Beclin1和PTEN蛋白在结直肠癌中的表达及预后价值

目的 研究Beclin1和PTEN蛋白在结直肠癌组织和癌旁组织中表达的差异及其与结直肠癌预后的相关性。方法 收集2007～2017年在解放军第九四医院就诊并手术的结直肠癌患者127例的结直肠癌癌灶组织和相对应的癌旁组织及每个患者的临床资料，行免疫组化检测癌组织和癌旁组织的Beclin1、PTEN的定位，并检测两个基因的表达阳性率，用实时PCR方法检测组织中Beclin1、PTEN mRNA表达，用Western印迹检测其中Beclin1、PTEN的蛋白表达，并比较2个基因在癌组织和癌旁组织中的表达差异。对Beclin1和PTEN的蛋白表达进行相关性分析，判断两个基因之间是否存在可能的调控关系。并对患者的临床资料进行生存分析，了解Beclin1、PTEN与结直肠癌患者预后间的关系。结果 Beclin1、PTEN均主要定位于结直肠细胞的胞质中，胞核中有少量表达；Beclin1在癌灶组织中的基因和蛋白表达显著高于癌旁组织，而PTEN在癌组织中的mRNA和蛋白表达显著低于癌旁组织(P<0.01)。双变量直线分析结果显示，在癌和癌旁组织中Beclin1和PTEN的蛋白表达呈负相关(P<...     

罂粟碱加速组织扩张的生物力学研究

目的 探讨外用罂粟碱对组织扩张效率的影响及其生物力学机制，为临床应用和推广药物辅助组织扩张技术提供理论基础。方法 以小型猪为实验动物，并将其分为用药扩张组和常规扩张组，用药扩张组在组织扩张过程中外用罂粟碱霜，两组均进行扩张时间和每次可增加的扩张容量的观测，并在扩张结束后取皮肤试件，进行应力一应变的测定。结果 用药扩张组的平均扩张时间较常规扩张组显著缩短，其皮肤软组织的粘弹性较常规扩张组有提高和增强的趋势。结论 外用罂粟碱有提高和增强扩张组织粘弹性的趋势，能加速组织扩张，是一种有效提高组织扩张效率的辅助组织扩张方式。     

血液病/恶性肿瘤患者侵袭性真菌感染的诊断标准与治疗原则(修订版)

诊断标准 一、定义 侵袭性真菌感染（IFI）系指真菌侵入人体，在组织、器官或血液中生长、繁殖，并导致组织损伤及炎症反应的疾病。由于IFI的诊断标准一直存在争议，中国侵袭性真菌感染工作组经反复讨论，并参照欧洲癌症研究和治疗组织／侵袭性真菌感染协作组（EORTC／IFICG）和美国真菌病研究组（MSG）有关标准，     

胃癌组织中Ptc蛋白的表达变化及意义

目的观察胃癌组织中Ptc蛋白的的表达情况，并探讨其与胃癌分化和转移的关系。方法采用West—ern—Blot法检测15例胃癌患者肿瘤和癌旁组织中的Ptc蛋白。采用免疫组化SP法检测45例胃癌患者肿瘤组织标本中的Ptc蛋白，并分析其与胃癌临床病理参数的关系。结果胃癌组织中Ptc蛋白表达量为0．375±0．117，低于癌旁组织的0．697±0．158，P〈0．05。胃癌组织中Ptc的表达水平与肿瘤组织分化程度、临床分期和远处转移有相关性（P均〈0．05）。结论胃癌组织Ptc蛋白表达降低，其与胃癌分化与转移程度密切相关。     

内镜活检组织E-钙粘蛋白和CD44V6水平与肺癌生物学特征的相关性研究

目的 探讨E-钙粘蛋白和CD44V6在肺癌组织中的表达及其与肺癌侵袭、转移及预后的关系。方法 经纤维支气管镜肺活检或经皮肺穿刺获取肺组织，用免疫组化法检测组织中E-钙粘蛋白和CD44V6的表达，并与术后肺癌组织、癌旁组织及正常肺组织的表达作比较。分析其与肺癌分期、类型及淋巴结转移之间的关系。结果 CD44V6在肺癌组织中的阳性表达率高，显著高于癌旁组织，在非小细胞肺癌中表达显著高于小细胞肺癌，与PTNM分期呈显著正相关，与淋巴结转移呈正相关。E-钙粘蛋白在肿瘤细胞中的表达低于正常细胞，有的甚至缺失。结论 肺癌组织中的CD44V6高表达与肺癌的发生发展、淋巴结转移及预后相关。而E-钙粘蛋白在肺癌组织中的表达降低，并与分化不良呈显著相关性。     

