支气管舒张试验的临床应用探讨

目的探讨科学合理的支气管舒张试验方法。方法对于临床怀疑有气道阻塞，基础肺功能FEV。小于70％预计值的病人，吸入福莫特罗（奥克斯都保）9．0ug，吸入后分别于15min、30min、60min、120min、240min测定FEV1,PEF、FEF25、FEF50、FEF75、FEF25／75、FEV1／FVC，观察各个时间点不同指标的支气管舒张效果。以卡方检验的方式比较各个时间点的阳性率。结果①如果以15min为一个时间点作为判定标准，FEV1作为判定指标，该组病人支气管舒张试验的阳性率为22％。如果继续观察到120min时，其阳性率达到32％（P〈0．05），当观察到240min时阳性率为33％（P〈0．01），有显著差异。②如以PEF作为判定指标，15min时阳性率为19％，30min阳性率达30．5％（P〈0．05），120min达39％（P〈0．01），具有显著差异。③如果以FEF25／75为判定标准，15min其阳性率为29％，60min阳性率为49％（P〈0．01），120min阳性率为53．5％（P〈0．01）。结论用福莫特罗吸入，采用多点连续检测的方法，进行支气管舒张试验，较既往单点检测的支气管舒张试验，更加科学，准确地反映支气管阻塞的可逆性，值得临床推广。     

支气管哮喘患者气道扩张规律初步研究

目的探讨哮喘患者气道扩张规律。方法检测34例哮喘患者和30例健康人吸入福莫特罗干粉吸入剂前后多个时间点的肺功能变化。结果哮喘患者各项肺功能指标在15、30、60、120、240min的测量值均较基础值增高（P〈0．05），哮喘患者和健康人支气管舒张反应曲线变化不同，并且哮喘患者大、小气道支气管舒张反应曲线变化不同。结论哮喘患者大、小气道扩张有一定的规律。     

咳嗽变异性哮喘支气管舒张试验的肺功能变化特征及临床意义

目的:探讨咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)肺功能指标FEV1、FEF25、FEF50、FEF75在舒张试验中的特点、参数变化的临床意义及对临床诊断的价值。 方法:56位CVA患者及57位正常人群作对为研究对象。受试者进行资料采集，肺通气功能检查、支气管舒张试验检查，分别记录基线数据和舒张试验前后FEV1、FEF25、FEF50、FEF75的数值及改善率。 结果: 本次研究中的CVA患者肺功能检查出现阻塞性通气功能障碍的比例为19.64%，出现小气道功能障碍为39.29%，小气道功能正常为41.07%，支气管舒张试验阳性的占8.9%。与对照组对比， 2.CVA患者FEV1/preFEV1、FEV1/ FVC(%)、FEF25%pred、FEF50%pred、FEF75%pred差异具与对照组对比有明显统计学差异（，P值分别为：P=0.005、P=0.003、P=0.000、P=0.000、P=0.004）。 3.CVA肺功能出现阻塞性通气功能障碍的CVA患者行支气管舒张试验后，FEV1、 FEF25、 FEF50、FEF75改善率与对照组对比有明显统计学差异，（P值分别为：P=0.000、P=0.001、P=0.001、P=0.014）。 4.在CVA中仅出现小气道功能障碍的患者行支气管舒张试验后， FEV1改善率与对照组相比无明显统计学差异（P=0.682）；FEF25、FEF50、FEF75改善率与对照组对比有统计学差异（，P值分别为：P=0.049、P=0.041、P=0.005），而FEV1改善率与对照组相比无明显统计学差异（P=0.682）；。 5.CVA大、小气道功能均为正常的患者行支气管舒张试验后，FEV1、 FEF25、 FEF50、 FEF75改善率与对照组对比无明显统计学差异（，P值分别为：P=0.842、P=0.452、P=0.161、P=0.107）。结论: CVA患者大小气道功能均可异常，亦可正常；MEFV曲线参数中能更好反映其小气道功能特点的是FEF50、FEF75；出现阻塞性通气功能障碍患者肺功能明显低于对照组，行支气管舒张试验后FEV1改善率较对照组高，气道可逆性强，提示支气管舒张试验FEV1改善率对该组可能有预测价值。仅出现小气道功能障碍的CVA患者行舒张试验后FEV1改善率与对照组无明显变化，FEF25、FEF50、FEF75改善率与对照组相比有明显增加。大小气道功能均正常的CVA患者行支气管舒张试验后FEV1、FEF25、FEF50、FEF75改善率与对照组对比无明显变化，提示该组患者单用支气管扩张药物治疗可能效果差。     

