先天性肺支气管囊肿51例外科治疗

目的 提高先天性肺内支气管囊肿的诊断、鉴别诊断及治疗水平。方法 回顾分析51例外科治疗的先天性肺支气管囊肿患的有关临床资料。结果 40例术后症状消失，9例轻度咳嗽、咳痰，1例1年后发生肺部感染合并充血性心衰，1例肺囊肿癌变，行术后化疗，现已存活4年。51例随访8个月至5年无复发。结论 手术可明确诊断，缓解症状，防止并发症，是治疗的最佳方法。     

先天性肺囊肿对肺发育的影响

对１８例先天性肺囊肿（ＣＰＣ）患儿手术发除的囊肿附近肺叶标本及１１例因非肺部疾患行开胸手术所取肺活检标本分别行辐射状肺泡计数（ＲＡＣ）、单位视野内第六级以上肺动脉计数、观察第六有以上肺小动脉内外弹性膜、计数单位视野α１－－抗胰蛋白酶（α１－ＡＴ）免疫组化染色阳性细胞数。结果显示，ＣＰＣ患儿ＲＡＣ值、单位视野内第六级以上肺动脉数及α１－ＡＴ免疫组化染色阳性细胞数均低于正常对照，且支气管型ＣＰＣ对ＲＡ     

46例先天性支气管肺囊肿误诊原因分析

目的：分析４６例先天性支气管肺囊肿的误诊原因，从中找出经验和教训，提高对本病的认识，以防误诊、误治。方法：收集手术后经病理证实的先天性支气管肺囊肿病例共９１例。结合临床及胸片Ｘ线表现进行分析，从中找出误诊原因。结果：９１例先天性支气管肺囊肿病例中误诊４６例占５０．５５％。其中误诊为肺结核者３０例（６５．２１％）、肺脓肿６例（１３．０４％）、肺癌４例（８．７％）肺大疱、１毁损肺、脓胸各２例（各占４．     

先天性支气管囊肿的临床及病理分析

目的 探讨先天性支气管囊肿的临床及病理特点。方法 回顾性分析我院1997年1月至2002年1月经手术切除病理证实的30例先天性支气管囊肿患的临床及病理资料。结果 根据x线胸片、胸部CT检查结果,本组患病灶肺内型23例、纵隔型5例、异位型2例。其中液囊肿18例、气囊肿7例、多发肺囊肿5例。肺内型多以并发感染就诊,其中19例表现为咳嗽、咳痰,2例伴发热,11例表现为咯血或痰中带血,11例有不同程度的胸痛;CT特征为囊腔大、周围软组织少的“块中囊”,或薄壁的空腔、多发性蜂窝状、囊腔状环行透光影。纵隔型2例于体检时偶然发现,2例因囊肿压迫气管而出现胸闷、呼吸困难,1例压迫食管而出现吞咽梗塞感;CT特点为边界清楚、密度一致的孤立性圆形或卵圆形阴影,与周围器官组织相互挤压变形。异位型2例均于体表扪及囊性包块就诊。病理检查：镜下均可见假复层纤毛柱状上皮、腺体、软骨、弹力纤维和少量平滑肌。结论 先天性支气管囊肿以肺内型为多,临床表现主要为咳嗽、咳痰及咯血,cT检查以块中囊为其特征性表现;组织病理学检查均具备呼吸上皮、腺体、软骨和平滑肌。手术切除是治疗的最佳方案。     

842例胸部包虫囊肿的治疗

８４２例胸部包虫囊肿病人分别采用囊摘除术（７９％）、肺切除术（１２％）、引流及其它外科手术（９％）治疗，死亡率为０．６％；内囊摘除术后复发率为４．２％。３２３随访３一２０年，无１例死于胸包虫囊肿。术前用２种剂量吡喹酮治疗２２例，术时囊液内的原头蚴，死亡率分别为４３．１±９．６％　６４．２±３．５％较未服药对照组９．２±２．０％为高。作者认为内囊摘除术仍为目前最安全有效的措施。手术以前服用吡喹酮，可能对防止病人包虫囊肿复发有益。     

