短期胰岛素泵强化治疗初诊2型糖尿病的疗效

目的探讨初诊2型糖尿病患者接受胰岛素泵短期强化治疗的临床效果。方法采用自身前后对照,对28例初诊2型糖尿病患者进行1周持续皮下胰岛素输注（CSII）强化治疗,继之以胰岛素和口服降糖药控制血糖．并随访6个月,观察治疗前后患者血糖、血脂及胰岛B细胞功能的变化。结果经过l周强化治疗,患者血糖均能控制在理想范围内,与治疗前相比,患者胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白明显降低（P〈0．05）,高密度脂蛋白明显升高（尸〈O．05）,HomA—IR明显降低（P〈0．05）,HomA—B明显升高（P〈0．05）。随访6个月后,28例患者血糖均达到良好控制,其中有5例患者仅予生活方式干预血糖即可控制在正常范围,17例予0HA,6例予胰岛素治疗。结论对伴有明显高血糖的初诊2型糖尿病患者,短期CSII强化治疗可快速、稳定控制血糖和显著改善胰岛B细胞功能。     

短期胰岛素强化治疗新诊断2型糖尿病25例临床观察

目的观察短期胰岛素强化治疗对新诊断2型糖尿病患者胰岛p细胞功能和血糖控制情况。方法对初诊25例2型糖尿病患者给予每天多次胰岛素强化治疗3个月。比较治疗前后空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后血糖（2hPG）、空腹C肽、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）。结果胰岛素强化治疗后FPG、2hPG、空腹C肽、HBAIc均明显下降（P〈0．00。结论对新诊断2型糖尿病患者进行短期胰岛素强化治疗可显著改善胰岛素细胞功能，迅速控制高血糖，治疗时间短，是治疗糖尿病最有效的方法之一。     

胰岛素强化治疗纠正2型糖尿病高血糖状态的疗效观察

目的：讨论胰岛素强化治疗对2型糖尿病高血糖状态的影响。方法：选择2型糖尿病患者予以胰岛素强化治疗。结果：2型糖尿病病人共17例。予以胰岛素强化治疗血糖均能理想控制。结论：胰岛素强化治疗对控制2型糖尿病高血糖状态效果理想。     

胰岛素泵治疗初诊2型糖尿病的临床观察

目的比较胰岛素泵(持续皮下胰岛素注射或CSⅡ)与多次皮下注射胰岛素(MSⅡ)强化治疗初诊2型糖尿病的近期和远期疗效。方法将40例初诊2型糖尿病患者,随机分为CSⅡ组(20例)和传统的多次皮下注射胰岛素(MSⅡ)组(20例),进行强化胰岛素治疗。分别比较两组治疗前后的三餐前后及睡前血糖、血糖控制时间(d)、每日胰岛素用量及低血糖发生的次数,停药后长期随访,对结果进行分析。结果两组均能达到目标血糖值,但CSⅡ组血糖控制达标时间、胰岛素用量及低血糖发生率均明显少于MSⅡ组(P<0.01),且在停用胰岛素治疗1年后单纯饮食及运动治疗血糖仍能得到良好控制的例数明显高于MSⅡ组。结论对伴有明显高血糖的初诊2型糖尿病患者,短期CSⅡ强化治疗具有更快、更有效地控制高血糖,减少低血糖的发生率和停用胰岛素后对患者长期血糖良好控制的作用。     

胰岛素强化治疗初诊2型糖尿病的临床观察

目的 探讨短期胰岛素强化治疗初诊2型糖尿病患者的效果。方法 30例初诊2型糖尿病患者随机分为胰岛素强化治疗组和口服降糖药治疗组,根据血糖水平调整胰岛素及口服降糖药物剂量。胰岛素治疗组于血糖控制良好后改为口服降糖药物治疗。测定两组患者治疗前后血清胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白、空腹及餐后2h血糖。结果 胰岛素治疗组患者血糖控制达标快,停用胰岛素后需用胰岛素促泌剂降糖药治疗者少,HomaA胰岛素抵抗指数及HomaB胰岛素分泌指数改善较对照组明显。结论 短期胰岛素强化治疗可使初诊2型糖尿病患者β细胞功能得到改善,机体自身对血糖的调控可得到恢复。     

