原发性骨干骨肉瘤的影像学表现

目的 总结原发性骨干骨肉瘤的影像学表现,探讨有关的临床特点和鉴别诊断。方法 １９８０－１９９８年１４例原发性骨干骨肉瘤患者,均经手术与病理证实。男６例,女８例,平均年龄２３．５岁。其中股骨干９例,腓骨干２例,肱骨干２例,胫骨干１例。回顾性分析１４例原发性骨干骨肉瘤的Ｘ线,ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ的表现及相对应的病理学表现。结果 原发性骨干骨肉瘤影像学表现包括广泛骨质破坏,骨膜反应,软组织肿块,部分病例可见肿瘤     

骨肉瘤患者延长生命保存肢体的临床研究(136例15年回顾)

作者１９８１～１９９６年共治疗骨肉瘤患者１３６例，随访５～１５年。２年生存率６１％，５年生存率２６．５％。作者首次在国内将大剂量顺铂全身化疗、双途径化疗以及ＤＳＡ介入化疗用于骨肉瘤术前化疗。在１３６例骨肉瘤患者中保肢手术８０例，其中开创放疗是国内首次开展。作者还对骨肉瘤的早期诊断、术前化疗、保肢手术以及肺转移瘤切除等问题提出了自己的看法。     

Percutaneous lymph node aspiration biopsy and tumor grade in staging of prostatic carcinoma

Percutaneous fluoroscopy-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy was performed for staging procedures in 31 patients with clinically localized carcinoma of the prostate and showed overall accuracy of 93.54%, with a false-negative rate of 6.46%. The Gleason grading system was found to be highly accurate in predicting the absence or presence of nodal metastases in low-and high-grade tumors (Gleason's sums 2, 3, or 4, and 8, 9, or 10). The combination of pelvic node biopsy aspiration and tumor grade can result in a very accurate prediction of nodal involvement, and may spare patients a staging lymphadenectomy or even an unnecessary radical operation.     

Dynamic sentinel node biopsy for penile cancer: reliability of a staging technique

PURPOSE: We determine the value of dynamic sentinel node biopsy for staging squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 90 patients with clinically node negative penile cancer were prospectively entered in this study. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy was performed after intradermal injection of 99mtechnetium nanocolloid around the primary tumor. The sentinel node was intraoperatively identified with the aid of intradermal administered patent blue dye and a gamma ray detection probe. Histopathological examination of sentinel nodes included serial sectioning and immunohistochemical staining. Regional lymph node dissection was performed only if metastasis was found in a sentinel node. Median followup was 36 months (range 5 to 95). RESULTS: Lymphoscintigraphy visualized 217 sentinel nodes in 159 inguinal regions of 88 patients. A total of 208 sentinel nodes were intraoperatively identified in 149 inguinal regions of 88 patients. Sentinel node metastasis was found in 19 inguinal regions of 18 patients. Four of 8 patients with unilateral clinical stage N1 disease had a tumor positive sentinel node on the opposite site. Regional recurrence after excision of a tumor negative sentinel node or after nonvisualization was seen in 5 patients, resulting in a false-negative rate of 22% (5 of 23). The 3-year disease specific survival was 98% and 71% for patients with a tumor negative or tumor positive sentinel node, respectively (p = 0.0018). CONCLUSIONS: Occult lymph node metastases in penile cancer can be detected with a sensitivity of about 80% by dynamic sentinel node biopsy, including preoperative lymphoscintigraphy, vital dye and a gamma ray detection probe.     

Preoperative staging with magnetic resonance imaging, with confirmatory biopsy, improves surgical outcomes in women with breast cancer without increasing rates of mastectomy