先天性纵隔气管支气管囊肿51例外科治疗

目的了解纵隔气管支气管囊肿的临床病理特征,提高诊断、鉴别诊断及治疗水平。方法分析51例外科治疗的先天性纵隔气管支气管囊肿患者的相关临床资料。结果51例中41例术前有临床症状,10例为体检发现;43例术前诊断为神经源性肿瘤、胸腺瘤、肺癌和纵隔肿瘤,8例术前影像学诊断支气管囊肿;术后恢复均顺利,45例术后症状消失,5例术后胸痛及咳嗽,1例术后3年复发,再次手术切除治愈。余随访至今无复发。结论手术完整切除可明确诊断,解除症状,防止并发症和改善预后,是首选治疗手段。     

支气管囊肿50例分析

对手术和病理证实的支气管囊肿50例临床资料作一分析。结果表明纵膈型27例(54％)、肺内型23例946％)。有14例术前误诊为纵膈肿瘤或其它肺部疾病,误诊率为28％。本组无1例在病理上发现囊壁癌变现象。我们认为支气管囊肿在临床上呈不典型表现时易被误诊,值得重视。一旦明确诊断,应采取外科手术治疗。     

17例肺支气管囊肿长期误诊肺结核原因分析

目的：通过对肺支气管囊肿（pulmonary bronchogenic cyst,PBC)长期误诊为肺结核的原因分析，提出二种疾病的鉴别诊断能力，方法：对17例经手术病理证实的PBC长期误诊肺结核原因进行回顾性分析。结果：长期误诊肺结核的PBC患者占同期手术治疗的PBC的43．6％（17／39）。主要症状：咳嗽、咳痰、咯血、胸痛、低热和乏力，X线表现形态多样，球形病变10例，部分有卫星灶及钙化灶，空洞或溶解等，在片密度不均匀阴影5例，一侧毁损肺1例，叶间裂积液1例。所有病人均查痰结核菌阴性，正规抗结核治疗后复咳痰、咯血、发热11例（64．7％）,无效6例（35．3％），结论：误诊原因是对不典型的PBC缺乏认识。痰结核菌阴性而临床症状和X线表现与肺结核相似、经正规抗结核治疗后仍反复发作或无效的病人，应考虑到PBC。     

成人支气管肺囊肿的手术治疗

1994年8月～2004年10月，我们共手术治疗成人支气管肺囊肿36例，效果满意。现报告如下。 临床资料；36例支气管肺囊肿患者（均经术后病理确诊），男22例，女14例；年龄17～62岁，平均32．2岁。病程〈1a者5例，1～10a者8例，11～20a者17例，〉20a者6例。     

先天性肺囊肿的诊治（附16例报告）

１９７８～１９９８年，我们收治先天性肺囊肿（下称肺囊肿）患者１６例，现对其诊治进行讨论。１临床资料本组男９例，女７例；年龄５０天至６５岁，平均２８岁。病史５０天至２０年，平均８．６年。其中囊肿位于左肺下叶６例，左肺上叶２例，右肺下叶４例，右肺中叶２例...     

Nine-Year Single-Center Experience with Nonparastic Liver Cysts: Diagnosis and Management

This study presents the experience with laparoscopic deroofing of nonparasitic liver cysts at a single center over a 9-year period. A total of 25 patients, undergoing 32 operations, were identified. Median cyst diameter was 10 cm for de novo cysts and 9.5 cm for recurrent cysts. Six patients had multiple cysts consistent with polycystic liver disease. In total, there were 26 laparoscopic procedures and 2 open conversions. Four procedures were commenced as open, three of which were for recurrent cysts. Minor complications were bleeding from a port site (n=1), pneumothorax (n=2), and intra-abdominal collection (n=1). One major complication of bile leak and relaparotomy occurred following an open deroofing. No major complications were recorded for laparoscopic procedures. Symptomatic recurrence of cysts occurred in four patients with simple cysts (5%) and one patient with polycystic liver disease. We conclude that laparoscopic liver cyst deroofing is an effective method of dealing with symptomatic nonparasitic liver cysts.     

