家用净水设备微生物污染及评价指标研究现状

随着我国经济的不断发展,人们对饮用水的需求日渐增强.因此很多人已经开始使用家用净水设备来提高饮用水的质量.据统计某些发达国家的家用净水设备的普及率为70％以上,我国经济发达地区的家用净水设备的普及率也达20％.但是考虑到我国供水方式及净水技术功能等特点,家用净水设备的细菌污染也成为人们关注的焦点.本文通过近年来国内外文...     

藻毒素的特性与其净水工艺选择

综述了藻毒素的基本特性，对几种净水工艺去除藻毒素的性能进行了比较和讨论。认为强化预处理＋常规工艺，常规工艺＋活性炭吸附，常规工艺＋膜技术处理是有效的净水工艺措施。     

车载式反渗透净水机的结构设计

目的：设计一种车栽式反渗透净水机,为无饮用净水供应的群体提供适用人体需要的净水。方法：采用超滤一反渗透一紫外线消毒集成技术工艺,主要由动力单元、净化单元、药洗单元、排水单元和控制单元组成。结果：产水流量大于300L／h,产水的基本水质指标符合国家生活饮用水卫生标准（GB5749--2006）的规定。结论：该设备除具有净水功能外,还增加了药洗功能和排水功能,很好地解决了膜组件的自动清洗、停用储存期间水路系统的存水污染以及低温环境中的管路防冻和膜组件贮存等问题,延长了设备的使用寿命。     

家用净水设备细菌污染及影响因素分析

为了解家用净水设备出水细菌污染状况及影响因素,于2015年10月—2016年5月入户调查并采样检测天津52户净水设备用户自来水及净水设备出水的微生物指标并鉴定菌种。结果显示,28.8%的净水设备出水菌落总数超标,1台净水设备出水总大肠菌群超标。2台净水设备出水检出蜡样芽胞杆菌,1台净水设备出水检出金黄色葡萄球菌,其他净水设备出水检出克氏库克菌及人苍白杆菌等条件致病菌。提示家用净水设备出水细菌污染状况应受到重视,应定期更换滤芯,避免细菌污染。     

长春中日人民友好水厂净水技术的卫生学调查与评价

主要对长春中日友好水厂引进日本水处理技术和设备后的净水效果进行了卫生学评价。结果表明,工艺改进后净水效果明显,不同水期送水浊度均在2度以下,细菌学等指标均符合国家生活饮用水卫生标准,为受益居民卫生安全饮水提供了重要保障。     

北京市生活饮用水及家用净水设备出水中挥发性有机物的水平调查

目的了解北京市生活饮用水及家用净水设备出水中挥发性有机物的水平。方法于2015年4月15—20日,在北京市城区采集96户家庭的自来水及其中24户家庭的净水设备出水共120份水样,用吹脱捕集/气相色谱质谱法检测样品中60种挥发性有机物的浓度。结果 27种有标准限值的挥发性有机物均未超标。市政供水、二次供水中60种挥发性有机物的浓度间没有明显差异。以井水作为水源水的生活饮用水中消毒副产物三氯甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷、二氯一溴甲烷的浓度明显低于市政供水和二次供水。净水设备出水中的三氯甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷、二氯一溴甲烷也低于市政供水和二次供水,但二氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、氯苯和异丙苯的浓度却高于市政供水和二次供水。结论北京市市政供水和二次供水的生活饮用水的水质较好;井水作为水源水需加强消毒;净水设备使用不当会带来新的污染。     

野战排用净水机的研制

一种可手动电动两用的野战排用净水机，主要由手动泵、电动泵及净化单元组成。采用陶瓷膜分离及KDF-活性炭吸附联合净水工艺除水中的浊度、微生物，产水浊度小于1．0NTU，对水中细菌总数去除率达到100％，而且净水中未检测出大肠菌群。     

国外军用反渗透净水装备的发展现状

战场条件下反渗透法是一种非常有效的水净化处理方法。首先简要介绍了反渗透净水装备的净水流程,然后分别介绍了美军、加拿大军队、德国联邦国防军、韩国军队和日本自卫队的现有反渗透净水装备。     