初诊2型糖尿病患者短期胰岛素强化治疗的临床观察

目的：观察短期胰岛素强化治疗初诊2型糖尿病患者的疗效。方法：对64例初诊2型糖尿病患者采用三餐前短效、睡前中效胰岛素，1日4次强化治疗，1～2周使血糖控制在目标范围（空腹血糖小于7mmoL／L，餐后2小时血糖小于10mmoL／L）。结果：短期胰岛素强化治疗后患者空腹血糖、餐后2小时血糖等较治疗前明显降低，Homa-指标较治疗前升高。结论：对伴有显著高血糖的初诊2型糖尿病的患者进行短期胰岛素的强化治疗可快速控制血糖，降低葡萄糖毒性的损害。     

胰岛素泵强化治疗2型糖尿病64例临床观察

目的探讨胰岛素泵强化治疗2型糖尿病的疗效。方法观察64例2型糖尿病患者使用胰岛素泵强化控制血糖与66例使用常规皮下注射胰岛素控制血糖两种方法的不同疗效。结果治疗后两组患者FpG、2hpG、HhAlc及血糖达标时间、胰岛素用量。结论胰岛素泵强化治疗明显缩短血糖达标时间，同时节省了胰岛素用量。     

吡格列酮联合胰岛素治疗2型糖尿病的疗效观察

目的观察吡格列酮联合胰岛素治疗2型糖尿病的疗效。方法对64例应用口服降糖药血糖控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者随机分为治疗组32例及对照组32例。治疗组予吡格列酮联合门冬胰岛素30治疗,对照组予门冬胰岛素30治疗,疗程均为12周。观察两组患者治疗前后的空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后2 h血糖（2 hPBG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）及胰岛素用量的变化。结果两组治疗后与治疗前比较FBG、2 hPBG、HbA1c水平明显下降（P〈0.05）,且治疗组各项指标明显优于对照组。治疗组胰岛素用量明显低于对照组（P〈0.01）。结论对于口服降糖药治疗不佳的2型糖尿病患者,采用吡格列酮联合门冬胰岛素30治疗,可有效地控制血糖,减少胰岛素用量,改善胰岛素抵抗和减少低血糖的发生。     

短期胰岛素强化治疗初诊2型糖尿病疗效分析

目的：观察短期胰岛素强化治疗初诊2型糖尿病的疗效。方法：将新诊断的2型糖尿病患者90例随机分为两组,观察组50例予胰岛素强化治疗,对照组40例给予口服降糖药物治疗,比较两组治疗前后空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2h血糖（2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、C2肽（C2P）。结果：治疗后2组的各项指标均较治疗前有所改善（P〈0．05）,且观察组FPG、2hPG、HbA1c下降指数较对照组明显,FINS、C2P升高指数较对照组明显,两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：初诊2型糖尿病患者予短期胰岛素强化治疗有利于改善血糖和胰岛功能。     

胰岛素泵在2型糖尿病强化治疗中的疗效

目的比较持续皮下胰岛素注射（CSII）与多次皮下注射胰岛素（MSII）对2型糖尿病患者的治疗效果。方法将65例2型糖尿病患者随机分为CSII组（35例）和MSII组（30例）,进行胰岛素强化治疗,比较血糖水平、血糖控制时间、达标时胰岛素用量、低血糖发生率,并进行统计分析。结果两组均能达到目标血糖值,但CSII组血糖控制达标时间、胰岛素用量及低血糖发生率均明显少于MSII组（P〈0．05）。结论胰岛素泵是2型糖尿病强化治疗控制血糖最有效的方法之一。     

早期肠内营养对肝移植患者术后转归的影响

目的探讨早期肠内营养支持对肝移植患者术后转归的影响。方法将接受肝移植的26例患者随机分为肠内营养组和静脉营养组进行随机对照临床试验,记录患者的感染率、死亡率、住院时间、住院费用、血糖测定值及胰岛素用量。结果肠内营养组感染率、死亡率与静脉营养组差异无显著意义;其住院时间及住院费用比静脉营养组少（P〈0．05）;在控制血糖等效的情况下,术后6d内胰岛素日平均用量比静脉营养组低（P=0．031）。结论肝移植术后早期肠内营养能减轻胰岛素抵抗,降低住院费用并缩短住院时间。     

脐带间充质干细胞移植治疗初发1型糖尿病

背景:研究证实,新诊断的1型糖尿病患者,接受自体造血干细胞治疗后,绝大多数患者胰岛β细胞功能增强,不依赖胰岛素的时间也延长.目的:观察人脐带间充质干细胞移植治疗初发1型糖尿病的临床疗效.方法:选择12例病程<3个月的初发1型糖尿病患者,其中6例行人脐带间充质干细胞和胰岛素治疗,另外6例行单纯胰岛素治疗.移植前及移植9个月后分别监测空腹及餐后血糖、胰岛素用量、C肽、HbA1c的变化和记录不良反应.结果与结论:随访9个月,干细胞治疗组的空腹血糖,糖化血红蛋白及C肽水平都有明显的改善,而对照组C肽水平明显下降,其他指标变化不明显.提示,人脐带间充质干细胞治疗初发1型糖尿病疗效良好.     

