窒息新生儿尿视黄醇结合蛋白水平的变化及意义

目的探讨尿视黄醇结合蛋白（RBP）的变化在新生儿窒息后肾小管损伤中的意义及不同窒息程度新生儿尿RBP值随日龄的动态变化特点。方法对132例足月窒息新生儿（轻度窒息67例，重度窒息65例）和48例足月正常新生儿（对照组）在生后1、3、7、10天用酶联免疫吸附法监测尿RBP。结果①生后d．与对照组相比，窒息组尿RBP值显著升高（P〈0．001）。②重复测量资料方差分析显示，不同组别之间存在差异（P〈0．01），进一步用SNK检验，得出两两间的差异均有意义（P〈0．05）。③不同日龄3组新生儿尿RBP值变化的趋势不同（P〈0．01）。④重度窒息组尿RBP，、RBP，。值与对照组和轻度窒息组均有差异（P〈0．05）。结论①生后7天内新生儿肾小管功能发育不完善。对窒息新生儿应监测肾功能，特别是重度窒息需7—10天以上的肾功能随访。     

新生儿血清钙动态变化与感染及窒息的关系

目的探讨血清钙的变化与新生儿感染及窒息的关系。方法所有新生儿分别于生后第1、2、3、7天进行血清钙测定。结果感染组、窒息组第1天血清钙与对照组比较无差异性,P〉0.05。第2、3、7天明显低于对照组,具有显著差异,P〈0.05。其中重度窒息组血清钙水平恢复慢,第7天血清钙水平低于轻度窒息组,有显著差异,P〈0.05。结论新生儿感染和窒息时,血清钙水平均降低,且与病情严重程度具有相关性。     

窒息新生儿凝血功能变化

目的:检测分析窒息新生儿凝血功能部分指标的变化及其临床意义。方法:回顾性分析554例新生儿凝血四项指标:凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、纤维蛋白原含量(FIB)的检查资料,分为正常新生儿组(n=32)、轻度窒息足月新生儿组(n=143)、重度窒息足月新生儿组(n=85)、早产儿组(n=215)及窒息早产儿组(n=79),分析各组PT、APTT、TT、FIB结果并作统计学比较。结果:以上各组四项指标数据经方差分析,差异有统计学意义(F值分别为8.41、13.18、7.30、3.19,P均0.05)。两两比较结果显示,与正常新生儿组比较,轻度窒息足月新生儿组PT、APTT、TT、FIB差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),早产儿组PT、TT、FIB亦无统计学差异(P0.05),只有APTT延长(P0.05);窒息早产儿组、重度窒息足月新生儿组PT、APTT、TT明显延长而FIB浓度明显降低(P均0.05)。窒息早产儿组PT、APTT、TT较早产儿组显著延长而FIB浓度降低(P均0.05)。重度窒息足月新生儿组PT、APTT较轻度窒息足月新生儿组延长,FIB水平较轻度窒息新生儿组降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:窒息早产儿和重度窒息足月新生儿凝血功能变化明显。     

窒息新生儿尿视黄醇结合蛋白水平及与临床因素关系的研究

目的探讨尿视黄醇结合蛋白（RBP）的变化在新生儿窒息后肾小管损伤中的意义并分析影响窒息新生儿肾小管功能恢复的可能因素。方法①对132例足月窒息新生儿和48例足月正常新生儿（对照组）在生后1、7天用酶联免疫吸附法监测尿RBP。②采用病例对照的方法,以生后7天尿RBP水平是否正常将132例窒息新生儿分为两组,63例d7尿RBP异常（即肾小管功能未恢复）者作为异常组,69例d7尿RBP正常（正常组）作为对照。设计问卷调查表,收集有关母亲妊娠、分娩及新生儿资料,使用SPSS11.5软件进行Logistic回归分析。结果①生后d1与对照组相比,窒息组尿RBP值显著升高（P〈0.001）。②重度窒息组尿RBP7值与对照组和轻度窒息组均有差异（P〈0.05）。③在17项单因素分析中,最终进入模型的变量为胎儿宫内窘迫、脐带异常、缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）,均为危险因素。结论①窒息新生儿尿RBP值增高。②对窒息新生儿即使无临床表现也监测肾功能,特别是重度窒息需7天甚至更长的肾功能随访。③因素调查表明,窒息后肾小管功能的恢复与多种因素有关,主要是产程缺氧,要加强围产保健,避免相关的危险因素。     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病血清NSE的变化及其与脑CT值的临床研究