关于医用净水系统设计的探讨

主要从净水的分类、工艺流程设计、输送系统设计、运行管理系统设计、机房设计5个方面对医用净水系统的设计进行探讨,并简单介绍了相关的水处理工艺流程与设备。     

车载多功能制供水系统的结构设计

目的:研制一种供灾害救援使用的车载多功能制供水系统。方法:建立净水工艺,应用Solid Works软件进行系统结构设计,并应用ANSYS软件对系统框架进行受力分析,最终完成机电一体的车载多功能制供水系统的结构设计。结果:车载多功能制供水系统外形尺寸为2 000 mm×800 mm×1 200 mm,所受最大应力为2.4×106 Pa,消毒用水流量1 000 L/h、饮用水流量200 L/h、药用水流量100 L/h。结论:根据车载多功能制供水系统净水工艺,完成了净水系统的结构设计,系统框架的强度与刚度均符合机械设计要求,能够实现洗消用水、饮用水、药用水分质产水功能,满足灾害救援需求,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Optimisation of exposure conditions for in vitro radiobiology experiments

Despite the long history of using cell cultures in vitro for radiobiological studies, there is to date no study specifically addressing the dosimetric implications of flask selection and exposure environment in clonogenic assays. The consequent variability in dosimetry between laboratories impedes the comparison of results. In this study we compare the dose to cells adherent to the base of three types of commonly used culture flasks or plates. The cells are exposed to a 6MV clinical photon beam using either an open or a half blocked field. The depth of medium in each flask is varied with the medium surrounding the flask either water or air. The results show that the dose to the cells is more affected by the scattering conditions surrounding the flasks than by the level of filling within the flask. It is recommended that water or a water equivalent phantom material is used to surround the flasks or plates to approximate full scatter conditions at the cell layer. However for modulated fields, surrounding the 24 well plates with water-equivalent material is inadequate because of the large volume of air surrounding individual wells. Our results stress the importance of measuring the dose for new experimental configurations.     

酶免仪负压泵的替代

目的：用国产负压泵替代进口酶免仪用微型负压泵,进一步延长该机的使用寿命。方法：采用电动吸引器（YB.Dx23D）作为负压源与进口酶免仪的排污真空桶相接,将其电路进行改造,使负载与主机负载相匹配,实现了主机与负压泵同步工作。结果：改造后的YB.Dx23D电动吸引器与同类相比,噪声低、负压高、流量大、体积小、可移动。结论：改造后的YB.Dx23D电动吸引器在全自动酶免仪的冲洗板、排废液中运用效果良好,同时适用于其他需要抽吸负压（真空）的仪器设备。     

降低急性中毒患者血液净化过程中仪器报警发生率

目的 降低急性中毒患者血液净化过程中仪器报警发生率,提高治疗效率。方法 开展问题解决型品管圈活动。通过现况查检、原因解析、对策拟定,从增设体位按摩装置、实施精细化约束评估、增设管路防滑缚带3方面进行改进。结果 急性中毒患者血液净化过程中仪器报警发生率从31.0%降低至11.8%,血液净化过程中的仪器报警现象得到了显著改善。结论 开展品管圈活动可降低急性中毒患者血液净化过程中仪器报警发生率,值得推广。     

主观性耳鸣治疗仪的研制

本文叙述了一种结合电脉冲刺激治疗和药物治疗于一体的治疗主观性耳鸣的治疗仪的研制过程及临床应用。它采用数字脉冲集成电路取代早先的晶体管震荡电路，性能更稳定，操作更安全、方便。该仪器尤其适合患者在家里遵照医嘱自行治疗。     

A comparative study of ethylene oxide gas, hydrogen peroxide gas plasma, and low-temperature steam formaldehyde sterilization.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacies of ethylene oxide gas (EOG), hydrogen peroxide gas plasma (PLASMA), and low-temperature steam formaldehyde (LTSF) sterilization methods. METHODS: The efficacies of EOG, PLASMA, and LTSF sterilization were tested using metal and plastic plates, common medical instruments, and three process challenge devices with narrow lumens. All items were contaminated with Bacillus stearothermophilus spores or used a standard biological indicator. RESULTS: EOG and LTSF demonstrated effective killing of B. stearothermophilus spores, with or without serum, on plates, on instruments, and in process challenge devices. PLASMA failed to adequately sterilize materials on multiple trials in several experiments, including two of three plates, two of three instruments, and all process challenge devices. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that PLASMA sterilization may be unsuccessful under certain conditions, particularly when used for items with complex shapes and narrow lumens. Alternatively, LTSF sterilization demonstrates excellent efficacy and is comparable to EOG sterilization. LTSF could potentially act as a substitute if EOG becomes unavailable due to environmental concerns.     

