Avascular necrosis of the femoral head after intertrochanteric fractures

OBJECTIVE: To determine factors that may influence the appearance of avascular necrosis after intertrochanteric fractures. DESIGN: Retrospective. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: Twelve patients between the ages of fifty-nine and eighty-eight who had developed avascular necrosis of the femoral head after treatment of an intertrochanteric femur fracture at our institution between 1976 and 1995. Fractures were classified according to Kyle and Gustilo. There were three Type I, two Type II, six Type III, and one Type IV fractures. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Risk factors for osteonecrosis, fracture pattern, surgical influence, location of the nail within the femoral head, and valgus malalignment. RESULTS: All fractures healed. Five patients had risk factors for osteonecrosis. Intertrochanteric fractures with a proximal fracture line appeared in five patients. The nail tip was situated in every quadrant of the femoral head. Valgus malalignment occurred in three cases. CONCLUSIONS: Avascular necrosis of the femoral head is an uncommon complication after intertrochanteric fractures. The pathogenesis is unknown, but in patients developing pain who have had intertrochanteric fractures, osteonecrosis should be included in the differential diagnosis, especially in cases with risk factors for osteonecrosis or a proximal intertrochanteric fracture line that perhaps disrupts the vascular anastomotic ring at the base of the femoral neck.     

Valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy for non-union of femoral neck fracture

In spite of improved surgical techniques and fixation devices, non-union still reportedly occurs in 10-30% of cases of femoral neck fracture. A variety of methods of treatment that preserve the femoral head have been described, yet there are few reports on the results of valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy in cases of femoral neck non-union. We treated 11 such cases with valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy performed at one centre and using a single surgical technique. The cases were evaluated clinically and radiographically at a mean of 4.9 years. All of the non-unions were shown radiographically to have healed by an average of 12.5 weeks. Functional outcome was excellent for nine patients and poor for two who underwent subsequent total hip arthroplasty for avascular necrosis of the femoral head. We conclude that valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy is an effective treatment for femoral neck non-union, but avascular necrosis of the femoral head is a possible complication.     

Spontaneous subcapital femoral neck fracture complicating a healed intertrochanteric fracture

A spontaneous subcapital femoral neck fracture is an uncommon complication of a healed intertrochanteric hip fracture. To determine the etiology of this complication, 274 patients who had been treated for intertrochanteric hip fractures were followed up over an 8-year period from June 1988 to June 1996. We found 7 fractures of the subcapital femoral neck without a history of a trauma. The remaining 267 patients were defined as the control group. All seven patients with fractures of the subcapital femoral neck were women, and their average age at the time of compression hip screw (CHS) fixation was 83 years (range 74-92 years). The subcapital fractures occurred between 4 and 36 months after CHS fixation. The difference in the Singh index between the patient and control groups was statistically significant (P < 0.01). However, with regard to the position of the screw, spinal score, age, ambulatory ability, height, weight, and intertrochanteric fracture type (Jensen type), the differences between the patient and control groups were not statistically significant. Based on our findings, we conclude that a high grade of osteoporosis is the most important predisposing factor in the spontaneous development of a subcapital femoral neck fracture after a healed intertrochanteric hip fracture.     

Primary repair for concurrent bilateral intertrochanteric fracture and femoral head necrosis with prolonged shank biologic total hip replacement: A case report and surgical techniques

For the treatment of an intertrochanteric fracture combined with femoral head necrosis in middle-age patients, it has been controversial whether to perform fracture reduction and fixation first then total hip replacement, or direct total hip replacement. We present a rare case of 53-year-old male patient suffered from bilateral intertrochanteric fracture caused by a road traffic injury. The patient had a history of femoral head necrosis for eight years, and the Harris score was 30. We performed total hip replacement with prolonged biologic shank prostheses for primary repair. One year after the surgery, nearly full range of motion was achieved without instability (active flexion angle of 110°, extension angle of 20°, adduction angle of 40°, abduction angle of 40°, internal rotation angle of 25°, and external rotation angle of 40°). The Harris score was 85. For the middle-aged patient with unstable intertrochanteric fractures and osteonecrosis of the femoral head, we can choose primary repair for concurrent bilateral intertrochanteric fracture and femoral head necrosis with prolonged shank biologic total hip replacement.     