胰腺癌组织相关蛋白质分子的差异表达

目的用双向凝胶电泳的方法建立胰腺癌、癌旁组织和正常胰腺组织的蛋白质组二维图谱并分析差异蛋白质点。方法提取人正常胰腺组织、胰腺癌和癌旁组织总蛋白质，双向电泳分离蛋白，比较不同组织中蛋白质表达的差异。每份组织均重复电泳3次。结果在同一份组织的3张银染的凝胶蛋白质图谱上均可辨识1000个左右的蛋白质点，蛋白质点在形状、位置和密度上一致，重复性好。在不同组织之间发现了22个明显差异的蛋白质点，初步确定了其等电点和分子量。正常胰腺组织有一个高表达的蛋白质点，癌和癌旁组织有21个高表达的蛋白质点。结论正常胰腺组织、胰腺癌、癌旁组织蛋白质组二维图谱存在明显的差异，部分差异蛋白质可能具有诊断应用价值。     

活性氧自由基系统对氟中毒的影响及抗氧化剂的作用

氟中毒是以损害牙齿和骨骼的硬组织为主的全身中毒性疾病，氟除有亲骨的特性外，氟能引起全身广泛的组织损伤，目前尚无成熟的理论解释，氧自由基损伤可能是一重要理论。氧自由基损伤理论在氟中毒防治科研领域中日益为人们重视，当氟在体内作用于组织和细胞后，诱发产生氧自由基，并随之引起一系列的生物化学反应，从而造成广泛的组织损伤。     

目标管理在护理人员培训中的应用

目标管理就是在组织内管理人员与下属在具体和特定的目标上达成协议，并写成书面文件，定时以共同指定的目标为依据来检查和评价目标达到情况的一种管理方法。它通过管理目标的设置来激励组织成员，指导其行为，从而调动组织成员的积极性。如今医学技术飞速发展，为使护士更好的胜任复杂的临床护理工作，提高综合、专业素质，我们将目标管理应用于全院护理人员业务培训中，并取得一定的效果，现介绍如下。     

RANTES在狼疮肾炎吕的表达及其意义

目的：了解狼疮肾炎（LN）肾组织中化学趋化因子激活正常T细胞表达和分泌因子（RANTES）的表达并探讨其与LN肾脏病理改变和肾功能损害的关系。方法：采用微波免疫组织化学染色（SP法）和原位分子杂交技术检测LN肾脏RANTS的表达，并进一步分析其与LN活动指数、肾脏病理和功能损害的关系。结果：狼疮肾炎组织中RANTES表达显著增高，以WHOⅣ型为显著。RANTES在肾小球和肾小管均有表达，但肾小管表达更显著。LN肾组织RANTES表达与肾组织活动指数、肾脏病理改变和肾功能损害显著相关。结论：RANTES可能参与了LN的发病机制，肾组织中RANTES的表达可作为反映狼疮肾组织活动病变和进行性肾损害的参考指标。     

肝癌患者体内检测出血衍吗啡素-6

组织特异性肽池的含量和成分是组织状态的重要特征，由组织中供酶解的蛋白底物的含量及其可利用率，以及蛋白酶的活性决定的。一些病变可伴有组织中功能蛋白降解片段的含量和成分的改变。因此，组织特异性肽池的变化常常可以反应出机体的某些病变。本研究利用液质联用技术从1例肝癌患者体内检测出一条天然的阿片类肽——Leu—Val—Val（LVV）—血衍吗啡素—6，并观察肝癌组织和正常肝组织的组织特异性肽池间是否存在差异。     

A general additive distance with time-reversibility and rate variation among nucleotide sites.