呋塞米联合利多卡因雾化吸入辅助治疗急性期支气管哮喘的疗效与护理体会

【目的】探讨应用呋塞米联合利多卡因雾化吸入辅助治疗支气管哮喘的疗效与护理体会。【方法】将60例急性发作期哮喘病人随机分成对照组、观察组各30例,两组均给予支气管哮喘的常规治疗,做好心理护理及通气雾化等专业护理,在此基础上观察组给予呋塞米＋利多卡因雾化吸入,对照组以生理盐水雾化吸入。治疗前后测定比较两组第1秒用力呼气容积（FEV1）、最大呼气流量（PEF）及临床疗效。【结果】两组治疗前后FEV1、PEF均较治疗前有明显改善（P〈0．05）,观察组较对照组改善更为显著（P〈0．05）,观察组总有效率显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。【结论】呋塞米联合利多卡因雾化吸入辅助治疗支气管哮喘临床效果显著,做好雾化的各项护理是确保治疗有效的重要措施。     

戒烟对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺功能的影响

目的研究烟龄（年）、烟量（年支）、戒烟时间（年）与慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者肺通气功能指标『FEV1％、FEV1／FVC（％）、PEF％、FEF25％、FEF50％、MMEF％]的关系。方法测定156例稳定期COPD患者的肺功能[FEV1％、FEV1／FVC（％）、PEF％、FEF25％、FEF50％、MMEF％]，根据气道阻塞程度分为ⅡA、ⅡB、Ⅲ级COPD。结果各组间的PEF％、FEF；％、FEF。％、MMEF％等肺通气功能指标的比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。FEV1％、FEV1／FVC（％）、FEF25％、FEF50％、MMEF％等肺通气功能指标与烟量及烟龄存在负相关，与戒烟时间存在正相关；在控制年龄、烟量等因素后，FEV1％、FEV1／FVC（％）、FEF25％、FEF50％、MMEF％等肺通气功能的指标与戒烟时间存在正相关，而与烟龄存在负相关。结论戒烟可减缓COPD患者肺功能的恶化。     

支气管舒张试验在慢性变异性咳嗽病人中的应用研究

目的探讨支气管舒张试验在慢性变异性咳嗽病人中临床应用的效果。方法选取2015年1月~2015年12月在本院呼吸科初步诊断为变异性咳嗽的病人,行肺通气功能检测后,对肺通气功能正常、小气道功能异常的125例病人做支气管舒张试验,并对通气功能指标(FVC、FEV1、FEF25、FEF50、FEF75)进行试验前后对比。结果做完支气管舒张试验后,病人小气道功能指标明显改变,FEF50、FEF75的改善程度大于FVC、FEV1、FEF25。提示反映小气道功能的指标较大气道的指标在应用支气管舒张剂前后有差异,且差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论支气管舒张试验有利于变异性咳嗽病人的早期明确诊断和规范治疗。     