股骨近端髓内钉治疗青壮年股骨转子间骨折

目的研究青壮年股骨转子间骨折的临床特点及应用股骨近端髓内钉(PFN)的治疗效果。方法对51例50岁以下青壮年股骨转子间骨折患者采用PFN治疗,并对其骨折类型、合并症及临床疗效进行分析。结果随访3个月~3年,患者无螺钉断裂、松动、股骨头切割等,无感染、髋内翻、患肢短缩外旋畸形,无股骨头缺血坏死及骨折延期愈合或不愈合等并发症,髋关节功能评价优良率为95.8%。结论PFN内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折具有创伤少、手术时间短的优点;轴心固定符合股骨转子间的生物力学要求,内固定可靠,能早期获得功能锻炼,减少了术后并发症,适合术后活动要求高的青壮年股骨转子间骨折的治疗。     

股骨粗隆间骨折内固定手术后并发症原因分析

目的：探讨动力髋螺钉(DHS)和股骨近端髓内固定(Gamma钉、PFN)治疗股骨粗隆间骨折产生手术后并发症的原因。方法：总结2000～2004年用DHS和髓内固定系统治疗的共94例股骨粗隆间骨折病例，对6例出现手术后并发症病例的原因进行了分析。结果：94例患者中6例出现术后并发症，并发症种类包括6类：术后股骨干骨折；内固定物股骨头颈内切割；髋内翻；股骨头坏死；头颈螺钉穿人髋关节；骨折不愈合。结论：内固定物选择不当是发生手术并发症的重要原因，而不稳定骨折、严重骨质疏松、骨折复位不良、头颈螺钉位置不良都将增加手术并发症的发生率。     

经股骨大粗隆后方骨折块入路行人工股骨头置换术治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折

目的比较采用传统后外侧入路和经股骨大粗隆后方骨折块入路2种入路方式行人工股骨头置换术治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效。方法笔者自2010-02—2014-02采用人工股骨头置换术治疗111例老年股骨粗隆间骨折,26例伴有股骨大粗隆后方骨折块均采用经股骨大粗隆后方骨折块入路行人工股骨头置换术,并将骨折块用克氏针张力带固定(A组);其余85例均采用传统的后外侧入路行工股骨头置换术(B组)。观察比较2组切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、输血率、住院时间、股骨头脱位率等。结果 2组均获得随访平均12(11~13)个月,2组在切口长度、手术时间、输血率、住院时间方面比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。A组在术中出血量、术后引流量方面均明显低于B组,术后3、6个月髋关节功能Harris评分明显高于B组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。A组术后股骨头脱位率低于B组,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经股骨大粗隆后方骨折块入路行人工股骨头置换术不切断外旋肌群,不切除关节囊,术后髋关节稳定性好,远近期髋关节功能恢复良好,术后并发症发生率低,对于合并后方骨折块的股骨粗隆间骨折行人工股骨头置换是一种较为理想的入路。     

加长柄双极人工股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨转子间不稳定骨折

目的总结应用加长柄人工股骨头置换技术治疗高龄股骨转子间不稳定骨折患者的疗效。方法回顾性分析海南省定安县人民医院创伤外科2006年8月至2012年2月,采用加长柄双极人工股骨头置换治疗70岁以上股骨转子间不稳定骨折31例,观察术后并发症、下地时间及髋关节功能等指标。结果本组31例术后无髋关节脱位,无深静脉血栓及褥疮等常见并发症,31例均获随访,平均随访11.3(5~24)个月,按Harris髋关节评分优良率达90.32%。结论加长柄双极人工股骨头置换术是有效治疗高龄股骨转子间不稳定骨折的方法之一,手术安全,术后恢复快,可早期负重,避免卧床并发症。     

