Environmental Monitoring of the Kafue River, Located in the Copperbelt, Zambia

Zambia is a country with an extensive mining industry with the majority of mines located in the Copperbelt province. Through this region of the country, the Kafue River drains and receives effluent water from mining activities as well as from other industrial point sources. In addition, production of agricultural products and pest control requires use of different pesticides in the area. Information on industrial and agricultural pollution has not been clearly identified in Zambia, and little attention has been paid to pollution control and possible impact of metals, pesticides, and other persistent compounds in the environment. The objective of this study was to introduce and to evaluate a few methodologies based on in situ bioassays for environmental assessment to promote sustainable and environmentally sound water resource management of the Kafue River. The results show that caged threespot tilapia exposed downstream of industrial points sources rapidly bioaccumulate several trace elements, i.e., Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni. These elements also occurred in much higher concentrations in water samples downstream of the industrial area compared with a locality upstream. Furthermore, the use of a semipermeable membrane device (SPMD) for passive absorption of lipophilic pollutants in the water showed relatively high concentration of several pesticides, i.e., DDT with major metabolites, PCB, and dieldrin. The present study shows that only 2 weeks of in situ studies in waters contaminated by pollutants affects in situ exposed fish and that the correlation between water and tissue concentrations was relatively good. Both trace elements and persistent organic pollutants occurred in such high concentrations that they must be considered from ecotoxicological aspects and may affect aquatic animal health. Received: 31 January 1999/Accepted: 20 September 1999     

蔬菜中拟除虫菊酯类农药的气质联用仪检测法

目的应用气相色谱质谱联用技术检测蔬菜中多种拟除虫菊酯类农药。方法用振荡器和样品浓缩仪优化样品前提取方法,以气质联用仪分析菊酯类农药。结果该方法相对标准偏差在2.77%～5.35%之间,回收率在80.4%～93.6%之间,线性相关系数大于0.9989。结论该方法准确可靠,可应用于蔬菜中多种拟除虫菊酯类农药的测定。     

环境样品中邻苯二甲酸酯类物质的测定与分析

目的了解环境中邻苯二甲酸酯类(phthalates)的污染情况。方法采集上海及周边杭州湾和运河地区的水样、土样、底泥及鱼、虾、蟹等水生生物样品,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定了其中邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸-2-乙基己基酯(DEHP)的含量。结果phthalates在水中的含量<土壤<底泥<水生生物;不同水生物对phthalates的生物富集程度不同,泥螺和虾较易富集DEP和DBP,而鱼类和河蚌较易富集DEHP。结合国内资料,推算60 kg成年人每日摄入量为3.4 mg,低于人每日安全摄入量。结论上述地区普遍存在phthalates的污染。     

Determination of Oxadiargyl Residues in Environmental Samples and Rice Samples

Oxadiargyl is a commonly used herbicide in China. We developed a simple, fast, and high-throughput method employing gas chromatography with electron capture detector to determine oxadiargyl residues in food samples (rice, straws) and environmental samples (soil, water). Samples were prepared by a modified QuEChERS procedure. In this method, acetonitrile was used as the extracting solvent. The purifying step was omitted when the chromatographic conditions were optimized. Recoveries ranged from 82.9 to 112.0% for oxadiargyl in all samples, with relative standard deviation values lower than 6.2% at 0.01 mg/kg fortified concentration level.     

样品中有机磷与氨基甲酸酯类农药快速检测方法的建立

目的建立现场快速筛选区分有机磷农药和氨基甲酸酯类农药的方法。方法在薄层色谱原理基础上,利用毛细管效应制备微色谱柱检测仪,检测2类农药。结果该方法可以对有机磷农药和氨基甲酸酯类农药作出快速的定性分析,且最低检出量可达到10μg。结论该法操作简便,高效,重现性好,且试剂用量少,是批量农药样品定性检测和突发农药中毒事件现场快速筛选的一种新方法。     

Sediment Metal Contamination in the Kafue River of Zambia and Ecological Risk Assessment

Zambia’s Kafue River receives wastes from various sources, resulting in metal pollution. This study determined the degree of contamination of 13 metals (Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Hg and Pb) in Kafue River sediment and the associated ecological risks at six sites in three different seasons. The level of contamination for most metals showed significant site and seasonal differences. The contamination factor and pollution load index indicated that concentrations of most metals particularly copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn) and arsenic (As) were very high at sites within the Copperbelt mining area. The geoaccumulation index showed an absence of anthropogenic enrichment with Cd and Hg at all the study sites and extreme anthropogenic enrichment with Cu at sites in the Copperbelt mining area. Potential ecological risk showed that Cu and As were likely to cause adverse biological effects to aquatic organisms in the Copperbelt mining region of the Kafue River.     