人脐血间充质干细胞静脉移植治疗失代偿期肝硬化的疗效观察

目的：观察人脐带间充质干细胞静脉输注治疗失代偿期肝硬化的临床疗效及安全性。方法将65例失代偿期肝硬化患者随机分为两组,治疗组40例,对照组25例,对照组给予综合护肝、支持对症治疗,治疗组在对照组治疗基础上,通过外周静脉输注脐带血干细胞悬液100 ml,每周1次静脉输注,连续3次。分别观察两组治疗前及治疗后4周、8周、12周24周,患者的临床症状、肝功能、凝血功能、肝纤维化等指标变化。结果治疗组经人脐带间充质干细胞治疗后4周,白蛋白和凝血功能较治疗前明显改善,12周肝硬度值下降。临床症状和体征改善明显。结论外周静脉输注人脐带间充质干细胞治疗失代偿期肝硬化,近期可明显改善肝功能,提升白蛋白、改善凝血功能、改善肝纤维化程度等,可提高患者生存率。     

Tissue oxygenation during liver transplantation.

OBJECTIVES: a) To assess perioperative changes in tissue oxygenation parameters during liver transplantation; b) to evaluate the need for venovenous bypass as hemodynamic support; and c) to assess the efficacy of mixed venous oxygen saturation monitoring and the importance of lactate determinations in the management of patients following liver transplantation. DESIGN: Prospective case series. SETTING: Liver transplant unit in a university hospital. PATIENTS: A total of 68 consecutive patients undergoing liver transplantation. The entire population was analyzed before and after transplantation, dividing the patients into two groups, based on whether their initial cardiac index was higher (n = 37) or lower (n = 31) than 4.5 L/min/m2. MEASUREMENTS: Hemodynamic measurements and blood gas analyses were made before incision, before vascular clamping (including hepatic artery, portal vein and inferior vena cava), during the anhepatic phase, and at 5, 30, 60, and 120 mins following unclamping. Oxygen transport and oxygen consumption values were calculated. Serum lactate concentrations were measured by enzymatic technique. MAIN RESULTS: Mixed venous oxygen saturation was correlated with oxygen transport (Do2) in the whole population in which an abnormal oxygen consumption (Vo2)-Do2-dependent relationship occurred from the beginning of operation until 30 mins following unclamping. The comparison between hyperdynamic patients (initial cardiac index greater than 4.5 L/min/m2) with impaired tissue oxygenation and normodynamic patients showed that mixed venous oxygen saturation failed to correlate with Do2 when the cardiac index was greater than 4.5 L/min/m2 and that the Vo2-Do2 dependency was only noted in these patients. The serum lactate concentrations were similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The Vo2-Do2-dependent relationship and mixed venous oxygen saturation-Do2 correlation noted in the 68 studied patients suggest the need for venovenous bypass and the reliability of mixed venous oxygen saturation monitoring in all patients scheduled for liver transplantation. However, a sharper comparison between hyperdynamic and normodynamic patients demonstrated the lack of efficacy of mixed venous oxygen saturation monitoring in predicting adequate tissue oxygenation in the first group and the mandatory need for venous shunting to limit tissue hypoxia which occurred despite its use only in these patients. Lactic acidosis appeared similarly in both groups and could not be linked to tissue hypoxia.     

Standard interferon-alpha in combination with ribavirin for hepatitis C patients with advanced liver disease and thrombocytopenia