加长柄双极股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨加长柄双极人工股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折的疗效。方法本组49例,男19例,女30例;年龄75～92岁,平均82.3岁。骨折类型按Evans分型,型5例,A型22例,B型9例,型13例,其中2例为内固定治疗失败病例。患者多合并内科疾病,相关内科协同治疗后,对所有患者采用标准人工骨水泥、加长柄人工双极股骨头置换术,术后早期进行康复锻炼。结果 49例患者都顺利度过围手术期,住院期间无死亡病例,术后并发症均在住院期间治愈。术后1～3周下床活动。所有病例均获得随访,随访时间3～24个月,平均9个月,患者均能生活自理。按Harris评分标准,优良率达85.7%。结论用加长柄股骨头治疗高龄转子间骨折,是一种有效的治疗方法 ,可早期下床活动,减少并发症,提高生活质量。     

微创手术治疗股骨转子间合并同侧股骨中段骨折

目的探讨加长型股骨近端髓内钉治疗股骨转子间合并同侧股骨中段骨折的临床效果。方法应用加长型股骨近端髓内钉治疗股骨转子间合并同侧股骨中段骨折25例并进行随访。结果所有患者随访10-28个月（平均19个月）,均获得骨性愈合,并无严重并发症发生。根据HSS髋关节评分,优良率为88%。根据LEM下肢测量评分,平均为81分。结论加长型股骨近端髓内钉是治疗股骨转子间合并同侧股骨中段骨折有效的微创方法。     

加长柄股骨头置换治疗固定失败的粗隆间骨折

目的探讨加长柄股骨头置换治疗内固定失败的高龄骨质疏松股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效，总结该治疗方法的临床经验。 方法2013年1月至2017年12月江门市新会区人民医院收治了l8例股骨粗隆间骨折内固定术后失败的患者，采用加长柄人工股骨头置换手术治疗，观察患者髋关节功能康复情况。纳入标准：年龄≥70岁；外伤引起股骨粗隆间骨折行内固定手术治疗后；影像学证实为粗隆间骨折内固定失败者。排除标准：有明显手术禁忌证；原骨折为肿瘤等病理性骨折；阿尔茨海默症或沟通障碍。Harris评分用于评定患者髋关节功能恢复，以术前术后Harris评分，假体松动、假体周围骨折、关节脱位等为随访内容，评分数据行t检验分析。 结果术后随访平均(16±4)个月，髋部疼痛消失或明显减轻，功能改善，均可辅助下步行活动，Harris评分由术前平均(34±3)分提高至术后12个月的(83±3)分，差异具有统计学意义(t ＝40.563，P <0.05)。 结论加长柄人工股骨头置换是治疗骨质疏松患者股骨粗隆间骨折内固定失败后的有效治疗方法，疗效满意，术后可以获得较好的功能恢复，减少卧床时间，提高生活质量。     

Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease following Ender nail fixation of a pediatric femoral fracture

Introduction and importanceLegg–Calvé–Perthes disease (LCPD) sometimes occur in children, however it is difficult to diagnose it at the early stage especially in the cases there are no complaints of symptoms. Femoral shaft fractures in children cause various complications such as leg-length discrepancy, nonunion and malunion, refracture, and osteonecrosis of the femoral head. We presented a rare case in which a pediatric patient developed LCPD after femoral shaft fracture.Case presentationA healthy 8-year-old boy sustained a left femoral diaphyseal fracture following a pedestrian car accident. Fixation was achieved using retrograde Ender nails; bone union was confirmed at 3 months postoperatively, and the Ender nails were removed at 8 months postoperatively without any problems. Unfortunately, the morphological change of the ipsilateral femoral head and subtle symptoms were missed until the femoral head collapsed. LCPD was successfully treated with intertrochanteric varus osteotomy, which achieved a good clinical result.Clinical discussionAlthough the reason for the ipsilateral LCPD after the femoral shaft fracture is unclear, this case highlights the need for close postoperative follow-up of pediatric femoral fractures resulting from high-energy trauma to prevent the misdiagnosis of this coincidental complication.ConclusionThis case report describes a missed ipsilateral LCPD after a femoral diaphyseal fracture caused by high-energy trauma. Close postoperative follow-up with a detailed assessment and vigilant interpretation of postoperative radiography is imperative to avoid delayed/missed diagnosis of conditions for which early management may provide better outcomes.     