Coefficient of Condition in Relation to Copper Levels in Muscle of Serranochromis Fish and Sediment from the Kafue River, Zambia

No abstract available.     

气相色谱/质谱法检测食物中毒样品中23种有机磷类农药

目的建立气相色谱/质谱法检测食物中毒样品中有机磷类农药的方法。方法样品经乙腈振荡提取,QuEChERS粉末净化后离心,上清液氮吹浓缩至近干后用丙酮定容至1 mL,用气相色谱/质谱仪在选择离子扫描模式下定量检测。结果方法的线性范围为(0.1～5.0)μg/mL,线性相关系数在0.98～0.99之间,检出限(LOD)在(0.002～0.044) mg/kg,在(0.02～0.8) mg/kg添加水平下平均回收率为82.3%～124.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.5%～14.6%。结论该方法操作简便快速,能够满足食物中毒样品中有机磷的检测。     

Organophosphorus Pesticides Residues in Fish Samples from the River Nile Tributaries in Egypt

The concentration of organophosphorus pesticides in fish samples from different tributaries of the Nile River in Egypt was monitored. Fish samples were collected from El Menofiya, canal water supplies (El-Sarsawia, El-Bagoria and Bahr Shebin), in addition to El-Embaby, El-Menofi and Miet Rabiha drainage canals each 2 month during periods of 16 month, June 2007–Septemper 2008. Chloropyrifos, cadusafos, diazinon, prothiphos and malathion were detected in fish tissues samples at level below the maximum residue limit. The highest average amount of chlorpyrifos (9.38 ng g⁻¹) and malathion (8.31 ng g⁻¹) were detected in El-Embaby drain. Prothiphos were found in tissues collected from El-Sarsawia canal and Miet-Rabiha drain at mean concentration of 4.91 and 6.55 ng g⁻¹, respectively. Diazinon was only found in one fish sample that collected from El-Menofi drain at the level of 9.23 ng g⁻¹.     

环境水样中钾的连续流动分析法

目的 建立环境水样中钾的连续流动分析方法。方法 用ALLIANCE自动分析仪测定环境水样中的钾，并与原子吸收法作了对照。结果 方法的检出限为0．5μg／mL，在浓度5-1000μg／ml范围内呈线性关系，加标回收率在97％。102％之间，相对标难偏差为0．82％—1．23％。结论 连续流动分析方法可准确、快速地测定环境水样中的钾。     

Organic-Solvent-Free Extraction Method for Determination of Carbamate and Carbamoyloxime Pesticides in Soil and Sediment Samples

This study evaluated the usefulness of monochloroacetic acid buffer (MCAAB) for extracting several carbamate/carbamoyloxime pesticides from a silt-loam soil and sediment, and an organic clay soil. The MCAAB extraction method, relative to acetonitrile and methanol extractants, was more accurate and precise for extraction of aldicarb, aldicarb sulfoxide, aldicarb sulfone, oxamyl, methomyl, carbofuran, 3-hydroxy-carbofuran, and propoxur; with recoveries ranging from 78.8% to 121.1%. Recoveries of carbaryl and methiocarb ranged from 0% to 64.1%. The MCCAB extraction method did not perform well for extraction of most compounds from the organic-clay soil, with recoveries ranging from 0% to 66.7%.     

环境样品及生物材料中铅的几种测定方法

概述了铅的分光光度法，原子吸收法，电位溶出法，示波极谱法等测定方法的原理。检出限，优缺点及分析过程应注意的事项，为分析工作者在工作中根据样品种类，样品量，仪器设备选择合适的方法提供参考。     

Evaluation of Endocrine Disruptor Levels in Kafue Lechwe (<Emphasis Type="Italic">kobus leche kafuensis</Emphasis>) Samples from the Blue Lagoon National Park of Zambia

The concentrations of endocrine disruptors were determined in 36 liver tissue, serum and whole blood sample extracts drawn from 15 Blue Lagoon National Park Kafue lechwe. Out of 10 analytes evaluated, 89% of the sample extracts showed very high dieldrin concentrations of between 0.08–100 μg/mL in serum, 0.08–24.8 μg/mL in whole blood and 0.08–4.6 μg/g wet weight in liver tissue extracts. pp-DDE was detected in 83% of the sample extracts at 0.006–5.1 μg/mL in serum, 0.006–8.5 μg/mL in whole blood and 0.006–0.12 μg/g wet weight in liver tissue extracts. There was strong correlation between pp-DDE and dieldrin in all the three matrices. Deltamethrin and endosulfan detected at 50% frequency each. Percent recoveries in spiked laboratory blanks ranged between 60–100% while calculated detection limits ranged from 0.004 to 0.21 μg/mL for all the endocrine disruptors evaluated.