超急性期脑内血肿的超低场MRI表现

目的　探讨超急性期脑内血肿的超低场MRIT1 WI表现特点。方法　 160例超急性期脑内血肿行 0 .0 4TWDLMW -4 0 0MR机扫描 ,选用PS3DT1 WI(TR =12 5ms,TE =2 5ms)。结果　基底节出血 14 0例 ,脑叶出血 5例 ,小脑出血 13例 ,脑干出血 2例。 160例在PS3DT1 WI上均呈明显短T1 信号 ,并可见血肿的占位效应及血肿周围的水肿。结论　超急性期脑内血肿在超低场MRI诊断优于中高场MRI。     

Nontraumatic lobar intracerebral hemorrhage: CT/angiographic correlation

Cerebral angiography in patients with nontraumatic lobar intracerebral hemorrhage may or may not uncover the underlying cause of the disorder. The CT and cerebral angiographic studies of 67 consecutive patients with nontraumatic lobar intracerebral hemorrhage were reviewed to assess the relationship between CT pattern and location of hemorrhage and the frequency of diagnostic angiographic findings. Origins of these hematomas were also determined and correlated with radiographic findings. CT revealed 26 temporal, 18 frontal, 17 parietal, three occipital, and three multiple lobar hematomas. Thirty-three patients had "pure" lobar hematomas, 12 had coexistent intraventricular hemorrhage, 12 had associated subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 10 had both intraventricular and subarachnoid hemorrhage accompanying their lobar hematomas. Angiographic findings were diagnostic in 29 cases (43%). In the presence of accompanying subarachnoid hemorrhage, angiographic findings were diagnostic in 17 (77%) of 22 patients; in its absence, angiography was diagnostic in 12 (27%) of the remaining 45 patients. Diagnostic angiograms were also more frequent in the presence of a frontal or temporal lobar hematoma than with a parietal or occipital lobar hematoma. While CT patterns do influence the frequency of diagnostic angiographic findings, cerebral angiography is recommended in all patients with otherwise unexplained nontraumatic lobar intracerebral hemorrhage.     

Delayed intracerebral hemorrhage as demonstrated by CT scanning

Summary Three patients are presented who developed delayed intracerebral hematomas after head injury. Two patients had essentially negative CT scans on admission and developed intracerbral hematomas within 24 h after injury. They required surgical treatment and had fatal outcomes. The third patient presented with an epidural hematoma on CT scan, developed an intracerebral hematoma 48 h after evacuation of the epidural hematoma, and did well with conservative management.     

MR of cerebral abnormalities concomitant with primary intracerebral hematomas.

PURPOSETo determine whether arteriolar vessel wall degeneration in primary intracerebral hematomas might be associated with ischemic brain lesions and clinically silent (apparently intracerebral) previous hemorrhages.METHODSThe MR images of 120 consecutive patients (mean age, 60 years; age range, 22 to 84 years) with their first stroke caused by a primary intracerebral hematoma were reviewed retrospectively for coexisting ischemic damage and previous bleeds.RESULTSEarly confluent to confluent white matter hyperintensities, lacunes, or infarction were present in 83 (69%) of the patients, and 39 (33%) had had previous hemorrhages consisting of microbleeds or old hematomas. Extensive white matter hyperintensities and lacunes were most frequent in patients with thalamic primary intracerebral hematomas. There was no relationship between the frequency of old hemorrhages and the location of subsequent primary intracerebral hematomas.CONCLUSIONClinically silent ischemic lesions and previous hemorrhages are a common finding on MR images of patients with primary intracerebral hematoma. They may therefore serve as evidence of diffuse microangiopathy with a possible increased risk for cerebral hemorrhage.     

Computed tomography of intracerebral hematomas. I. Transmission CT observations on hematoma resolution.

Changes in the size and density of intracerebral hematomas were investigated by analyzing the sequential CT studies of 40 patients. Intracerebral hematomas decrease in density by an average of 0.7 EMI units per day. The dense portion of the hematoma decreases in size by an average of 0.65 mm per day. Mass effect does not decrease in proportion to the decrease in size of the dense portion of the hematoma but is delayed. The only instances of increasing mass effect occurred in patients undergoing surgical evacuation of the hematoma and in those who sustained trauma. Posthematoma residua include decreased parenchymal density, focal atrophy, and ventricular enlargement.     

