancreas of most rats in the AP model while only two rats in the normal group. Conclusion: AP could significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of absorbed components of Chinese herbal MLHP ointment in rats.     

Effect of Erzhi Pill (二至丸) on Improving Cerebral Nerve Cell Apoptosis in Aging Rats

Objective: To investigate the effects of Erzhi Pill (二至丸,,EZP) on nerve cell apoptosis iinn senescence model rats.Methods: The rats model of senescence was established by peritoneal D-galactose injection combined with thymusectomy.Forty SD rats were randomized into four groups,the normal control group,the senescence model group,the EZP treated group,and the vitamins treated group,10 in each group.The rats were made into senescence model except those in the normal group.In the same time of D-galactose injection,the rats were treated respectively with distilled water,EZP 4.32 g/kg,and vitamins E and C 0.06 g/kg daily for 6 weeks via intragastric infusion.The index of main viscera (as brain,testis,etc.),serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity,and total anti-oxidation capacity (T-AOC) were measured after a 6-week treatment.Meanwhile,the cerebral cortex neuronal apoptosis proportion and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were detected by flow cytometry.Results: Both EZP and vitamins E and C treatments showed effects on increasing testis index and serum level of T-AOC,reducing the percentage of neuronal apoptosis in the cerebral cortex,and elevating MMP in the aging rats model.Conclusions: EZP could inhibit the cerebral cortex neuron apoptosis and maintain the mitochondrial function in the senescent process of rats induced by peritoneal D-galactose injection combined with thymusectomy.It also shows antioxidation effect to some extents.     

Effect of Compound Laser Acupuncture-Moxibustion on Blood Glucose, Fasting Insulin and Blood Lipids Levels in Type 2 Diabetic Rats

Objective: To investigate the effect of compound laser acupuncture-moxibustion on blood glucose, fasting insulin and blood lipids levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) rats. Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, including the normal group, model control group, laser group and sham laser group(n=10 per group). The rats in the normal group were fed with a standard diet. Rats in other groups were fed with a high-sugar and high-fat diet for 4 weeks, then intraperitoneally injected with 1% streptozotocin to induce T2 DM model. The laser group was irradiated by 10.6 μm and 650 nm compound laser on bilateral Pishu(BL 20), Shenshu(BL 23) and Sanyinjiao(SP 6) for 5 min, 6 times a week for 5 weeks. The sham laser group received the same treatment as the laser group, but without laser output. The model control group and normal group were not treated. Blood glucose levels were measured before and after 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 weeks of treatment. The serum levels of fasting insulin, total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), low-density lipoprotein(LDL), and high-density lipoprotein(HDL) were analyzed after the last treatment. Results: The blood glucose levels in the model control group increased during the 5 weeks of treatment compared with the normal group(P0.05), while those in the laser group were significantly lower than the model control group after weekly treatment(P0.01 or P0.05). After 1, 2 and 3 weeks of treatment, the blood glucose levels in the laser group decreased obviously compared with the sham laser group(P0.01 or P0.05). Compared with the normal group, the levels of fasting insulin, TC and LDL in the model control group notably increased(P0.01 or P0.05), while their levels in the laser group were significantly lower than the model control group after 5 weeks of treatment(P0.05 or P0.01). However, no statistically significant differences were observed in TG or HDL levels among the 4 groups(P0.05). Conclusion: The compound laser acupuncture-moxibustion of 10.6 μm and 650 nm had positive effects on the regulation of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in T2 DM rats, which may be a potential treatment for T2 DM, and also provide an alternative to the traditional acupuncture and moxibustion therapy.     

Effect of Acupuncture on Ovary Morphology and Function in DHEA-Induced Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Model Rats

Objective To investigate the effects of acupuncture on ovary morphology and function in dehydroepiandrosterone(DHEA)-induced polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)model rats.Methods A total of 40 adult female Wistar rats were randomly allocated to 4 groups by a random number table,including control,model,metformin and acupuncture groups,10 rats in each group.PCOS rat model was developed by injecting with DHEA(6 mg/100 g body weight)in 0.2 mL of oil subcutaneously.Electrical stimulation(2 Hz,3 mA)was applied to Guanyuan(CV 4),Zigong(EX-CA1)and Qihai(CV 6)acupoints for 30 min daily in the acupuncture group,and metformin(200 mg/kg)was given to rats in the metformin group,both once per day for 21 consecutive days,and rats in the normal group was fed with normal saline and fed regularly.After 21 days of administration,the rat blood samples were collected for detecting the reproductive hormonal levels[luteinizing hormone(LH),follicle stimulating hormone(FSH),estradiol(E2),progesterone(P),testosterone(T)]and inflammatory factors(visfatin,IL-6)analysis.Ovary tissue was used for histopathological analysis.Results Compared with the model group,rats in the acupuncture and metformin groups were significantly lower in weight gain,FSH,LH and T levels,and E2 and P levels significantly increased(alll P<0.05).Meanwhile,LH and FSH levels were significantly decreased,and P,T and E2 levels significantly increased in the acupuncture group,compared with the metformin group(P<0.05).Compared with the model group,IL-6 and visfatin levels were significantly decreased in the acupuncture and metformin groups(P<0.05).There were no significant differences in IL-6 and visfatin levels between the acupuncture and metformin groups(P>0.05).Ovarian diameter in the acupuncture and metformin groups were smaller than the model group(P<0.05).However,there were no significant differences in ovarian diameters between the acupuncture and metformin groups(P>0.05).Conclusion Acupuncture might improve ovary morphology and its function in DHEA-induced PCOS model rats.