As additivity is a very useful property for a distance measure, a general additive distance is proposed under the stationary time-reversible (SR) model of nucleotide substitution or, more generally, under the stationary, time-reversible, and rate variable (SRV) model, which allows rate variation among nucleotide sites. A method for estimating the mean distance and the sampling variance is developed. In addition, a method is developed for estimating the variance-covariance matrix of distances, which is useful for the statistical test of phylogenies and molecular clocks. Computer simulation shows (i) if the sequences are longer than, say, 1000 bp, the SR method is preferable to simpler methods; (ii) the SR method is robust against deviations from time-reversibility; (iii) when the rate varies among sites, the SRV method is much better than the SR method because the distance is seriously underestimated by the SR method; and (iv) our method for estimating the sampling variance is accurate for sequences longer than 500 bp. Finally, a test is constructed for testing whether DNA evolution follows a general Markovian model.     

A new method for congressional apportionment

The problem of Congressional apportionment is explained together with a brief history of the methods used or considered for its solution. Reasons are given for rejecting the presently used method of equal proportions and for accepting a new method, the quota method, which is the unique method satisfying three essential axioms.     

Algorithm for the coproscopic diagnosis of human intestinal parasites

The purpose of the study was to elaborate a detection algorithm for human intestinal helminth eggs. There is a broad spectrum ofcoproscopic methods recommended for the detection of Opisthorchis eggs in man and animals; these include Fulleborn's method, formalin-ether method, Goryachev's, Katoh's, Kalantaryan's, Shcherbovich's, and Kotelnikov-Varenichev methods. Combined coproscopic methods are significantly more effective in detecting the causative agents of enteric parasitoses than is Katoh's method. Among the considered coproscopic techniques for the diagnosis of human ascariasis, it is most rational to use a combined method for fecal examination, the basis for which is a multicomponent flotation system (such as the author's one). The Kotelnikov-Varenichev method is optimal for diagnosing opisthorchiasis. It is optimal to use 2-3 methods of different groups simultaneously for the screening diagnosis of intestinal parasitoses.     

Platelet counting-development of a reference method and a reference preparation

A reference method has been defined for platelet counting by counting chamber haemocytometry, and a procedure has been developed, using platelet rich plasma (PRP) and a Coulter ZBI counter which provides a reliable, rapid and relatively simple method for platelet counting which is closely comparable to the reference method and can thus be used both as a secondary reference method and a routine method. The optimal method for obtaining PRP from EDTA blood was by augmented sedimentation with Boyum's methyl cellulose-metrizoate mixture at sp. gr. 1.08. This was shown to yield a platelet suspension which reflects closely the platelet content of the original blood. Calibration of electronic counters for platelet counting requires material which is stable and which parallels natural human platelets in size, distribution and other physical characteristics. A suspension of glutaraldehyde-fixed human platelets in glycerol appears to be suitable as a reference preparation. Its method of production is described.     

Comparison of haemoglobinometry by WHO Haemoglobin Colour Scale and copper sulphate against haemiglobincyanide reference method

Although estimation of haemoglobin is essential for diagnosing anaemia and assessing its severity, many health centres in developing countries do not have the facilities for haemoglobinometry. The WHO Haemoglobin Colour Scale (HCS) method is a simple and inexpensive clinical device that was recently developed in order to diagnose anaemia in such centres. In Indonesia, the copper sulphate specific gravity method is used for blood donor screening and also in primary health clinics in the rural and remote areas. In this study, the HCS method is compared with the copper sulphate method and with an earlier paper scale, the Tallquist method, against the standard haemiglobincyanide spectrophotometric method. The HCS method showed an acceptable level of precision and accuracy for use as a reliable screening tool to diagnose anaemia in patients and also for blood donor screening.     

Simple method for constructing phylogenetic trees from distance matrices.

A simple method is proposed for constructing phylogenetic trees from distance matrices. The procedure for constructing tree topologies is similar to that of the unweighted pair-group method (UPG method) but makes corrections for unequal rates of evolution among lineages. The procedure for estimating branch lengths is the same as that of the Fitch and Margoliash method (F-M method) except that it allows no negative branch lengths. The performance of the present procedure for the construction of tree topologies is compared with that of the UPG method, the F-M method, Farris' method, and the modified Farris method by using Tateno's simulation outputs for nucleotide sequence divergence and his results for the performances of the latter four methods [Tateno, Y. (1978) Dissertation (Univ. Texas, Houston, TX). In this limited comparison, the present method performs considerably better than the UPG method and the F-M method and about equally well as the last two methods. The present method appears to be preferable to the UPG method for analysis of data from populations that have not differentiated much. Indeed, an application of the present method to gene frequency data from some Amerindian populations gives a tree topology far more reasonable than that obtained by the UPG method.     