Unusual combination of femoral head dislocation associated acetabular fracture with multipart femoral fractures: Case report

IntroductionTraumatic hip dislocation associated with femur intertrocanteric fracture is a rare and severe injury and it frequently occurs following a high energy trauma, Associated acetabular fractures with this injury are even more rare and potentially cause devastating consequences including avascular necrosis of the femoral head and subsequent early secondary osteoarthritis of the hip joint.Presentation of caseIn this case report, we present a 20 year old polytraumatized patient with traumatic hip dislocation associated with ipsilateral acetabulum fracture and simultaneous fractures of the ipsilateral femur.DiscussionTraumatic hip dislocation associated with femur intertrochanteric fracture is a rare and severe injury and it frequently occurs following a high energy trauma. In polytraumatized patients, musculoskeletal injuries are the most common lesions requiring surgical intervention frequently presenting challenging scenarios in terms of functional outcome and quality of life. Osteonecrosis of the femoral head is a serious and unpredictable complication that may occur after displaced femoral neck fracture and traumatic hip dislocation due to the disturbed blood supply of the femoral head.ConclusionA staged treatment strategy may be useful managing an unstable polytraumatized patient or a patient who requires prolonged transfer to receive definitive care.     

Subcapital fracture of the hip following an intertrochanteric fracture. A case report and literature review

A 42-year-old alcoholic man who had a normal femoral head histologically incurred a subcapital fracture four months after surgical treatment of an intertrochanteric fracture of the same hip. Subcapital fracture of the hip following intertrochanteric fracture is an unusual occurrence, with possibly as few as 11 cases documented in the literature. Affected persons are usually elderly females with severe osteoporosis. Though unusual, the fracture is obvious and not difficult to treat.     

外固定器治疗股骨粗隆间骨折并发症分析

目的 探讨外固定器治疗股骨粗隆间骨折并发症的发生原因及防治办法。方法 回顾我院1987-1999年间使用力臂式外固定器治疗的357例患者,平均年龄75岁,并进行平均12个月的随访。结果 根据临床症状、体征及X线片表现评估疗效：优285例,良51例,可7例,差3例,近端固定针并发症：针道感染40例,拔出10例,切割股骨头9例,穿透股骨头5例,骨髓炎3例,结论 外固定器治疗股骨粗隆间骨折疗效显著,固定针的并发症与术者对手术适应症及外固定器穿针技术的掌握有关。     

加压滑动鹅头钉治疗股骨粗隆间骨折

目的探讨加压滑动鹅头钉治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的手术治疗方法。方法回顾性分析我院1998年6月至2002年12月应用加压滑动鹅头钉治疗股骨粗隆间骨折40例。结果所有病例均获随访，时间6～12个月，平均8个月，骨折全部愈合。结论应用加压滑动鹅头钉治疗股骨粗隆间骨折，具有结构合理、固定牢靠、骨折愈合快、并发症少、能早期离床活动、关节功能恢复好等优点，是治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的理想方法。     

加长柄骨水泥人工双极股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨加长柄骨水泥人工双极股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折的疗效。方法采用加长柄骨水泥人工双极股骨头治疗62例高龄股骨转子间骨折患者。结果手术时间(92±27)min,输血(600±120)ml。术后5～7 d下地12例,7～10 d下地41例,10～14 d下地9例。术后并发症:肺部感染、菌群失调3例,电解质代谢紊乱6例,低蛋白血症19例。62例均获随访,时间6～48个月。按Harris评分标准:优18例,良33例,可11例,优良率达83.2%。无人工关节脱位、感染发生。结论用加长柄骨水泥人工双极股骨头治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折,可早期下地功能锻炼,减少并发症,提高生活质量。     

The trochanteric nail versus the sliding hip screw for intertrochanteric hip fractures: a review of 93 cases

