深圳市南山区居民住宅区PM2.5污染状况及影响因素

目的了解深圳市南山区居民住宅区PM2.5污染情况,并分析其可能的影响因素。方法于2010年每月10—16日在深圳市南山区某教学楼楼顶进行PM2.5采样,同时收集采样当天的气象资料,并对PM2.5水平进行影响因素分析。结果 2010年共收集到83份有效滤膜,PM2.5平均浓度为0.050 mg/m3,日均浓度范围0.003～0.180 mg/m3;PM2.5浓度呈季节性波动,春、夏、秋、冬四季平均浓度分别为0.058、0.027、0.046、0.069 mg/m3,表现为夏秋季节浓度较低,而春冬季节浓度较高;PM2.5浓度受气温、相对湿度和降水情况等多种气象条件影响。PM2.5浓度与气温呈负相关(r=-0.820),与空气相对湿度呈负相关(r=-0.510),与降雨时大气中PM2.5浓度(0.038 mg/m3)相比,不降雨时大气中PM2.5浓度(0.064 mg/m3)较高(P<0.05)。结论南山区居民住宅区PM2.5污染较为严重(参考美国PM2.5卫生标准),气温、气湿和降雨均能影响大气中PM2.5水平,相关管理部门应重视PM2.5污染和健康危害。     

珠海西区空气中颗粒物(PM2.5)污染水平的初步研究

目的监测分析珠海西区PM2.5污染水平。方法选择城乡固定监测点,以中流量采样器采集大气中的PM2.5,重量法测定,每个点采样3 d以上。结果珠海市西区PM2.5平均浓度为0.092 mg/m3;城区PM2.5平均浓度为0.10 mg/m3,乡村平均浓度为0.078 mg/m3,(P>0.05);在交通繁忙路段(车流量>200辆/5 min)PM2.5平均浓度为0.13 mg/m3,非繁忙路段(车流量<200辆/5 min)平均浓度为0.084 mg/m3,(P<0.01);风速>0.5 m/s时,PM2.5平均浓度为0.054 mg/m3,风速<0.5 m/s时,PM2.5平均浓度为0.11 mg/m3,(P<0.01)。结论珠海市西区PM2.5污染水平较国内其他大城市低,但超过了美国和世界卫生组织的标准限值;城乡污染无显著性差异;交通繁忙路段明显高于非繁忙路段;风速提高时,污染水平显著降低。     

上海市宝山区空气中PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)污染状况分析

[目的]了解上海市宝山区空气中颗粒物PM10和PM2.5的污染水平,为PM2.5污染防治提供参考。[方法]2007年选择钢研所和罗泾监测点分别作为污染区和对照区,采用称重法进行PM10、PM2.5浓度测定。[结果]宝山区空气中PM10、PM2.5年平均浓度分别0.102mg/m3和0.054 mg/m3;冬春季节浓度高于夏秋季;钢研所监测点浓度高于罗泾监测点浓度;PM2.5占PM10的比值为0.55。[结论]上海宝山区空气中颗粒物污染较严重,存在明显季节变化和地区差异。PM2.5在PM10的比例已超半,应重视细颗粒物的空气污染和健康危害。     

西安市地铁环境中大气颗粒物污染现状调查

为了解西安市地铁环境中大气颗粒物污染水平,采用气溶胶光谱仪对该市地铁二号线内9个站点的大气颗粒物浓度进行测定.结果显示,站台、车厢和站厅内PM10平均浓度范围分别为55～177、47～123和60～274 μg/m3; PM2.5平均浓度范围分别为30～93、35～87和35 ～97 μg/m3; PM 1.0平均浓度范围分别为25～72、29～70和26～72 μg/m3;CO2平均浓度范围分别为0.039％～0.058％,0.053 ％～0.107％和0.040％～0.053％; PM10、CO2浓度均低于GB 50157-2003《地铁设计规范》限值,个别站点PM2.5不同程度超过GB 3095-2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准.提示应加强地铁环境PM2.5的监测,尤其应降低车厢内PM2.5浓度.     