内窥镜辅助经外侧裂-岛叶入路显微外科手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血研究

目的探讨使用神经内窥镜辅助下经外侧裂-岛叶入路显微外科手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的疗效。方法回顾分析2008年1月～2011年12月我院12例高血压基底节区脑内血肿患者的资料,患者均在急性期接受神经内窥镜辅助下经外侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术治疗。结果术后即刻复查CT示9例血肿基本清除,3例清除约80%,其中2例出现了术后少量迟发出血,均保守治疗成功。随访6个月时GOS评分：恢复良好8例,轻度残疾2例,重度残疾2例,无植物生存及死亡病例。结论经外侧裂-岛叶入路显微外科手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血具有微创的特点,内窥镜辅助下能有效清除脑内血肿,并减少了颞叶皮层及血管的损伤,有益于改善患者的预后。     

Diagnosis of isodense subdural hematomas by computed tomography.

Subdural hematomas, whose absorption values approximate those of adjacent brain, are not visualized in routine computed tomography. Two clues indicating the presence of such "isodense" subdural hematomas are: (1) unilateral effacement of cerebral sulci on the convexities, and (2) midline shift or mass effect on the ventricles in the absence of abnormal areas of diminished or increased density in the brain. Nine cases were detected on pre- and postcontrast studies in 2,500 CT scans of the brain over a 10 month period. Delayed CT scanning 4-6 hr after intravenous contrast injection showed enhancement of the subdural hematoma in three of seven cases.     

Acute isodense epidural hematoma on computed tomography.

Computed tomography (CT) has proven to be invaluable in the diagnosis of craniocerebral injuries. Acute epidural hematomas have been described as having a characteristic appearance on CT of a lenticular shaped area of blood density most commonly situated over the cerebral convexity. This case demonstrates an acute epidural hematoma that is essentially isodense with brain tissue.     

实验性脑出血周围组织脑血流变化与脑水肿形成的相关研究

目的 探讨血肿周围组织脑水肿形成机制及其与局部脑血流变化间的关系，为脑出血临床救治提供实验基础。方法 雄性大鼠70只，随机数字抽样法分为注血组和对照组，分别将40山新鲜自体血或生理盐水通过微量注射泵注入大鼠脑右侧尾状核制备脑出血模型，利用CT灌注成像对大鼠脑出血模型进行动态增强扫描，通过计算机辅助脑灌注成像软件制作大鼠脑CT灌注参数图，对血肿周围局部脑血流量（regional cerebral blood flow，rCBF）、局部脑血容量（regional cerebral blood volume，rCBV）和对比剂平均通过时间（mean transit time，MTT）脑灌注参数进行相对值（病侧／健侧）测量，并与血肿周围脑组织水含量进行相关性分析。结果 大鼠脑注血后血肿周围组织存在低灌注梯度，血肿周围rCBF呈波动性改变，注血后1h rCBF降至最低，以后逐渐回升，分别于注血后6h和24h2次回升至峰值，并随后再度下降；血肿周围rCBV在注血后1h降至最低，随后逐渐增加，并于注血后24h增加至峰值；血肿周围脑组织水含量在注血后24h最高，并延续至72h；血肿周围脑组织水含量与血肿边缘区rCBV具有明显相关性，r=0．372（单侧），P〈0．05。结论 血肿周围组织脑水肿的形成是血脑屏障破坏、细胞毒性水肿及渗透性活性物质共同作用的结果，脑出血早期rCBF下降以及rCBV代偿性增加在脑出血血管源性脑水肿形成中发挥着重要作用，CT灌注成像是活体下研究血肿周围脑血流变化与脑水肿形成机制较为理想的方法。     

The chronic expanding intracerebral hematoma

Three normotensive patients presented with seizures and CT showed an intracerebral hematoma. Although these patients had no more seizures and developed no other neurological deficit, repeat CT scans (performed 2 to 3 weeks later) showed hematoma enlargement. Angiogram was performed in 2 cases and showed no evidence of vascular malformation or neoplasm. Six weeks to 6 months later, CT showed that the hematoma had changed from a hyperdense to an isodense appearance and in two cases slight enhancement occurred. During a follow-up interval of 6 to 24 months, no other neurological episodes have occurred. The etiology of the chronic expanding intracerebral hematomas was not delineated in these 3 patients.     

外伤性迟发性脑内血肿的早期CT表现

目的　研究外伤性迟发性脑内血肿的早期CT表现 ,评价这些表现对迟发性脑内血肿的预期诊断意义。方法　搜集CT复查证实的外伤性迟发性脑内血肿 31例 ,对其首次CT检查及复查的CT影像特点进行分析。按时间顺序抽取脑外伤后复查无脑内血肿病人 5 0例作为对照。统计处理2组观察结果。结果　 31例迟发性脑内血肿首次CT检查主要异常表现包括 :(1)限局性脑实质密度减低 ,灰白质分界不清 18例。 (2 )限局性蛛网膜下腔出血 2 4例。 (3)局部脑轻度占位效应 16例。 (4 )硬膜下血肿 9例。统计学显示与无迟发性脑内血肿差异有显著性意义 (χ2 =4 5× 10 -10 ,2 7 98,19 5 7,10 5 4,P值均 <0 0 1)。同时盲法测试结果显示 ,作者与盲法观察结果差异无显著性意义 (χ2 =1 0 3,0 34 ,2 81,P值均 >0 0 5 )。结论　脑外伤后首次行CT检查 ,出现局部脑实质密度减低 ,灰白质分界不清 ;局部蛛网膜下腔出血及脑占位效应 ,提示此部位可能出现迟发性脑内血肿 ,应及时做CT复查     