Audiovisual recordings of electromyographic examinations (author's transl)]

The presented method is to be an aid in the recording and documentation of single EMG examination results by the possibility of adding acoustic and clinical details to the previous method which was purely an optical method. This recording method is especially good for continuing education courses and for detailed storing of certain results, because the method may be reprodused indefinately. The method is not suitable for conventional documentation because 1) it is too costly and 2) it does not fulfill the qualitative requirements of a documentation.     

Advanced endoscopic submucosal dissection with traction

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has been established as a standard treatment for early stage gastric cancer (EGC) in Japan and has spread worldwide. ESD has been used not only for EGC but also for early esophageal and colonic cancers. However, ESD is as-sociated with several adverse events, such as bleeding and perforation, which requires more skill. Adequate tissue tension and clear visibility of the tissue to be dissected are important for effective and safe dissection. Many ESD methods using traction have been devel-oped, such as clip-with-line method, percutaneous trac-tion method, sinker-assisted method, magnetic anchor method, external forceps method, internal-traction method, double-channel-scope method, outerroute method, double-scope method, endoscopic-surgical-platform, and robot-assisted method. Each method has both advantages and disadvantages. Robotic endos-copy, enabling ESD with a traction method, will become more common due to advances in technology. In thenear future, simple, noninvasive, and effective ESD us-ing traction is expected to be developed and become established as a worldwide standard treatment for superficial gastrointestinal neoplasias.     

Contributions to the Optimal Use of Human Blood

Abstract. Two methods are described for the preparation of human prothrombin complex on a large scale. In the first method DEAE-cellulose DE 52 is used as an adsorbent and in the second method DEAE-Sephadex A-50. The results obtained with both methods are compared. The DEAE-cellulose method is an adaptation from a previously existing small-scale to a large-scale preparation. The DEAE-Sephadex method is newly developed. The amount of DEAE-Sephadex required for adsorption, the duration of adsorption and the influence of the temperature are examined. The behaviour of Hepatitis Associated Antigen (HAA) in both methods is tested and, it is argued, that by introducing an extensive washing the risk of transmitting serum hepatitis is considerably diminished. It is concluded that the DEAE-Sephadex method is the most suitable for a routine large-scale production of the prothrombin complex.     

Application of the Reference Method Isotope Dilution Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (ID/GC/MS) to Establish Metrological Traceability for Calibration and Control of Blood Glucose Test Systems

Self-monitoring of blood glucose (BG) by means of handheld BG systems is a cornerstone in diabetes therapy. The aim of this article is to describe a procedure with proven traceability for calibration and evaluation of BG systems to guarantee reliable BG measurements. Isotope dilution gas chromatography mass spectrometry (ID/GC/MS) is a method that fulfills all requirements to be used in a higher-order reference measurement procedure. However, this method is not applicable for routine measurements because of the time-consuming sample preparation. A hexokinase method with perchloric acid (PCA) sample pretreatment is used in a measurement procedure for such purposes. This method is directly linked to the ID/GC/MS method by calibration with a glucose solution that has an ID/GC/MS-determined target value. BG systems are calibrated with whole blood samples. The glucose levels in such samples are analyzed by this ID/GC/MS-linked hexokinase method to establish traceability to higher-order reference material. For method comparison, the glucose concentrations in 577 whole blood samples were measured using the PCA-hexokinase method and the ID/GC/MS method; this resulted in a mean deviation of 0.1%. The mean deviation between BG levels measured in >500 valid whole blood samples with BG systems and the ID/GC/MS was 1.1%. BG systems allow a reliable glucose measurement if a true reference measurement procedure, with a noninterrupted traceability chain using ID/GC/MS linked hexokinase method for calibration of BG systems, is implemented. Systems should be calibrated by means of a traceable and defined measurement procedure to avoid bias.