氧疗及正压通气对慢性阻塞性肺病患者夜间低氧血症的疗效

为了观察夜间氧疗及加用持续正压通气对急性加重期慢性阻塞性肺病（ＣＯＰＤ）患者夜间低氧血症的治疗效果，用脉搏氧饱和度仪对５８例患者进行监测描记，并作动脉血气分析。结果表明，白天动脉血氧分压（ＰａＯ２）、动脉血二氧化碳分压（ＰａＣＯ２）及基础脉搏氧饱和度（ＳｐＯ２）与夜间平均脉搏氧饱和度（ＭＳｐＯ２）之间有显著的正相关（ｒ＝０．７０２，ｒ＝０．６１３，ｒ＝０．６０５，Ｐ值均＜０．０１），与夜间呼吸空气时比较，３７例患者夜间氧疗效果良好，夜间平均ＳｐＯ２、平均最低ＳｐＯ２（ｍＳｐＯ２）升高（Ｐ＜０．０１），氧降累计时间百分比（ＣＴＮＯＤ％）降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。其余２１例患者疗效不佳，改用夜间氧疗加持续正压通气（ＢｉＰＡＰ）后效果极好，夜间ＭＳｐＯ２、ｍＳｐＯ２与ＣＴＮＯＤ％三项指标均显著改善（Ｐ＜０．０１），且睡后ＰａＯ２升高（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＰａＣＯ２降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。证实夜间氧疗能纠正多数ＣＯＰＤ患者的夜间低氧血症，对疗效不良者加用无创持续正压通气可获满意效果。     

持续气道正压通气治疗肥胖低通气综合征

目的探讨持续气道正压通气治疗肥胖低通气综合征（ＯＨＳ）的疗效。方法用ＣＰＡＰ（经鼻持续气道正压通气）及ＢｉＰＡＰ（双水平气道正压通气）呼吸机分别对２１例及１４例肥胖低通气综合征患者治疗２个月,比较治疗前后的呼吸紊乱指数（ＡＨＩ）、低通气指数（ＨＩ）、体块指数（ＢＭＩ）、４％的血氧饱和度降低次数（ＯＤＩ４）以及最低血氧饱和度（ｍｉｎＳａＯ２）,并将ＢＭＩ与ＡＨＩ、ＨＩ及ｍｉｎＳａＯ２作相关性分析。结果肥胖低通气患者治疗后ＡＨＩ、ＨＩ、ＢＭＩ、ＯＤＩ４、ｍｉｎＳａＯ２均有明显改善（Ｐ＜００５）;而ＢＭＩ与ＨＩ、及ｍｉｎＳａＯ２的相关性检验无显著性（相关系数分别为ｒ＝０．０３４６８和ｒ＝０．０５５８１,Ｐ＞００５）,提示单纯降低ＢＭＩ并不能有效地改善ＨＩ及ｍｉｎＳａＯ２。结论持续气道正压通气是治疗ＯＨＳ一种无创、有效的措施,且能在短期内明显改善临床症状,提高生活质量。     

面罩压力支持通气对提高慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者夜间低氧血症的效果

面罩压力支持通气对提高慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者夜间低氧血症的效果张海明顾玉海李荧杨晓梅杜玉梅对２０例慢性阻塞性肺疾病（ＣＯＰＤ）患者夜间低氧血症患者进行夜间睡眠时连续７小时鼻（面）罩正压通气（ＢｉＰＡＰ）压力支持通气、血氧饱和度（ＳａＯ２）监测的效果及评...     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者睡眠时高血压的发生

目的明确阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（ＯＳＡＳ）患者清醒及睡眠时血压变化情况及对其影响的相关因素。方法１３例ＯＳＡＳ患者在桡动脉内留置导管监测血压并同步进行夜间睡眠多导生理仪连续记录，部分患者观察吸氧或经鼻（面）罩持续正压通气（ＮＣＰＡＰ）的治疗效果。结果（１）ＯＳＡＳ患者白天高血压发生率为４６％（６／１３）；白天无高血压的患者夜间一过性高血压发生率为８６％（６／７）；（２）ＯＳＡＳ患者夜间血压增高与低氧血症和呼吸暂停时间有关，与呼吸暂停指数（ＡＩ）无相关性（Ｐ＞０．０５）；（３）２例ＯＳＡＳ患者经吸氧治疗后，夜间血压波动仍存在，高血压未得到纠正；４例ＯＳＡＳ患者经ＮＣＰＡＰ治疗后，夜间血压波动消失。结论白天无高血压的ＯＳＡＳ患者夜间可反复出现一过性血压增高；ＯＳＡＳ患者夜间血压增高与低氧血症、呼吸暂停时间有关，但低氧血症不是引起夜间血压增高的主要因素；单纯吸氧不能纠正ＯＳＡＳ患者夜间血压增高，ＮＣＰＡＰ是纠正ＯＳＡＳ患者夜间血压增高的较好方法。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的诊断与治疗

为了观察住院慢性阻塞性肺疾病（ＣＯＰＤ）合并睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（重叠综合征）的发生并探讨其诊治方法，对２５例住院ＣＯＰＤ病人依多导睡眠图检查分为单纯ＣＯＰＤ组和重叠综合征组，分别在鼻管吸氧、吸氧＋经鼻罩双水平气道内正压（ｎＢｉＰＡＰ）通气、吸氧＋经鼻罩持续气道内正压通气（ｎＣＰＡＰ）治疗下观察两组治疗效果及耐受性。结果２５例中１０例为重叠综合征。其夜间低氧较单纯ＣＯＰＤ组更严重，吸氧可改善夜间低氧，但可加重夜间呼吸紊乱。吸氧＋ｎＢｉＰＡＰ通气治疗可改善夜间低氧和呼吸紊乱。吸氧＋ｎＣＰＡＰ治疗多数不能耐受。本组住院ＣＯＰＤ者重叠综合征的发生率约４０％，对ＣＯＰＤ伴夜间打鼾或白天嗜睡者，应作多导睡眠图检查，吸氧＋ｎＢｉＰＡＰ通气可作为重叠综合征首选治疗方法     