Abstract: Needle biopsy to evaluate findings on MRI that could alter surgical planning has been recommended. This study is a retrospective review to evaluate MRI preoperative staging with biopsy confirmation of suspicious findings. A total of 184 women were diagnosed with breast cancer between January 2004 and June 2008. Of these, 79 underwent bilateral MRI before definitive surgery and 105 did not. Suspicious findings on MRI, mammography, or clinical exam underwent additional needle biopsy at the discretion of the surgeon. A retrospective chart review was performed to compare the two groups with respect to rates of reoperative surgery, successful breast conservation, and confirmatory biopsies. Sensitivity and specificity of MRI for preoperative staging is 0.81 and 0.84, respectively. There were no significant differences in demographics or cancer characteristics between the MRI and non‐MRI groups. Fewer women who underwent preoperative MRI staging required repeat breast surgery (11% versus 26%, p = .04) or repeat axillary surgery (10% versus 20%, p = .05). There is no difference in the proportion of women who successfully completed conservative therapy and those treated radically (52% versus 53%), but there is a significant increase in women who undergo additional needle biopsy to confirm suspicious findings after initial diagnosis in the MRI group (25% versus 11% p = .04). In this study, mastectomy rates are not increased; suggesting that women who undergo mastectomy following staging would undergo mastectomy following failed conservative therapy if they were not staged. The downside of this improvement is a 14% increase in women who require confirmatory biopsy.     

磁共振成像技术对直肠癌术前分期应用的评价

目的探讨MRI直肠成像技术对直肠癌术前分期的价值。方法2004年12月至2006年6月，156例经肠镜和病理确诊为直肠癌的患者在我院行直肠MRI扫描，将影像诊断结果与手术病理结果进行对照。结果156例患者中72例表现为腔内局限性软组织肿块；84例表现为肠壁不规则增厚．肠腔环形狭窄环绕肠腔1周或部分：16例合并直肠息肉，2例合并卵巢囊肿；骶前转移13例．股骨转移2例。MRI对直肠T1-2、T3和L分期的敏感性分别为25.0％（8／32）、93.3％（84／90）、94．1％（32／34），特异性分别为100％（124／124）、57．6％（38／66）、96．7％（118／122）。MRI对肠旁转移淋巴结诊断（直径超过5mm，边界不规则或呈混合信号定为转移）的敏感性85．1％（80／94）．特异性45．2％（28／62）。结论MRI对直肠癌的术前分期诊断有较高的准确性，有助于判断肿瘤直肠浆膜外浸润及区域淋巴结转移。     

非小细胞肺癌分期的分子影像学研究进展

分子影像学是当今医学研究的热点之一。本文主要综述几种常用分子影像学成像技术在非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）TNM分期中的应用。     

Lung cancer staging

The staging of lung cancer is a continuously progressing field, with advances in technology not only improving prognostic accuracy, but fundamentally changing pre-operative investigation algorithms. Noninvasive staging is currently undergoing revolutionary developments with the advent of Positron Emission Tomography, whereas Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery has already been established as an essential, minimally invasive diagnostic tool for invasive histological staging. Molecular staging may transform future lung cancer staging, promising extremely accurate substaging, and potentially prompting a revision of our anatomically based conceptualization of lung cancer spread. This review presents an appraisal of current lung cancer staging modalities, and presents an overview of recent developments in molecular staging.     

Clarifying the TNM staging of rectal cancer in the context of modern imaging and neo-adjuvant treatment: 'y'u' and 'p' need 'mr' and 'ct'

Recent developments in cross‐sectional imaging, particularly computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging have provided increasingly accurate noninvasive preoperative staging, especially for rectal cancer. Image‐based TNM staging, by definition a pathological system, has entered both the literature and everyday usage with no universal agreement as to the exact terminology. Clarification of the current terminology and suggestions to reflect recent developments are outlined to facilitate multidisciplinary team decision processes and objective stratification for entry to, and monitoring of, future clinical trials in rectal cancer.     

核磁共振与腔内超声对直肠癌术前局部分期的价值比较

目的 比较核磁共振(MRI)和腔内超声(EUS)对直肠癌术前分期的价值.方法 分别应用MRI和EUS检查对72例和55例直肠癌患者行术前分期,与手术及病理结果对比,比较MRI和EUS对直肠肿瘤浸润深度、区域淋巴结转移判断的准确性.结果 MRI判断T分期总的准确率为76.4％ (55/72),MRI评价N分期的准确率为63.9％ (46/72),EUS判断T分期总的准确率为81.8％(45/55),评价N分期的准确率为65.5％ (36/55).结论 MRI与EUS判断T分期的准确性差异无统计学意义,EUS判断早中期直肠肿瘤浸润层次的准确率高于MRI,两者判断N分期的准确率均较低.     