四种类型公共场所室内细颗粒物水平影响因素的研究

目的 了解公共场所室内细颗粒物(PM2.5)的污染水平,探讨其可能的影响因素.方法 采用细颗粒物监测仪,监测北京市通州区洗浴休闲厅、餐厅、歌厅、网吧4类共计20家公共场所室内、外PM2.5的质量浓度,同时现场记录监测场所门、窗和机械通风装置的开启状态、室内人员数量及正在吸烟的人员数量等基本情况,分析多种因素对公共场所室内PM2.5水平的影响.结果 公共场所室内PM2.5平均浓度为(334.6±386.3)μg/m3,浓度范围6～1956μg/m3,洗浴休闲厅、餐厅、歌厅包房、网吧室内PM2.5平均浓度分别为(116.9±100.1)μg/m3、(317.9±235.3)μg/m3、(750.6±521.6)μg/m3、(157.5±98.5)μg/m3,餐厅(与洗浴休闲厅比较:Z=-10.785,P<0.01;与歌厅包房比较:Z=-10.488,P<0.01;与网吧比较:Z=-7.547,P<0.01)和歌厅包房(与洗浴休闲厅比较:Z=-16.670,P<0.01;与网吧比较:Z=-15.682,P<0.01)的污染状况比较严重.单因素分析显示吸烟人次密度(9.13×10-3人/m3;r=0.772,F=26.579,P<0.01)和通风评分[(2.5±1.5)分;r=0.667,F=14.442,P<0.001]与室内PN2.5平均浓度相关;餐厅[室内PM2.5平均浓度为(317.9±235.3)μg/m3;室外为(67.8±78.9)μg/m3]和网吧[室内PM2.5平均浓度为(157.5±98.5)μg/m3;室外为(67.7±43.7)μg/m3]室内、外PM2.5平均浓度存在相关关系(r值分别为0.918、0.955,F值分别为16.013、30.785,P值分别为0.028、0.012),网吧中人次密度(288.7×10-3人/m3)和室内PM2.5平均浓度[(157.5±98.5)μg/m3]相关(r=0.891,F=11.615,P=0.042).多重回归分析显示影响公共场所室内PM2.5污染水平的主要因素是吸烟人次密度(b′=0.581,t=3.542,P=0.003)和室内通风状况(b′=-0.348,t=-2.122,P=0.049),吸烟的影响大于通风状况.聚类分析后显示,在通风状况较好时(通风评分>2),主要影响因素是室外PM2.5的浓度[(49.6±39.5)μg/m3;b=1.556,t=3.760,P=0.007];而在通风状况较差时(通风评分≤2),主要影响因素是吸烟人次密度(14.7×10-3人/m3;6=140.957,t=3.108,P=0.013),且室内PM2.5的增加有51.8%是由于吸烟所致.结论 吸烟是公共场所室内PM2.5污染水平的主要影响因素.通风状况较好时,室外PM2.5污染对室内PM2.5污染水平有一定影响.     

上海宝山地区大气PM_（2.5）污染特征分析

[目的]了解上海市宝山地区大气PM2.5污染状况,同时进行一些相关因素的分析。[方法]PM2.5采用滤膜称重法进行监测,每次连续采样24 h,计算日平均质量浓度,所得数据按季节进行特征分析,同时,利用SPSS 11.5统计软件,将PM2.5质量浓度对数转换后与气象因素（风速、相对湿度、温度）进行相关性分析。[结果]①上海宝山地区大气PM2.5质量浓度为0.003～0.260 mg/m3,平均0.052 mg/m3。且冬季PM2.5质量浓度高于夏季、春季和秋季,变化规律依次为冬季〉夏季〉春季〉秋季。②风速与春、夏、秋、冬季的PM2.5质量浓度相关系数分别为：-0.515（P〈0.05）、-0.077（P〉0.05）、-0.112（P〉0.05）和-0.497（P〈0.05）;相对湿度与PM2.5质量浓度的相关系数为0.293（P〈0.05）;温度与PM2.5质量浓度的相关系数为-0.102（P〉0.05）。[结论]①上海宝山地区PM2.5污染较为严重,按美国EPA质量标准0.065 mg/m3计算,超标率已达到37.9%。②风速与春季和冬季的PM2.5质量浓度之间有负相关;相对湿度与PM2.5质量浓度之间有正相关。建议加大对环境污染源的治理力度,可根据污染的季节特征及其影响因素,重点加强污染严重时段的监督和控制,同时根据不同的气象条件加以分时治理。     

2013年冬春季济南市某办公场所室内空气颗粒物质量浓度分析

目的了解冬春季节室内空气颗粒污染物污染水平。方法于2013年1—5月工作日期间在济南市某办公场所采用LD-5C(B)微电脑激光粉尘仪对室内空气颗粒物PM10、PM2.5进行监测。结果济南市冬春季节室内颗粒物PM2.5、PM10平均质量浓度分别为0.082、0.115 mg/m3;采暖期室内PM2.5、PM10的质量浓度(0.152、、0.191 mg/m3)高于非采暖期(0.050、、0.079 mg/m3),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);采暖期室内PM2.5/PM10为0.807,非采暖期PM2.5/PM10为0.598,差异有统计学意义(Z=4.917,P=0.001);室内外PM2.5相关系数r=0.878,P=0.001;室内外PM10相关系数r=0.701,P=0.001。结论济南市冬春季节室内颗粒物污染较重,室内外颗粒物质量浓度有较好的相关性,采暖对室内细颗粒物浓度影响较大。     