肝包虫病1314例的临床分析

本文报道近40年期间经手术治疗肝包虫病1 314 例的临床分析及诊断方法的发展。本病多发于青少年,包虫生长缓慢,早期无明显症状。在70年代以前主要以触诊包虫囊肿的特殊体征与皮内试验为诊断方法,因之早期诊断率较低,甚至发生并发症有时仍被误诊,本组并发感染占20.2％,并发破裂9.9％,合并门静脉高压症2.4％,并发过敏性休克 1.9％,皆引起严重后果。随着诊断仪器的发展,应用超声波探查、核素扫描、X线特殊造影、CT 扫描及免疫试验等方法,不仅可发现无症状的带虫者,提高早期诊断率达 100％,并可检测出包虫囊肿的病理形态及各类并发症的病理改变,从而施行早期手术及优选最佳手术方案,提高治愈率。     

Laparoscopic management of benign cystic lesions of the liver

We present our experience in the laparoscopic management of benign liver cysts. The aim of the study was to analyze the technical feasibility of such management and to evaluate safety and outcome on follow‐up. Between September 1990 and October 1997, 31 patients underwent laparoscopic liver surgery for benign cystic lesions. Indications were: solitary giant liver cysts (n = 16); polycystic liver disease (PLD;n = 9); and hydatid cysts (n = 6). All giant solitary liver cysts were considered for laparoscopy. Only patients with PLD and large dominant cysts located in anterior liver segments, and patients with large hydatid cysts, regardless of segment or small partially calcified cysts in a safe laparoscopic segment, were included. Patients with cholangitis, cirrhosis, and significant cardiac disease were excluded. Data were collected prospectively. The procedures were completed laparoscopically in 29 patients. The median size of the solitary liver cysts was 14 cm (range, 7—22 cm). Conversion to laparotomy occurred in 2 patients (6.4%), to control bleeding. The median operative time was 141 min (range, 94—165 min) for patients with PLD and 179 min (range, 88—211 min) for patients with hydatid cysts. All solitary liver cysts were fenestrated in less than 1 h. There were no deaths. Complications occurred in 6 patients (19%). Two hemorrhagic and two infectious complications were noted after management of hydatid cysts. Three patients were transfused. The median length of hospital stay was 1.3 days (range, 1—3 days), 3 days (range, 2—7 days), and 5 days (range, 2—17 days) for solitary cyst, PLD, and hydatid cysts, respectively. Median follow‐up was 30 months (range, 3—78 months). There was no recurrence of solitary liver cyst or hydatid cysts. One patient with PLD presented with symptomatic recurrent cysts at 6 months, requiring laparotomy. We conclude that laparoscopic liver surgery can be accomplished safely in patients with giant solitary cysts, regardless of location. The laparoscopic management of polycystic liver disease should be reserved for patients with a limited number of large, anteriorly located cysts. Hydatid disease is best treated through an open approach.     

Polycystic liver disease: experience at a teaching hospital

OBJECTIVES: This study describes the natural history of patients with polycystic liver disease, a rare disorder characterized by multiple hepatic cysts. METHODS: Cases were identified through review of charts from a hepatology practice, a hepatobiliary surgery practice and a retrospective chart review of inpatient charts from 1990 to 2002. All patients had greater than four simple liver cysts without infectious etiology. Medical records were reviewed for history, physical examination, imaging, and laboratory data. Patients' family practitioners provided follow-up. RESULTS: Fifty-three cases (62.3% female, 37.7% male) were identified. The mean age at diagnosis was 56.4 yr. Thirty-eight cases (71.7%) had associated polycystic kidney disease. The minority of patients were symptomatic at diagnosis (pain in 19 (36.5%), dyspnea in 5 (9.6%), and restricted mobility in 5 (9.6%) with hepatomegaly in 23 (45.1%). Follow-up information was attainable for 40 patients with a mean follow-up duration of 4.69 yr (range 0.1-15 yr). Within this subgroup, 9 patients (22.5%) had cyst bleeding, 5 (12.5%) had cyst rupture, 5 (12.5%) had cyst infection, 12 (30%) required an intervention. One patient (2.5%) developed portal hypertension, and two (5%) received a liver transplant. One patient (2.5%) died due to complications from liver cysts. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients in this highly selected cohort were asymptomatic with normal hepatic function. Pain was the most common symptom. The natural history is variable however, with some patients developing complications including portal hypertension. Minimally invasive interventions are appropriate initially, with hepatic resection and liver transplantation reserved for those with severe symptoms or life-threatening complications.     