Human brain hemorrhage: quantification of perihematoma edema by use of diffusion-weighted MR imaging

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Animal models have clearly shown a critical role for extravascular blood in the initiation of the vasogenic edema associated with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Nevertheless, the relevance of these observations to the human disease process has not been evaluated. With a prospectively collected cohort of nine patients, we report the relation between intraparenchymal blood clot volume and elevation of perihematoma brain tissue (and homologous contralateral brain tissue) apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). METHODS: Patients with acute and subacute supratentorial ICH were prospectively evaluated by using diffusion-weighted imaging. ADC was measured in perihematoma tissue and in homologous contralateral regions. The relationship between ADC and volume of hematoma was determined by using linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Nine patients were enrolled in the study. The mean hematoma volume was 30.8 cc (range, 2.6-74 cc). The ADC in the perihematoma regions was 172.5 x 10(-5) mm(2)/s (range, 120.1-302.5 x 10(-5) mm(2)/s) and in the contralateral corresponding regions of interest was 87.6 x 10(-5) mm(2)/s (range, 76.5-102.1 x 10(-5) mm(2)/s) (P=.02). The Pearson correlation coefficient for the ADC in surrounding edema and hematoma volume was 0.7 (P=.04). The correlation coefficient between hematoma volume and contralateral hemisphere ADC was 0.8 (P=.02). CONCLUSION: We report a significant direct correlation between ICH volume and degree of ADC elevation in perihematoma and ADC values in contralateral corresponding brain tissue. These findings suggest a dose-effect interaction between volume and concentration of blood products and intensity of response that brain tissue exhibits in blood-mediated edema. Prospective natural history and interventional studies are required to confirm this biologically meaningful correlation in patients with ICH.     

脑出血亚急性及慢性期血肿周围组织低灌注损伤的CT灌注成像研究

目的 探讨脑出血亚急性及慢性期血肿周围组织脑血液动力学变化及其相关影响因素。方法 对12例基底节区脑出血患者做了CT常规及灌注成像检查，对其中11例患者血肿体积及血肿周围局部脑血流量（regional cerebral blood flow，rCBF）、局部脑血容量（regional cerebral blood volume，rCBV）、对比剂平均通过时间（mean transit time，MTT）和最大峰值时间（time-to-peak，TTP）的比值（病侧／健侧）进行测量。结果 11例脑出血患者血肿体积最大为72．21ml，最小为13．68ml，血肿平均体积为26．83ml。rCBF参数图显示血肿周围低灌注梯度11例，表现为血肿周围rCBF减低区；rCBV参数图显示血肿周围低灌注梯度10例，表现为血肿周围rCBV减低区；血肿周围高灌注1例，表现为血肿周围rCBV增高区；同侧半球低灌注2例，表现为血肿侧脑组织rCBF、rCBV大面积减低区；时间参数图显示血肿周围TTP延长11例，MTT延长10例；血肿边缘区rCBF显著低于外层区rCBF；边缘区MTT、TTP明显长于外层区MTT、TTP；血肿外层区rCBF、rCBV与血肿边缘区rCBF、rCBV呈线性依从性改变。血肿周围（边缘区和外层区）rCBV与血肿体积有明显的相关性，r边缘区=0．764，r外层区=0．703（双侧），P值均〈0．05。血肿周围rCBF、rCBV、MTT和TTP与症状出现至行CT灌注扫描间期无明显相关性。结论 脑出血亚急性和慢性期，血肿周围脑组织依然存在低灌注梯度，低灌注区脑血流变化与血肿体积密切相关。CT灌注成像可清晰地显示出血肿周围异常的脑血液动力学变化，可为脑出血个体化救治及预后评估提供有价值的信息。     

Metastic tumor presenting as intracerebral hemorrhage. Report of 6 cases examined by computed tomography

Six patients with intracranial metastases were studied with computed tomography (CT). The initial appearance suggested cerebral hemorrhage. Atypical location, contrast enhancement, or multiplicity proved helpful in differentiating tumors from other causes of intracerebral hemorrhage. Four patients showed contrast enhancement and 3 had multiple lesions. Metastases with associated intracerebral hematoma may simulate a spontaneous hematoma.     