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Patients with advanced liver disease due to thrombocytopenia and chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) are difficult to treat in view of concerns about the efficacy and safety of interferon-based therapy. Nevertheless, antiviral therapy might have a substantial benefit in these patients as it potentially minimizes disease progression and prevents recurrence after liver transplantation. We evaluated the safety, efficacy and tolerability of standard interferon-alpha in an accelerating dose regimen in combination with ribavirin in patients with HCV-induced liver cirrhosis and thrombocytopenia. PATIENTS: Nine patients (M=8, age: 48.4 +/- 9.9, mean +/- SD) with HCV-related advanced liver disease and thrombocytopenia were prospectively investigated. The Child-Pugh stage was A in six patients and B in three, the MELD score was 11 [6-17] (median [range]). Four patients were interferon naive. HCV-genotype distribution was 1b (n=3), 3a (n=4) and 4 (n=2). The patients received 1-1.5 MU/d standard interferon-a2b with increasing dose regimen and weight-based ribavirin for 48 weeks (genotype 1), or 24 weeks (genotype 3), or until liver transplantation, respectively. RESULTS: The baseline platelet count was 64.3 +/- 8.7 (G/l, mean +/- SD) and remained remarkably stable during treatment (58.0 +/- 12.4 G/l at week 4, 51.7 +/- 20.5 G/l at week 8, P=0.1). All patients had adverse events such as weight loss, fever and anorexia. Hospitalization because of decompensation or infection was necessary in three patients. Three patients underwent liver transplantation. A virological response on treatment was achieved in eight patients and sustained in three (33.3%) patients. CONCLUSION: Treatment with standard interferon-alpha2b/ribavirin could be of benefit in patients with advanced liver cirrhosis and thrombocytopenia however, a vigilant monitoring of these high risk patients is mandatory.     

肝移植后肾功能不全37例

背景:肝移植后,由于手术创伤和免疫抑制剂的应用极易造成急性肾功能不全,其诊断和治疗,目前尚无统一诊断标准.目的:分析肝移植后肾功能不全的相关因素和诊治经验.设计、时间及地点:2004-01/2006-12在解放军第四五八医院完成.对象:肝移植37例,男35例,女2例,年龄37～67岁,平均(48.5±8.9)岁.根据原发病分为肝硬化组21例,包括乙型肝炎后肝硬化16例,丙型肝炎后肝硬化4例,酒精性肝硬化1例,均为肝硬化失代偿期;肝癌组16例.移植后均经病理检查确诊.方法:按背驮式改进方法实施供肝和病肝病切除及肝脏血液流出道重建.移植后每天查血和引流物细菌培养1次,每天查动脉血气分析、血常规、肾功能及肝功能检查2次以上.肝移植患者术后常规应用三代头孢雷素、大扶康及更昔洛韦或并用万古霉素等药5～7 d预防细菌、霉菌及病毒感染.主要观察指标:急性肾功能不全发生率、患者的临床特征、尿量变化、治疗转归情况等.结果:肝移植后发生急性肾功能不全19例,死亡5例,14例患者于术后两三周内肾功能恢复正常.肝移植相关肾功能不全的发生与感染、失血性休克,呼吸衰竭和急性呼吸窘迫综合征有关(P < 0.05).结论:肝移植相关肾功能不全的发生率高为51.35%.死亡率为26.32%,早期诊断和治疗肝移植相关肾功能不全是提高肝移植后急性肾功能不全患者治疗成功率的关键.     

Selective decontamination of the digestive tract to prevent postoperative infection: a randomized placebo-controlled trial in liver transplant patients

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) in patients undergoing elective transplantation of the liver. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. SETTING: Two academic teaching hospitals. PATIENTS: Adult patients undergoing elective liver transplantation: 26 patients receiving SDD and 29 patients receiving a placebo. INTERVENTIONS: Patients undergoing SDD were administered 400 mg of norfloxacin once daily as soon as they were accepted for transplantation. Postoperative treatment for this group consisted of 2 mg of colistin, 1.8 mg of tobramycin, and 10 mg of amphotericin B, four times daily, combined with an oral paste containing a 2% solution of the same drugs until postoperative day 30. Prophylactic intravenous administration of antibiotics was not part of the SDD regimen in this study. Control patients were given a similar regimen with placebo drugs. MEASUREMENTS: The mean number of postoperative bacterial and fungal infections in the first 30 days after transplantation was the primary efficacy end point. Days on a ventilator, days spent in the intensive care unit, and medical costs were registered as secondary outcome variables. MAIN RESULTS: Of the 26 patients undergoing SDD, 22 (84.5%) developed an infection in the postoperative study period; in the placebo group (n = 29), these numbers were not significantly different (25 patients, 86%). The mean number of postoperative infectious episodes per patient was also not significantly different: 1.77 (SDD) vs. 1.93 (placebo). Infections involving Gram-negative aerobic bacteria and Candida species were significantly less frequent in patients receiving SDD (p <.001 and p <.05). Total costs were higher in the group receiving SDD. CONCLUSIONS: Selective decontamination of the digestive tract does not prevent infection in patients undergoing elective liver transplantation and increases the cost of their care. It does, however, affect the type of infection. Infections with Gram-negative bacilli and with Candida species are replaced by infections with Gram-positive cocci.     