改进的面罩对无创人工通气死腔效应的影响

目的定量评价目前传统使用的面罩通气的重复呼吸量，探讨改进的双通道面罩对减少死腔效应的作用。方法选择７例慢性阻塞性肺疾病（ＣＯＰＤ）并轻中度二氧化碳（ＣＯ２）潴留患者，进行随机交叉自身对照试验。采用中号面罩，ＢｉＰＡＰ－３０呼吸机及平台型排气阀。应用电脑数据采集和分析方法，持续同步监测呼吸流量及ＣＯ２浓度，比较改进与传统面罩的重复呼吸量。结果改进面罩内呼气末ＣＯ２浓度明显低于传统法，分别为（３．０±１．０）％和（７．２±１．７）％（Ｐ＜０．００１）。传统面罩通气存在明显ＣＯ２重复呼吸，重复呼吸量为（８３．１±３２．９）ｍｌ；改进面罩通气几乎能完全消除重复呼吸［（０．１±０．４）ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１］。结论传统面罩正压通气存在明显的ＣＯ２重复呼吸；改进面罩可基本消除 ＣＯ２重复呼吸，在治疗Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者时可能有重要的临床意义。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者持续正压通气治疗前后自主神经系统功能的研究

目的研究阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停（ＯＳＡ）患者夜间睡眠时自主神经功能的状态，以及有效的持续正压通气治疗对自主神经张力的影响。方法对５６例重度ＯＳＡ患者持续正压通气（ＣＰＡＰ）治疗前和治疗中进行夜间７小时多导睡眠图（ＰＳＧ）及动态心电图监测，另择３０名正常受试者作为对照。采用心率功率谱分析法（ＨＲＰＳＡ）定量分析ＯＳＡ患者治疗前后夜间自主神经功能的变化。结果ＯＳＡ组夜间睡眠时伴随着反复的呼吸暂停和低氧血症，低频（ＬＦ）及高频（ＨＦ）值逐渐增高，与对照组比较差异有显著性（ＬＦ为１３８３±３０５∶１２５±６４，Ｐ＜０．００１；ＨＦ为６６２±１９０∶１６３±７８，Ｐ＜０．００１），表明交感神经和副交感神经张力均明显增高。夜间平均ＬＦ／ＨＦ比率在较高水平（２１１±１０１），与对照组（０８７±０６４）比较差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５），说明以交感神经张力增加更为显著。经过有效的ＣＰＡＰ治疗，ＯＳＡ患者ＬＦ（２２１±８１）、ＨＦ（２２１±１０８）明显降低（Ｐ＜０．００１）。结论ＯＳＡ患者夜间有自主神经功能紊乱。针对ＯＳＡ的有效治疗可以改善自主神经的异常活动     

经鼻持续正压通气治疗夜间心绞痛合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的 探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）和夜间心绞痛的关系以及经鼻持续正压通气治疗能否改善合并有OSAHS患者夜间心绞痛发作。方法 采用多导睡眠监测系统对46例夜间心绞痛患者进行整夜监测，对合并OSAHS的患者应用经鼻持续正压通气治疗，将患者治疗前后多导睡眠监测参数进行对照研究。结果 夜间心绞痛合并OSAHS的患者经持续正压通气治疗多导睡眠参数明显改善，治疗前后对比差异有显著性，心绞痛症状明显改善。结论 OSAHS和夜间心绞痛有相关性，OSAHS是夜间心绞痛发作的诱因。经鼻持续正压通气治疗可改善合并有0SAHS患者夜间心绞痛发作。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者持续正压通气治疗前后认知功能的研究

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征 (ＯＳＡＳ)是以睡眠结构紊乱和反复发作低氧血症为特征的一种睡眠障碍性疾病 ,其脑功能损害以认知功能障碍最常见。经鼻罩持续气道内正压(ｎＣＰＡＰ)通气治疗ＯＳＡＳ是目前最佳选择。本研究应用ｎＣＰＡＰ治疗ＯＳＡＳ患者 ,观察其治疗前、后认知功能的变化。对象与方法　对 132例打鼾患者进行夜间 7ｈ多导睡眠图 (ＰＳＧ)监测。筛选出 2 0例中、重症患者 [呼吸紊乱指数 (呼吸暂停 /低通气指数 ,ＡＨＩ) >2 0 ],其中男 16例 ,女 4例。年龄 48～ 6 9岁。符合ＯＳＡＳ的诊断标准 :睡眠呼吸暂停为睡眠时鼻和口气流…     

经面罩压力支持通气治疗心源性急性肺水肿

我们在常规治疗无明显疗效的情况下，加用经面罩压力支持通气治疗心源性急性肺水肿患者5例，取得满意疗效，现报告如下。临床资料5例均为男性冠心病患者，年龄76～83岁。临床均有呼吸困难，端坐呼吸，咯大量白色或粉红色泡沫痰，口唇、肢端紫组及出冷汗。双肺满布湿罗音及哮鸣音；心率120～140次／min，律齐，心尖有舒张期奔马律。X线示肺门阴影增深呈蝶器状，肺野透光度减低如云雾状；心影增大。血气分析示低氧血症。经应用扩血管剂、利尿剂、强心剂及鼻导管吸氧等治疗无明显疗效。治疗方法采用美国BIPAP呼吸机经面罩正压通气治疗。呼吸…     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。