目的探讨窒息后新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)早期血清神经元特异性稀醇化酶(NSE)的变化及其与脑CT值的相关性,为临床早期诊断HIE脑损伤提供参考指标,协助判断脑损伤程度,为指导临床对治疗效果的判定和预后提供依据。方法随机选取59例符合新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病诊断标准的足月新生儿作为窒息后缺氧缺血性脑病组。窒息后HIE组根据临床表现分为轻度、中度及重度。随机选择20例生后无窒息,其母无任何疾病的健康足月新生儿作为对照组。HIE组及对照组分别测定生后24h内、第7天血清NSE的含量。颅脑CT值在生后第3～5天测定。所有计量资料均采用均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用q检验(Newman-Keuls法),对有相关趋势的变量进行相关分析,以P0.05为有统计学意义。结果 24h内,对照组NSE浓度(35.15±12.10)μg/L,轻度HIE组(56.71±21.77)μg/L,中度HIE组(109.13±60.70μ)g/L,重度HIE组(141.17±26.83)μg/L,HIE组与对照组比较差异有显著性(P0.01),并且HIE各组之间差异有显著性(P0.01)。生后第7天NSE浓度下降,轻度HIE组恢复至正常,但中度、重度HIE组仍高于对照组,与轻度HIE组及对照组相比以及中度、重度之间,差异有显著性(P0.01)。对照组3-5天脑CT检查其结果值大于20Hu。轻度HIE组脑CT值小于18Hu,中度组小于15Hu,重度组小于12Hu。HIE组与对照组比较,差异有显著性(P0.01)。通过对HIE组生后24h血清NSE水平与3-5天的脑CT值进行相关性分析,发现两因素呈显著负相关(r=-0.752,P0.001)。结论 HIE患儿血清NSE在24h内即升高,HIE组与对照组之间,HIE各组之间,差异有显著性。血清NSE在生后24h可作为窒息后脑损伤的早期指标。HIE患儿24h内血清NSE浓度水平与3-5天时脑CT值呈显著负相关,提示脑损伤程度越重,血清NSE水平越高,脑CT值越低。     

窒息新生儿脐血内皮素-1及降钙素基因相关肽的检测及意义

目的 :研究窒息新生儿脐血内皮素 - 1(ET - 1) ,降钙素基因相关肽 (CGRP)的水平及意义。方法 :用放射免疫法检测了 40例窒息新生儿及 40例正常新生儿脐血及生后 1天外周血ET - 1与CGRP的水平。结果 :与正常新生儿相比 ,窒息新生儿脐血及生后 1天外周血EF - 1、CGRP水平均显著升高 ,二者呈正相关。结论 :新生儿窒息ET - 1生成增加可能起着损伤机体的作用 ,而CGRP升高可能是机体的自我保护机制 ,检测脐血其变化可替代外周血检测。     