肝移植后胰腺炎的诱因分析

背景:肝移植后并发症中急性胰腺炎的发生率相对较低,但移植后重症胰腺炎的致死率确高达50%,加强对移植后并发胰腺炎的预防和治疗,对提高移植存活率具有重要意义.目的:回顾性分析肝移植后并发胰腺炎的治疗经验.设计、时间及地点:单中心抽样,回顾性病例分析,于2004-03/2008-03在解放军第二军医大学东方肝胆外科医院完成.对象:选取解放军第二军医大学东方肝胆外科医院单个医疗组同期内收治的肝移植患者117例,供者均为男性脑死亡志愿捐献者,供受者ABO血型符合.方法:肝移植患者后常规化验血淀粉酶,根据淀粉酶的最高值及临床表现分为正常组、淀粉酶偏高组(正常上限2倍以内)、单纯高淀粉酶血症组(正常上限2倍以上且无胰腺炎证据)及急性胰腺炎组(有明显临床症状及CT表现).出现移植后高淀粉酶血症或怀疑胰腺炎的患者均予以抗胰腺炎治疗;对于诊断为急性胰腺炎的患者均予以血管活性物质治疗.主要观察指标:分析各组患者中各种风险因素的比例,总结移植后胰腺炎的预防及治疗经验.结果:117例肝移植患者中,移植后淀粉酶增高51例(占43.6%),移植后单纯高淀粉酶血症24例(占20,5%),急性胰腺炎3例(占2.6%,包括1例急性重症胰腺炎).3例急性胰腺炎患者经抗胰腺炎治疗7～10 d后,其中2例患者症状消失、血淀粉酶下降;1例患者持续腹胀、发热、血象升高,影像检查发现胰腺改变及胰腺周围积液,经2次开腹手术后逐渐痊愈,整个治疗时间40d.结论:充分地认识,积极地控制和治疗诱发因素,对降低肝移植后胰腺炎发生率具有重要意义.     

Insulin glargine in combination with oral antidiabetic drugs as a cost-equivalent alternative to conventional insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE: Recent data suggest that insulin glargine might be a cost-effective alternative to conventional insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this observational study was to evaluate the treatment costs of insulin glargine in combination with oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) compared with conventional insulin therapy in T2DM in everyday clinical practice. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data were obtained from a cohort of 678 patients with T2DM not adequately controlled by OADs alone (HbA1c mean 9.1 +/- 1.7%). Patients received either insulin glargine in addition to oral therapy or were switched to conventional insulin therapy. Treatment and dosing decisions were made at the physician's discretion, reflecting everyday practice. Patients were followed for 2-4 months. Primary outcome parameters were total treatment costs and clinical efficacy. RESULTS: The two therapeutic regimens were equally effective in decreasing HbA1c to 7.8% (p < 10(-9)). Patients in the insulin glargine plus OAD group controlled their blood glucose level at endpoint with a median of 60 test strips per month and those in the conventional insulin therapy group with a median of 80 strips per month (p = 0.000000739). Total daily costs of insulin, needles, glycemic control and OAD treatment per patient were similar in the two treatment groups (insulin glargine group 1.91 Euro vs conventional group 1.99 Euro). CONCLUSION: The two treatment regimens were equally effective in improving glycemic control. These results were achieved with significantly lower insulin doses and fewer blood glucose test strips in the insulin glargine group, which therefore led to cost equivalence when compared with conventional insulin therapy.     

氧合指数与APACHEⅢ评分对肝移植手术后急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者预后影响的比较研究

目的 比较氧合指数和APACHEⅢ评分对肝移植手术后急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者预后影响及其相关性.方法 收集我院62例肝移植手术后ARDS病例,计算其确诊时、确诊后第3天、第5天的氧合指数和慢性健康状况评分(APACHEⅢ),比较死亡组和存活组的差异并分析它们与患者临床预后的关系.结果 氧合指数:死亡组和存活组在确诊时无统计学差异,存活组随治疗改善明显,有统计学差异(P<0.05);死亡组虽有改善,但无统计学差异.APACHEⅢ评分:死亡组和存活组在各个时间点均有统计学差异(P<0.05).死亡组随时间推移而显著上升;存活组随时间推移显著下降.结论 氧合指数只能反映肝移植术后ARDS患者肺内情况,可作为诊断指标,评估总体危重程度不全面,单独判断预后不可靠;APACHEⅢ评分与病情危重程度相关,连续评价APACHEⅢ评分对判断总体病情严重程度、制订治疗策略和预测预后是十分重要的.