上海市虹口区居民住宅区PM_(2.5)浓度的调查

目的调查上海市虹口区居民住宅区2013年1月—2014年10月的PM2.5浓度,为政府制定或完善PM2.5的相关政策提供科学依据和数据根据。方法在虹口区居民住宅每月中旬连续采样7 d,每天连续采样24 h,并利用重量法测定环境空气PM2.5浓度。结果共收集到154份数据,PM2.5日均质量浓度范围是13~267 g/m3,中位数为57 g/m3,平均值为73 g/m3。PM2.5季节平均浓度按浓度高低排列为春季、冬季、夏季、秋季,浓度值分别为88、76、70、58 g/m3。除1月份上海市PM2.5污染比虹口区严重,其余各月份的平均浓度都比虹口区低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。虹口区PM2.5春季、夏季、秋季、冬季质量浓度超过GB 3095-2012《环境空气质量标准》中24 h平均浓度的二级标准限值75 g/m3,其超标率为48%、29%、20%、43%;与美国国家环境保护局(EPA)修订的PM2.5标准中规定的24 h平均浓度限值35 g/m3相比,春、夏、秋、冬的超标率为86%、79%、77%和89%。结论虹口区PM2.5污染春季最严重,PM2.5浓度在上海市处于较高的水平,且污染水平与我国《环境空气质量标准》和美国EPA修订的PM2.5标准相比均存在超标问题。     

上海市某区部分餐厅环境烟草烟雾浓度调查

[目的]对上海市某区8家餐厅的环境烟草烟雾浓度在《上海市公共场所控制吸烟条例》(简称《控烟条例》)实施前后进行比较,旨在评价《控烟条例》在餐厅的实施效果,为该条例今后的进一步修订提供参考. [方法]采用目的抽样方法,在2008年4月《控烟条例》实施前和2010年12月《控烟条例》实施后选取8家餐厅分别进行基线调查和随访监测,采用AM510个体气溶胶监测仪检测空气中细颗粒物(PM2.5)浓度以代表环境烟草烟雾污染状况. [结果]《控烟条例》实施前后餐厅室内PM2.5浓度分别为147.76、125.15μg/m3,室内PM2.5浓度峰值分别为363.20、272.00μg/m3.《控烟条例》实施前后餐厅室内外PM2.5浓度差值分别为80.44、70.53μg/m3,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). [结论]《控烟条例》实施前后,餐厅室内PM2.5浓度没有明显变化.部分餐厅大厅内尚无有效控烟措施,环境烟草烟雾暴露问题比较严重,必须采取严格有效禁烟措施减少环境中因吸烟所致的烟雾污染.     

不同规模餐饮企业厨房操作间空气PM10的调查

[目的]探讨厨房操作间空气中可吸入颗粒物(PM10)的污染水平,为制定厨房操作间空气卫生质量标准提供依据.[方法]在太原市随机选取29家不同类型的餐饮企业,对其厨房操作间的空气中PM10进行现场采样,将获得的监测数据进行方差分析.[结果]开工前,PM10浓度在小型、中型、大型餐饮企业分别为(0.083±0.017)、(0.084±0.014)和(0.088±0.016)mg/m3,差异无统计学意义;开工后,可吸入颗粒物浓度分别达到(0.896±0.430)、(0.684±0.350)和(0.979±0.208)mg/m3.开工后的可吸入颗粒物的含量远远高于开工前(P＜0.01).[结论]在不同类型的餐饮企业厨房操作间,在开工后PM10浓度存在差异.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

芜湖地区儿童隐孢子虫病调查

1989年5月~9月,对安徽省芜湖市五所医院儿科就诊的腹泻患儿进行隐孢子虫病调查。粪检腹泻患儿3 498人,卵囊检出率1.9%。男女检出率无差异;6个月内的患儿中未检出卵囊阳性者;86.2%的卵囊阳性者分布于7个月~4岁年龄段;乡村患儿的卵囊检出率2倍于城市患儿;病例呈高度散发状态;卵囊检出率从6月下旬开始上升,在本调查中,92.5%的病例分布于6月下旬~9月。所见病例,从临床表现到大便性状均无特殊,且均呈自限性,病程似较文献报道者为短。     

Correlation among cadmium levels in river sediment, in rice, in daily foods and in urine of residents in 11 prefectures in Japan