新生儿窒息、缺氧缺血性脑损伤与神经元特异性烯醇化酶浓度的相关性探讨

目的探讨新生儿血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)浓度变化与新生儿窒息、缺氧缺血性脑损伤(HIBD)发生率及严重程度的相关性。方法用免疫放射法对30例窒息儿生后1天、3天、5天及14天的血清进行NSE测定,100例正常新生儿生后3天血清进行NSE测定作为对照。结果两组生后3天血清NSE均数之间比较,窒息组较正常组高,差异有显著性(P(0.05)。窒息组病情好转NSE随之下降,生后第1天与第5天、14天的血清NSE两两比较差异有显著性(P(0.05);第3天与14天的血清NSE均数之间的比较差异有显著性(P(0.05);窒息儿中67%的NSE浓度高于正常组,而且窒息程度越重,NSE浓度越高,HIBD发生率越高。结论生后第3天血清NSE浓度窒息新生儿较正常新生儿高;NSE浓度变化与缺氧缺血性脑损伤的病程相符,与病情严重程度呈正相关;NSE与窒息发生率及窒息的严重程度有较密切     

窒息新生儿血清蛋白的变化及意义

目的探讨窒息新生儿血清总蛋白(STP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLO)及前白蛋白(PA)的变化,并借此了解窒息对肝细胞有无损伤及其程度.方法 41例窒息新生儿,其中轻度窒息组21例和重度窒息组20例,同期足月正常新生儿10例为对照组,收集其静脉血,检测血清STP、ALB、GLO及PA的含量.结果与对照组相比,轻度窒息组血清STP和GLO含量不降低(P＞0.05),而ALB及PA含量显著降低,差异有显著意义(P＜0.01);与轻度窒息组和正常组相比较,重度窒息组血清STP、ALB、GLO及PA含量显著降低,差异有显著意义(P＜0.01或P＜0.02).结论新生儿窒息后肝功能可受到不同程度的损伤,与窒息程度密切相关;测定血清蛋白的含量可以作为反映肝细胞损伤的指标,尤以ALB及PA灵敏.     

肾移植患者肿瘤坏死因子-α动态检测的临床意义

目的 :动态观察肾移植患者肿瘤坏死因子 -α(TNF -α)水平的变化 ,探讨TNF -α对肾移植预后的意义。方法 :采用放射免疫分析检测 4 5例肾移植患者术前及术后两天血清及尿液中TNF -α的水平 ,并与 4 5例正常对照者进行对比分析。对 33例术后稳定者 ,动态检测术后 2d、7d、14d、2 1d及 2 8d血清及尿液中TNF -α的水平。结果 :术前组、术后稳定组、术后排斥组、CsA中毒组血清TNF -α水平均显著高于正常对照组 (P <0 0 1) ,术后排斥组显著高于术前组及术后其他各组 (P <0 0 1) ;术前组和术后稳定组尿液TNF -α水平均显著高于正常对照组 (P <0 0 1) ,术后排斥组尿液TNF -α水平高于正常对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,术后两天排斥组与稳定组间尿液TNF -α水平无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。 33例肾移植术后稳定者血清TNF -α水平术后 7天开始下降 ,至 2 1天时已降至与正常对照组无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;尿液TNF -α水平下降较血清快 ,术后 7天即降至与正常对照组无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。结论 :动态检测TNF -α水平可作为观察肾移植患者排斥反应的一项重要指标。     

血浆CNP在新生儿窒息中的临床意义

利钠肽是由心钠素 (ＡＮＰ)、脑钠素 (ＢＮＰ)、Ｃ型利钠肽(ＣＮＰ)及三个类型受体所构成的三个内源性配体系统。它们在中枢神经系统内有广泛分布。我们利用放射免疫分析法动态检测窒息后新生儿 1、3、7天ＣＮＰ的变化 ,以探讨检测ＣＮＰ在新生儿窒息中的临床意义。资料和方法一、临床资料 :31例 (男 2 0 ,女 11) ,1999年 12月～ 2 0 0 0年 7月收入我院儿科病房的足月新生儿 ,均符合新生儿窒息诊断标准[1 ] 。平均胎龄 39 6± 17 8周 ,窒息组又分轻度窒息组 18例 ,生后 1分钟Ａｐｇａｒ评分 4～ 7分 ;重度窒息组 13例 ,生后 1分钟Ａｐｇａｒ…     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.