电子热力恒温水箱在消毒供应中心的应用

目的 探讨电子热力恒温水箱在消毒供应中心的应用价值.方法 将使用电子热力恒温水箱前后物品重复处理消毒所需时间和器械损耗率进行对比.结果 使用电子热力恒温水箱前,复用性器械重复处理消毒环节需要的时间为（41.37±4.28）min,物品重复处理损坏率降为52次,使用电子热力恒温水箱后复用性器械重复处理消毒环节需要的时间为（9.33±2.25） min,物品重复处理损坏率降为26次,前后比较差异具有统计意义（P＜0.05）.结论 合理使用电子热力恒温水箱,能加速消毒供应中心的物品循环速度,减少器械损耗.     

臭氧发生器在口腔科消毒中的应用

口腔是病原微生物侵入机体的重要途径之一，未经彻底消毒的口腔器械等易将各种病原微生物传播给其他患者，导致交叉传染。目前，国家卫生部通过颁布相应规范和采取有效措施，现已基本保证了口腔器械的严格消毒，但牙科用水由于其特殊性尚难以找到有效的消毒方法。“多功能氧原子灭菌消毒装置”的研制成功，为利用高浓度臭氧对牙科用水、器械、用具进行消毒，开辟了一条新的有效途径。     

智能型多功能肢体残疾康复治疗仪的研制

介绍了一种以ＩＢＭ－ＰＣ机为基础的智能型多功能肢体残疾康复治疗仪,它主要应用于肢体残疾的治疗和康复。训练速度、角度以及时间,均可自动控制和监视。该仪器性能优良,操作简便,结构紧凑,是一种新型的治疗和康复装置。     

DISCERN: an instrument for judging the quality of written consumer health information on treatment choices

OBJECTIVE: To develop a short instrument, called DISCERN, which will enable patients and information providers to judge the quality of written information about treatment choices. DISCERN will also facilitate the production of new, high quality, evidence-based consumer health information. DESIGN: An expert panel, representing a range of expertise in consumer health information, generated criteria from a random sample of information for three medical conditions with varying degrees of evidence: myocardial infarction, endometriosis, and chronic fatigue syndrome. A graft instrument, based on this analysis, was tested by the panel on a random sample of new material for the same three conditions. The panel re-drafted the instrument to take account of the results of the test. The DISCERN instrument was finally tested by a national sample of 15 information providers and 13 self help group members on a random sample of leaflets from 19 major national self help organisations. Participants also completed an 8 item questionnaire concerning the face and content validity of the instrument. RESULTS: Chance corrected agreement (weighted kappa) for the overall quality rating was kappa = 0.53 (95% CI kappa = 0.48 to kappa = 0.59) among the expert panel, kappa = 0.40 (95% CI kappa = 0.36 to kappa = 0.43) among information providers, and kappa = 0.23 (95% CI kappa = 0.19 to kappa = 0.27) among self help group members. Higher agreement levels were associated with experience of using the instrument and with professional knowledge of consumer health information. Levels of agreement varied across individual items on the instrument, reflecting the need for subjectivity in rating certain criteria. The trends in levels of agreement were similar among all groups. The final instrument consisted of 15 questions plus an overall quality rating. Responses to the questionnaire after the final testing revealed the instrument to have good face and content validity and to be generally applicable. CONCLUSIONS: DISCERN is a reliable and valid instrument for judging the quality of written consumer health information. While some subjectivity is required for rating certain criteria, the findings demonstrate that the instrument can be applied by experienced users and providers of health information to discriminate between publications of high and low quality. The instrument will also be of benefit to patients, though its use will be improved by training.     

臭氧治疗仪治疗阴道炎的疗效观察

目的:观察FJ-008A妇科臭氧治疗仪治疗妇科常见阴道炎的疗效。方法:对100例滴虫性阴道炎、165例阴道假丝酵母茵病和120例细茵性阴道病患者使用FJ-008A妇科臭氧治疗仪放生器产生浓度为2000 mcy/h的臭氧水冲洗阴道5 min后,经治疗探头导入仪器产生浓度为200~400 mg/h的臭氧气雾混合体在阴道内喷射治疗10分钟,每天一次,7天一疗程。疗程结束后观察治疗效果并与药物治疗阴道炎的效果相比较。结果:FJ-008A妇科臭氧治疗仪治疗滴虫性阴道炎、阴道假丝酵母茵病和细茵性阴道病的效果与药物治疗的效果无显著差异。结论:FJ-008A妇科臭氧治疗仪是非药物治疗妇科常见阴道炎的一种方法。