Improved clinical staging system combining biopsy laterality and TNM stage for men with T1c and T2 prostate cancer: results from the SEARCH database

PURPOSE: A number of studies have failed to show significant differences in outcome following radical prostatectomy between men with palpable, clinically localized prostate cancer (cT2) and those whose tumors are not palpable (cT1c). We determined whether we could improve the prognostic value of the TNM staging system in men with cT1c and cT2 cancers by including information on whether prostate needle biopsy was unilaterally or bilaterally positive. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective survey of 992 patients from the SEARCH (Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital) Database treated with radical prostatectomy at 4 equal access medical centers between 1988 and 2002 was done. TNM 1992 clinical stage was T1c in 421 patients, T2a in 287, T2b in 202 and T2c in 82. Multivariate analysis was used to examine whether biopsy laterality and clinical stage were significant predictors of surgical margin status, nonorgan confined disease, seminal vesicle invasion, and time to prostate specific antigen (PSA) recurrence following radical prostatectomy. RESULTS: Patients with clinical stages T2b and T2c cancers had similar rates of PSA recurrence, which were significantly higher than in patients with T1c and T2a disease, who also had similar rates of PSA recurrence. Bilateral positive biopsy further stratified patients with T1c and T2a disease (p = 0.01) but not those with T2b and T2c cancers (p = 0.207). Grouping these 1992 clinical stages with biopsy laterality resulted in a new clinical staging system, which was a significant predictor of PSA recurrence following radical prostatectomy (p <0.001). On multivariate analysis whether TNM clinical stage was evaluated as a categorical or continuous variable only PSA, biopsy Gleason score and the new clinical staging system (1992 TNM stage groupings combined with biopsy laterality) were significant independent predictors of time to biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Combining low (T1c and T2a) and high (T2b and T2c) risk 1992 clinical stages with biopsy laterality (unilateral versus bilateral positive) resulted in a new clinical staging system that was a stronger predictor of PSA recurrence following radical prostatectomy than the 1992 or 1997 TNM clinical staging system. If confirmed at other centers and in men who undergo with other treatment modalities, consideration should be given to revising the current TNM staging system to reflect these findings.     

表面骨肉瘤

目的探讨表面骨肉瘤的组织类型、临床、病理及影像学特征。方法回顾性分析经病理证实的表面骨肉瘤19例,其中骨膜骨肉瘤4例,部位分别为胫骨干中上段(3例)和腓骨下段(1例);X线片及CT显示肿物位于骨旁,外缘不规则,可见放射状骨针影;镜下为低度或中度恶性软骨肉瘤样改变。高度恶性表面骨肉瘤2例,肿物均位于股骨内侧;X线片显示肿物以广泛基底附于患骨,混杂骨膜反应;镜下显示高度恶性,似髓内型。去分化骨旁骨肉瘤1例,肿物位于股骨下端;患者曾先后4次手术,术后病理显示高分化组织内出现低分化区。经典骨旁骨肉瘤12例,肿物75%位于股骨下端干骺端后部。结果骨膜骨肉瘤4例均行保肢手术,已无瘤生存1.1～6.5年。高度恶性表面骨肉瘤2例,其中1例拒绝手术,3个月后死于肺及肝转移;另1例应用大剂量化疗及保肢治疗,现已无瘤生存19个月。去分化骨旁骨肉瘤1例,行假体旁复发性肿瘤切除,现已无瘤生存6个月。经典骨旁骨肉瘤的初始治疗均为保肢手术,其中9例随访1.2～9.6年,除1例局部复发、1例死于肺转移外,另外7例均无瘤生存。结论表面骨肉瘤四种组织类型各具有特殊性,应区别对待。骨膜骨肉瘤及经典骨旁骨肉瘤应以局部广泛切除或瘤段切除为主,预后较好;去分化型和高度恶性表面骨肉瘤恶性程度较高,预后较差。保肢或截肢均应配合有     