Role of endoscopic intervention in biliary complications of hepatic hydatid cyst disease

Objective. Biliary complications of hepatic hydatidosis are often difficult to detect and manage. The aim of this study was to present our experience on the effectiveness of endoscopic treatment modalities in cases of biliary complications of hepatic hydatid cysts. Material and methods. Over the past 10 years, 15 patients diagnosed with hepatic hydatidosis and manifesting symptoms and signs indicative of biliary involvement were examined by means of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in our Gastroenterology Endoscopic Unit; 7 patients had already been operated on for hepatic hydatid cysts; one of them had a concomitant hydatid cyst in the lung. Diagnosis of the disease was based on a combination of ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT) and specific immunologic and/or microbiologic studies. Results. Biliary complications of hydatid cysts were detected by ERCP in 9 patients (60%). Eight (88.9%) patients displayed a communication between the hydatid cyst or its residual cavity and the biliary tree; 5 patients had daughter cysts or residual hydatid material within the biliary tree, 1 patient had a biliocutaneous fistula, 1 patient a postoperative biliary leakage and 1 patient had only an opacification of the hydatid cyst during ERCP. In one patient, ERCP showed stenoses of both of the main hepatic ducts due to their compression by the cyst. Jaundice (88.9%), fever (33.3%) and right upper quadrant abdominal pain (88.9%) were the most frequent manifestations. These complications were demonstrated by US and CT imaging in only 25% of the cases. Four patients underwent ERCP before surgery and 5 after surgery. Endoscopic management was successful in all patients, resulting in clearance of the biliary tree, closure of fistulas, stopping of biliary leakage and jaundice remission. No serious endoscopy-related complications were recorded, with the exception of a pulmonary hydatid cyst rupture during ERCP. Conclusions. This study suggests that endoscopic treatment modalities are helpful and safe methods in the treatment of biliary complications of hepatic hydatidosis before and after definitive surgical management of the hydatid cysts.     

Role of endoscopic intervention in biliary complications of hepatic hydatid cyst disease

OBJECTIVE: Biliary complications of hepatic hydatidosis are often difficult to detect and manage. The aim of this study was to present our experience on the effectiveness of endoscopic treatment modalities in cases of biliary complications of hepatic hydatid cysts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Over the past 10 years, 15 patients diagnosed with hepatic hydatidosis and manifesting symptoms and signs indicative of biliary involvement were examined by means of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in our Gastroenterology Endoscopic Unit; 7 patients had already been operated on for hepatic hydatid cysts; one of them had a concomitant hydatid cyst in the lung. Diagnosis of the disease was based on a combination of ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT) and specific immunologic and/or microbiologic studies. RESULTS: Biliary complications of hydatid cysts were detected by ERCP in 9 patients (60%). Eight (88.9%) patients displayed a communication between the hydatid cyst or its residual cavity and the biliary tree; 5 patients had daughter cysts or residual hydatid material within the biliary tree, 1 patient had a biliocutaneous fistula, 1 patient a postoperative biliary leakage and 1 patient had only an opacification of the hydatid cyst during ERCP. In one patient, ERCP showed stenoses of both of the main hepatic ducts due to their compression by the cyst. Jaundice (88.9%), fever (33.3%) and right upper quadrant abdominal pain (88.9%) were the most frequent manifestations. These complications were demonstrated by US and CT imaging in only 25% of the cases. Four patients underwent ERCP before surgery and 5 after surgery. Endoscopic management was successful in all patients, resulting in clearance of the biliary tree, closure of fistulas, stopping of biliary leakage and jaundice remission. No serious endoscopy-related complications were recorded, with the exception of a pulmonary hydatid cyst rupture during ERCP. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that endoscopic treatment modalities are helpful and safe methods in the treatment of biliary complications of hepatic hydatidosis before and after definitive surgical management of the hydatid cysts.     