BACKGROUND: The trochanteric nail, a redesigned short gamma nail, (Howmedica, Rutherford, NJ) was introduced in the United States during 1998 for the treatment of intertrochanteric fractures. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 93 patients who were treated for an intertrochanteric fracture with either a sliding hip screw (SHS) or the short trochanteric nail (TN). RESULTS: In all, 94% of the patients in the sliding hip screw group healed without complication. There was one case of femoral head necrosis, one lag screw cutout, and one hardware removal for pain. Eighty-nine percent of the patients in the trochanteric nail group healed without complication. There was one late fracture at the tip of the nail, three cases of lag screw cutout, and one nonunion. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the trochanteric nail is a reasonable alternative to the sliding hip screw when used for intertrochanteric fractures, although it may be associated with higher complication rates.     

Helical blade versus sliding hip screw for treatment of unstable intertrochanteric hip fractures: a biomechanical evaluation

OBJECTIVE: To compare the fixation stability in the femoral head with sliding hip screw versus helical blade designs for unstable, intertrochanteric hip fractures. METHODS: A simulated, unstable intertrochanteric hip fracture was created in six pairs of cadaveric femurs. One of each pair was treated using an intramedullary nail with a sliding hip screw (ITST) for femoral head fixation and the other was treated with a nail with a helical blade (TFN). Each specimen was cyclically loaded with 750N vertical loads applied for 10, 100, 1000 and 10,000 cycles. Measurements for femoral head displacement, fracture fragment opening and sliding were made. Specimens were then loaded to failure. RESULTS: There was significantly more permanent inferior femoral head displacement in the ITST samples compared to the TFN samples after each cyclic loading (all p values<0.05). There was significantly more permanent fracture site opening and inferior displacement in the ITST group compared with the TFN group at 1000 and 10,000 cycles (p<0.05). Final loads to failure were not significantly different (p=0.51) between the two treatment groups. Nine specimens demonstrated fracture extension into the anteromedial cortex and subtrochanteric region and three specimens, which had an ITST implant, demonstrated a splitting fracture of the femoral head. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that fixation of the femoral head with a helical blade was biomechanically superior to fixation with a standard sliding hip screw in a cadaveric, unstable intertrochanteric hip fracture model.     

股骨头缺血性坏死合并转子部骨折的人工全髋关节置换术

目的探讨股骨头缺血性坏死伴转子部骨折行一次性人工全髋关节置换术的手术方法并总结其疗效。方法1997年7月-2005年9月，对18例股骨头缺血性坏死伴外伤性股骨转子部骨折患者行一次性人工全髋关节置换术。男13例，女5例；年龄32～60岁。原发性股骨头缺血性坏死11例，强直性脊柱炎2例，类风湿性关节炎2例，先天性双髋臼发育不良2例，股骨颈骨折行空心钉内固定术后l例。病程4～23年，平均8年。患者均为跌伤入院。左侧11例，右侧7例。X线片检查示均为股骨头缺血性坏死合并转子部骨折。骨折类型按Evan’S分类，Ⅱ型4例，Ⅲ型6例，Ⅳ型5例，Ⅴ型3例。骨折侧股骨头缺血性坏死按照Ficat分类：Ⅲ型5例，Ⅳ型13例。受伤后2～12h入院。所有患者术前Harris评分平均35．2分。患者均采用全生物型人工关节。结果术后患者切口均I期愈合。术后3d发生深静脉栓塞l例，对症治疗后痊愈。均无泌尿系统、肺部感染及褥疮发生。患者于术后6个月、1年及2年定期随访，术后4个月X线片检查示骨折端均愈合，假体形态及位置良好，无髋臼磨损及假体脱位。术后6个月患者均能生活自理。术后2年参照Harris人工全髋关节置换疗效标准评分平均94．7分，与术前Harris评分比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；优15例，良2例，中1例，优良率94．4％。结论人工全髋关节置换术治疗股骨头缺血性坏死伴股骨转子部骨折，是恢复髋关节功能的一种理想方法。