3.0T磁共振扩散加权成像技术无创评估肝硬化分级

目的：探讨不同b值表观扩散系数（ADC）值、指数化表观扩散系数（eADC）值以及灌注ADC值和eADC值在肝硬化分级及肝功能损害评估方面的价值。方法：对53例肝硬化患者肝脏进行DWI扫描,并计算低（100 s/mm2、200 s/mm2和300 s/mm2）、中（400 s/mm2和600 s/mm2）和高（800s/mm2、1 000 s/mm2和1 200 s/mm2）b值时肝组织的ADC值和eADC值,然后根据低、高b值时ADC和eADC值的差异计算灌注ADC和eADC值。分析DWI各测量参数与Child-Pugh分级及与临床肝功能血清检测指标之间的关系。结果：低b值ADC值、中b值的ADC和eADC值以及灌注ADC值在Child-Pugh分级之间均见统计学差异（P〈0.05）,其余测量值未见统计学差异（P〉0.05）。低b值ADC值与AST负相关（P=0.040,r=-0.554）,中b值ADC值分别与TP、ALB正相关（P=0.006,r=0.814;P=0.034,r=0.570）,但与GLO负相关（P=0.017,r=-0.601）,灌注ADC值也与AST负相关（P=0.021,r=-0.643）,其余参数之间均未见相关性（P〉0.05）。结论：利用DWI技术可对肝硬化的程度进行分级,ADC值相关参数也可在一定程度上反映肝硬化时肝功能情况。     

弥散加权成像联合高分辨T2WI在直肠癌检测和分期中的应用

目的探讨DWI联合高分辨T2WI在直肠癌检出与分期中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析32例临床确诊直肠癌患者的高分辨T2WI及DWI特点,比较单纯DWI、高分辨T2WI诊断直肠癌的敏感度及两者联合对直肠癌分期诊断的准确率。结果 DWI和高分辨T2WI诊断直肠癌的敏感度分别为96.88%(31/32)、78.13%(25/32,P0.001)。单纯高分辨T2WI和高分辨T2WI联合DWI分期诊断的准确率分别为65.63%(21/32)、87.50%(28/32,P=0.009)。结论 DWI显示直肠癌与周围正常组织优于高分辨T2WI;两者联合应用可提高直肠癌术前分期诊断的准确率。     

Prediction of focal extracapsular extension at radical prostatectomy: Relative merit of transrectal ultrasound, endorectal magnetic resonance imaging, prostate specific antigen, prostate specific antigen density, and systematic biopsy

We conducted a study to compare the relative merits of prostate specific antigen (PSA), PSA density (PSAD), transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), endorectal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and systematic biopsy in the prediction of focal extracapsular extension (ECE) at radical prostatectomy. A retrospective review of patients who underwent TRUS, endorectal MRI, and radical prostatectomy at our institution was performed. Patients with a diagnosis of prostate cancer who were thought to be surgical candidates by digital rectal examination and TRUS underwent endorectal MRI prior to radical prostatectomy. Imaging, PSA, PSAD, and systematic biopsy results (tumor grade and fraction of positive systematic biopsies) were correlated with step-sectioned, radical prostatectomy pathologic data. Data was analyzed for the entire prostate and on each individual side. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and likelihood ratios were calculated for each modality, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated. Stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to weigh the relative contributions of preoperative parameters in predicting ECE.

Data was collected from 54 patients who had sextant systematic biopsy, imaging, and radical prostatectomy. A total of 24 sides demonstrated ECE (19 patients, 5 with bilateral ECE). When assessed for the dominant prostate side and on a side-for-side basis, MRI had the highest sensitivity and NPV for detecting focal ECE. MRI also had the highest PPV, and TRUS had the highest specificity for side-for-side analysis. For the dominant prostate side, PSA had the highest specificity and PPV for detecting focal ECE. Of note, significant overlap was demonstrated in the 95% confidence intervals of all modalities with each other for all analyses. ROC analyses found MRI and Gleason sum to be superior for the dominant prostate side assessment and MRI and the fraction of positive systematic biopsies to be superior for a side-for-side analysis. Optimal likelihood ratios for positive test results were seen for PSA (dominant prostate side) and MRI (side-for-side), and for negative test results for MRI. Logistic regression demonstrated MRI and Gleason sum to be powerful predictors of ECE. Thus, we would conclude that endorectal MRI and tumor grade provide unique information in the prediction of focal ECE in select patients.