Endoscopic management of cysts and pseudocysts in chronic pancreatitis: long-term follow-up after 7 years of experience

Endoscopic cystoenterostomy was performed in 33 patients with chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopic cystoduodenostomy (ECD) was done in 22 cases of symptomatic paraduodenal cysts and endoscopic cystogastrostomy (ECG) in 11 cases of retrogastric pseudocysts. The success rates were 96% for ECD and 100% for ECG. The relapse rate was 9% after ECD and 19% after ECG. No significant complications were observed after successful ECD and clinical relief of pain was achieved in 20 patients. ECD was an effective and definitive treatment for 19 of the 22 cases. Two complications of ECG were gastric hemorrhage and iatrogenic pseudocyst infection. In two ECG patients, percutaneous drainage was required. ECG alone was a definitive treatment for 8 of the 11 cases. When restricted to the precise morphological indication (paraintestinal cyst bulging into the duodenal or gastric lumen), ECD is the first choice for treatment of paraduodenal cysts, whereas ECG is an alternative procedure for the drainage of retrogastric pseudocysts, offering at least results as good as percutaneous drainage.     

Clinical Characteristics and Evolution of Recurrent Infectious Endocarditis in non Drug Addicts

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Recurrence of infection is observed in a high proportion of patients who have had infective endocarditis in the past. The aim of our study was to evaluate the possible differences between the first and the recurrent episodes of endocarditis, as well as to assess the outcome and prognosis of patients with recurrent endocarditis. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We reviewed a series of 13 episodes of recurrent endocarditis from among 196 cases of infective endocarditis involving non-drug-addict patients in two hospitals from 1987 to 2000. RESULTS: There were no differences between recurrent and first episodes of endocarditis according to age, sex, heart valve involved or causal microorganisms. Prosthetic valve endocarditis was more common in patients with recurrent endocarditis (86% versus 27%; p < 0.001). Although there were no differences in the rate of complications or early surgery, overall mortality was significantly higher in patients with recurrent endocarditis (53% versus 27%: p < 0.05). When early and late mortality were analysed separately, the differences did not achieve significance. CONCLUSIONS: Recurrent endocarditis was frequent in our series (7% of all cases). The features were similar to those of the first episode except for a higher rate of prosthetic valve endocarditis and a higher overall mortality.     

Congenital Biliary Cysts in Indian Adults

Only one report of congenital biliary cysts has been described so far from India, and that was in children. We present our experience with 22 adult Indian patients with this condition. The main presenting symptoms were abdominal pain, icterus, and fever, and the classical triad of jaundice, pain, and abdominal mass was seen in only one patient. The mean age of presentation was 25.5 +/- 10.1 yr, and females predominated (82%). Type Ia cysts (fusiform choledochal cyst) were the commonest. Intrahepatic cysts were seen in four patients; three of these were associated with extrahepatic biliary ductal cysts (type IVa). Internal drainage procedures performed elsewhere in six patients were followed by recurrent cholangitis, necessitating excision of the cyst. Hence, the preferred operation for congenital biliary cysts is cyst excision and hepaticojejunostomy.     

Pacemaker infections--treatment with total or partial pacemaker system removal

During the years 1977 to 1983, 1,458 pacemakers were implanted or reimplanted in our clinic. Seventy-nine patients were treated during the same period for pacemaker system infections. The time interval between the preceding surgical maneuver and the manifest infection was 11.9 +/- 10.2 months in the catheter fistulas and 12.2 +/- 11.5 months in the pacemaker pocket infections. Forty-one of 79 infections (52%) occurred following the first generator implantation. In 33/43 (76.7%) patients with partial pacemaker system removal, recurrent infection occurred 19.6 +/- 17.2 months later. The infection was treated with similar surgical maneuvers resulting in subsequent infections in 9 patients after 9.8 +/- 7.2 months. In the patients with total pacemaker system removal infection developed in 2/25 (8%). The infection resulted in septicemia in 9 patients. Major surgical intervention was necessary for removal of the infected endocardial electrode in 7 patients. According to our experience there are no grounds for partial removal of the pacemaker system if infection occurs. The primary results may be satisfactory but re-infection will appear in the majority of the patients after a period of several months.