Objective: The objective of this study is to examine if overall correlation exists among cadmium levels (Cd) in the general environment, dietary Cd intake, and Cd body burden of local residents. Methods: Eleven prefectures in Japan were selected as the areas where large-scale data on Cd levels in urine of adult women (40–49 and 50–59 years of age, respectively) were available to calculate geometric mean (GM) values for each of the prefecture. Other data were cited from published or previously established databases on Cd in the sediments of river bottoms (as a representative of Cd in the environment), Cd in rice for local consumption, and Cd in daily food duplicate samples collected from local women populations, and calculated for GM values for the prefectures. The GM values were subjected to correlation matrix and regression analysis. Results: Marginally significant (P<0.10) correlation was detected between Cd in sediment and Cd in rice. Furthermore, correlation of Cd in sediment was significant with Cd in total foods (P<0.05) and possibly with Cd in urine (P<0.05–0.10). Importance of data on Cd in rice paddy soil as a missing link is discussed. Conclusions: Correlation was demonstrated in the flow of Cd transport from the environment (expressed as Cd contents in river sediments) to humans (in terms of Cd in urine) among general populations in Japan.     

谈神经内科医院感染危险因素及护理对策

目的：了解引起神经内科住院患者医院感染的危险因素，采取有效的护理措施，以降低医院感染的发生率和死亡率。方法：结合多年临床经验，对医院感染不同的危险因素进行分析及提出护理对策。结论：神经内科医院感染发病率较高，获得途径以外源为主，针对主要危险因素的发生原因，我们应加强病房管理，严格执行消毒隔离制度，合理应用抗生素，加强基础护理和健康教育，缩短住院天数，以降低神经内科医院感染的发病率。     

2003年汕头市住院婴儿住院情况分析

目的调查住院婴儿疾病分布情况。方法利用SAS8．0对汕头市2003年住院婴儿2923例病例进行统计分析。结果婴儿住院的病因包括：早产、新生儿窒息、呼吸道及消化道感染、新生儿黄疸以及先天性疾病等；造成婴儿死亡的前5位病因主要是出生窒息、窘迫、先天性肺炎、新生儿吸人性肺炎以及先天性心脏畸形；婴儿的住院时间越长，入院情况越危急，受到医院感染的机会越大；入院婴儿平均住院日为7．089天，平均住院费用3717．834元。结论婴儿发病入院主要由于先天性疾病以及后天感染，这是家庭及社会进行婴儿健康干预与促进的重点。     

Musculoskeletal pain in ragpickers in a southern city in Brazil

BACKGROUND: Ragpickers are informal workers who collect recyclable materials to earn a small wage. Their life and working conditions are extremely precarious. The ergonomic hazards and musculoskeletal pain in a sample of ragpickers in Pelotas, a city in southern Brazil are examined. METHODS: Two comparison groups were available: a matched sample of non-ragpickers from the same poor neighborhoods, and a random sample of the general population of the city. The cross-sectional study gathered data by interview on 990 individuals in 2004. Musculoskeletal pain was assessed using the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire. RESULTS: Ragpickers reported higher prevalences for most awkward postures and ergonomic exposures compared to neighbors with other demanding manual jobs. The prevalence within the last 12 months of low back pain (LBP), lower extremity pain (LEP), and upper extremity pain (UEP) among ragpickers were 49.2%, 45.1%, and 34.9%, respectively; levels similar to those reported by neighborhood controls. Both ragpickers and non-ragpickers reported considerably higher ergonomic exposures, and more prevalent LBP, than the general population. CONCLUSIONS: Ragpickers experience many occupational hazards and ergonomic stressors. Their overall prevalence of musculoskeletal pain was similar to a comparison group with other physically demanding manual jobs. For LBP, this prevalence was substantially higher (49% vs. 35%) than in the general population.     

Changes in social inequalities in health in the Basque Country

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent of the inequalities in self reported health between socioeconomic groups and its changes over time in the Basque Country (Spain). DESIGN: Cross sectional data on the association between occupation, education and income and three health indicators was obtained from the Basque Health Surveys of 1986 and 1992. Representative population samples were analysed. In 1986 the number of respondents was 24 657 and in 1992, 13 277. SETTING: Basque Country, Spain. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The effect of socioeconomic position on health and the magnitude of social inequalities in health were quantified using the odds ratios based on logistic regression analysis, and the Relative Index of Inequality. RESULTS: As was expected, social inequalities in self reported health existed in both surveys, but the social gradient was greater in 1992. Social differences varied according to gender and health indicator. According to education an increase in social inequalities was observed consistently in all the health indicators except long term conditions in women. A consistent increase in inequalities in limiting longstanding illness was also observed according to all socioeconomic indicators. CONCLUSIONS: These results agree to a large extent with those of previous studies in other countries. In this context the unequal distribution of material circumstances and working conditions between socioeconomic groups seem to play a major part in health inequalities. The worsening of the labour market during this period and the onset of a new economic recession may explain the increase in social inequalities over time.