白三烯受体拮抗剂在支气管哮喘中的应用观察

目的探讨白三烯受体拮抗剂孟鲁司特治疗支气管哮喘的可行性和安全性。方法将77例支气管哮喘患者随机分成观察组40例和对照组37例。对照组给予吸人型皮质激素布地奈德和沙丁胺醇治疗,观察组使用白三烯受体拮抗剂-孟鲁司特钠片和沙丁胺醇治疗。观察两组治疗前后患者哮喘症状评分和肺功能状况。结果观察组及常规对照组治疗前后临床症状评分比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;但观察组第3周临床症状全部消失,与对照组比较,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。两组治疗前后FEV1占预计值的百分比均有显著差异（P〈0．05）,观察组第3周FEV1占预计值的百分比较常规对照组有明显提高（P〈0．05）。观察组治疗前后FEV1改善率（28．0％）较常规对照组（16．6％）明显提高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论孟鲁’司特治疗支气管哮喘,可减少哮喘发作,是临床治疗哮喘的有效方法。     

豚鼠哮喘模型支气管舒张反应曲线的研究

目的探讨豚鼠哮喘模型气道舒张反应曲线的特点。方法应用博利康尼进行支气管舒张试验,多时间点观测豚鼠哮喘模型和健康对照组气道阻力和病理形态学随时间的变化。结果哮喘模型组大气道内面积、内径在吸药后60分钟内增大明显,240分钟时达到最大,30分钟后各时间点与吸药前相比,统计学有差异性（P〈0.05）;小气道内面积、内径在15分钟时下降到最小,60分钟时达到最大,15分钟和60分钟时与吸药前相比均有统计学差异性（P〈0.05）。大气道内面积、内径的变化拟合二次曲线拟合度较好（R2=0.946）,拟合方程显著（F=26.38,P=0.012）,而小气道二次曲线拟合度差,曲线方程不显著（P〉0.05）。对照组豚鼠吸药前后大、小气道内面积、内径无明显变化（P〉0.05）,拟合二次曲线拟合度差,曲线方程不显著（P〉0.05）。结论哮喘大、小气道扩张过程不同,支气管舒张反应曲线有一定应用价值。     

气道阻力和比气道传导率测定在哮喘诊断的意义

目的：探讨气道阻力和比气道传导率测定在哮喘缓解期患者支气管舒张试验中的变化及诊断价值。方法：应用体积描记仪对70例哮喘缓解期患者进行气道阻力（airway resistance，Raw）、比气道传导率（specific conductance，SGaw）、1s用力呼气容积（FEV1）、用力肺活量（FVC）测定。吸入沙丁胺醇后，观察上述指标的变化。结果：吸入沙丁胺醇前后Raw、SGaw及FEV1差异有显著性意义（P〈0．001，P〈0．001，P〈0．05）。FVC无变化。结论：气道阻力、比气道传导率测定可作为气道高反应性的诊断。     

胸科手术单肺通气期间定容模式和定压模式的比较

目的比较胸科手术单肺通气（OLV）期间采用定容（VCV）和定压（PCV）两种不同通气模式的效果。方法ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级、年龄18～68岁需行单肺通气胸科手术患者24例，随机分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ两组，每组各12例。全身麻醉诱导插双腔管后，侧卧位行双肺定容通气（TLV-VCV）后Ⅰ组先单肺定容通气（OLV—VCV）30min后行单肺定压通气（OLV—PCV），Ⅱ组单肺通气的顺序与Ⅰ组相反，即先定压通气（OLV—PCV）30min再定容通气（OLV—VCV）。双肺定容通气后，每种单肺通气后30min测定并记录心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、中心静脉压（CVP）、脉搏氧饱和度（SpO2）、气道峰压（Ppeak）、平均气道压（Pmean）、潮气量（VT）、呼吸末二氧化碳分压（PETCO2）。同时抽动血测血氧分压、氧饱和度（PaO2、SaO2）及二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）。结果患者TLV-VCV，OLV-VCV与OLV-PCV期间的HR、MAP、CVP、SpO2差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；OLV-VCV和OLV-PCV的Ppeak和Pmean较TLV-VCV高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），而OLV—VCV又比OLV-PCV高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）；OLV．PCV的PaO2较OLV-VCV高（P〈0．01），三种通气的VT、Sa02、PET，CO2、PaCO2差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论单肺定压通气效果优于单肺定容通气。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.