CT findings in a case of neonatal acute subdural hematoma

Summary The CT findings in a case of neonatal acute subdural hematoma are presented. CT demonstrated a crescentic high density area in the subdural space over the left cerebral hemisphere and an oval high density area in the left occipital region. The latter was suspected of being an intracerebral hematoma. Emergency craniotomy revealed that the high density area was due to a subdural hematoma between the occipital lobe and the tentorium cerebelli.     

急性期脑内血肿3.0T MR扩散加权成像表现

目的:探讨3.0T MR设备中平面回波扩散加权成像(EPI-DWI)和表观扩散系数(ADC)图对急性脑内血肿的诊断价值及与脑梗死的鉴别诊断能力。方法:对18例急性期脑内血肿患者行EPI-DWI检查,获得ADC图并与CT及常规MRI进行对比。同期选择发病时间、病变体积相近的急性脑梗死患者18例,比较急性期脑内血肿与脑梗死的MRI表现。结果:所有急性期脑内血肿在EPI-DWI及ADC图上均为混杂信号,尤其是较大血肿;不同大小血肿周边均可见低信号环。所有急性脑梗死病变均未见周边环状低信号。结论:血肿周边低信号环为急性期脑内血肿的特异性DWI表现,可资与急性脑梗死相鉴别。     

Magnetic resonance of the brain: the optimal screening technique

Magnetic resonance (MR) images and computed tomograms of 25 patients with head trauma were compared. MR proved to be superior in many ways for demonstrating extracerebral as well as intracerebral traumatic lesions. Isodense subdural hematomas, which present a diagnostic dilemma on CT images were clearly seen on MR, regardless of their varying CT densities. In a case of epidural hematoma, the dura mater was shown directly as nearly devoid of signal on MR. Direct coronal images provided excellent visualization of extracerebral collections along the peritentorial space and subtemporal area. In a patient with intracerebral hematoma, CT failed to demonstrate residual parenchymal changes in a 3-month follow-up study, but MR clearly depicted the abnormalities. The superiority of MR over CT was also well illustrated in a patient with post-traumatic osteomyelitis of the calvarium.     

小儿急性颅内血肿(附105例分析)

1958～1985年我院收治小儿急性颅内血肿105例。男78例,女27例。年龄自5个月至5岁。头部外伤占93.3％,脑血管畸形及肿瘤卒中占3.8％。硬膜外或硬膜下血肿85例(80.9％),余20例(19.1％)系多发或脑内血肿。多有颅压增高与脑受压征象,癫痫的发生率占25.7％。103例采取钻孔或骨瓣开颅清除血肿,2例经前囟穿刺抽出积血。手术结果,痊愈90例(85.7％),死亡11例(10.5％)。作者认为,对本病应早期诊治,并预防手术中发生休克与衰竭。     

特殊部位硬膜下血肿的CT诊断

目的 探讨大脑镰,小脑幕硬膜下血肿的CT特点。资料与方法 回顾性分析32例大脑镰,小脑幕硬膜下血肿的CT和临床资料。结果 32例中大脑镰硬膜下血肿20例,CT表现为内缘平直,外缘弧形或波浪形的带状高密度影;小脑幕硬膜下血肿12例,CT表现为高密度片状影3例,新月状影3例,U形影2例,累及大脑镰后部4例,呈Y形或镰刀状。结论 大脑镰,小脑幕硬膜下血肿的CT表现具有特征性,CT复查对其诊断和鉴别诊断很有意义。     

Organized intracerebral hematoma with acute hemorrhage: CT patterns and pathologic correlations

Five cases of pathologically proven organized intracerebral hematoma with recent hemorrhage are reported. The hemorrhages were spontaneous, were located in deep structures of the brain, and presented without a clinical history of hypertension or trauma. No underlying causes of the hematomas were identified histologically. Various computed tomographic (CT) patterns of recurrent hemorrhage in an organized hematoma were observed. A hyperdense, well demarcated mass with minimal contrast enhancement but no surrounding edema was observed when rehemorrhage was confined within a late-organizing hematoma. A "target" sign of a ring-enhancing mass was observed when the new hemorrhage developed within an early-organizing hematoma. When a new hemorrhage occurred outside a solid-enhancing organized hematoma, the CT appearance suggested a possible tumoral hemorrhage. Close clinical and CT follow-up is desirable for initial management of a suspicious rehemorrhaging organized hematoma situated in the deep-seated or superficial sensitive structures if the symptomatology has stabilized or improved. Tissue diagnosis and surgical evacuation are indicated when the clinical course fluctuates or progresses and CT demonstrates an interval increase of lesion.